Group-1-Summary

Scientific Revolution (16th – 18th)
Science is as old as the world itself. There is no individual that can exactly identify when and
where science began. From the genesis of time, science has existed. It is always interwoven with the
society.
How can Science be defined?
1. Science as an idea
2. Science as an intellectual activity
3. Science as a body of knowledge
4. Science is a personal and social activity
3 characteristics a scientist should have:
1. Creativity
2. Curiosity
3. Critical Thinking
Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas
1. Nicolaus Copernicus
 Developed the heliocentric model of the solar system
 Heavily inspired by Juhaness Muller’s book “Epitome”
 In 1543, Copernicus published On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spears
2. Charles Darwin
 Is famous for his theory of evolution
 Developed an interest in natural history, observing nature, and collecting specimens
 His life changed when a professor recommended him for a five-year journey on the HMS
Beagle, where he observed the Galapagos Islands
 Published The Origin of Species in 1859
 The Descendant of Man expanded theory to include humans
 Made major contributions to Evolutionary Biology and Philosophy of Science
 Struggled in Medicine and Ministry
3. Sigmund Freud
 Is a famous figure in Psychology
 Developed Psychoanalysis – method to study the human mind and neurotic illness
 Unorthodox in his approach, focusing on human sexuality, and the darker aspects of
human nature
 Freudian theories continue to inspire modern psychology and discussions about human
behavior and mental health
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the
border of South America.
1. The Maya Civilization

 Lasted 2000 years
 Renowned for advanced Astronomy, Mathematics, and Architecture
 Known for their temples as astronomical observatories (Chichen Itza)
 Astronomy – predicted eclipses and used astrological cycles for agriculture
 Calendars – two advanced systems for time measurement
 Agriculture – developed water systems and technology for crop growth
 Hydraulics system – sophisticated waterway networks
 Arts – looms for weaving, glittery paints from mica
 Rubber – produced rubber products 3000 years before Goodyear
 First civilization to use a writing system known as Mayan hieroglyphics
 Number system based on numeral 20
 Developed concept of zero and positional value before Romans
2. The Inca Civilization
 Known for adapting challenges with advanced ideas and tools
 Stone-paved roads and earthquake-resistant buildings
 Irrigation systems and water storage techniques
 12-month calendar for festivals and planting
 Made the first suspension bride
 Textiles: artistic cloth production
 Quipu: Knotted rope system for record-keeping
3. The Aztec Civilization
 Known for societal contributions and advancements in Education and Agriculture
 Mandatory education for all, regardless of class or gender
 Chocolates: valued cacao beans, used as currency and offerings
 Medicine: antispasmodic drugs for surgeries
 Dinampa: agricultural system with canals
 Calendar: organized rituals and planting schedules
 Canoe: light, narrow boats for water travel
Development of Science in Asia
1. Asia
 Biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilization
 It is a host of many cultural, economics, scientific, and political activities of all ages
2. India
 A huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its
northern boarders
 They are known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical works
 Iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole Roman Empire
 Famous in Medicine
 AYUVERDA – system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC,
is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine
 Some ancient texts, like SUSRUTA SAMHITA, describes different surgical and other medical
procedure
 Also notable in the field of Astronomy
 They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting
Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each
 Samal (2008) noted that their interest in astronomy was also evident in the first 12 chapters
of the SIDDHANTA SHOROMANI written in the 12th century
 Mean longitudes of the planets
 True longitudes of the planets
 The three problems of diurnal rotation
 Szygies
 Latitudes of the planets
 Rising and setting
 The moon’s cresent
 Conjunction of the planets with each other
 Conjunction of the planets with the fixed stars
 And the paths of the sun and moon
 Also known for their Mathematics
 Bisht (1982) noted that the earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian
subcontinent appeared in the India Valley Civilization
 Cliford (2008) and Bose (1998)
 Aryabhata (476-550), in his ARYABHATIYA, introduced a number of trigonometric
functions,
 In 628 AD, Bramahgupta, also suggested that gravity was a force of attraction
 Madhava of Sangamagrama is also considered as the founder of mathematical analysis
3. China
 One of the oldest civilizations with a rich history of scientific and technological
advancements
 Emphasis on natural remedies, acupunctures, and holistic approaches to healing
 Invention of the compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing press
 Detailed records of supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets
 Use of astronomical observations to understand patterns and seasons
 Development of lunar calendars for agricultural and societal planning
 Significant contributions to Mathematics, Logic, and Philosophy
 Confucius
 Suanpan
 Sun Tzu
4. Middle East
 Dominantly occupied by Muslims
 Muslim scholarship, or what is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until 13th century
 Contributory to intellectualization
 The common language of Arabic
 Access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire
 And their proximity to India
 Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the Father of Optics
 Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm while
the term algebra is derived from al-jabr
 What is now known as the Arabic Numeral System originally came from India
 Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the “Father of Chemistry”
 Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine, and was the first physician to
conduct clinical trials
Development of Science in Africa
1. Africa
 Science emerged in Africa long before the Europeans colonized it
 The ancient civilization has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the
fields of Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine
 Development of Geometry which was a product of necessity to preserve the layout and
farmlands of the Egyptians living in the Nile River
 Rules of Geometry were developed and used to build rectilinear structures and the post
and lintel architecture of Egypt
 Egypt was known to be a center of Alchemy
 They studied human Anatomy and practiced Pharmacology
 Astronomy was also famous
 Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar
 Metallurgy was also known
 Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life or early people in the African
continent
 Lebombo Bone a tool used for multiplication, division and is considered to be the oldest
known mathematical artifact dated from 35000 BCE
 Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry

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Group-1-Summary

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Scientific Revolution (16th – 18th)

How can Science be defined?

3 characteristics a scientist should have:

Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas

Development of Science in Mesoamerica

1. The Maya Civilization

Development of Science in Asia

Development of Science in Africa

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