CHAPTER 1

1.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals

1.2 Integration by Substitution
1.3 Definite Integrals and The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

At the end of the chapter, students are expected to

 evaluate indefinite integrals using the basic integration rules;
 evaluate integrals by substitution;
 evaluate definite integral and understand the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

We are already familiar with inverse operations such as addition and subtraction, and so with
multiplication and division. In this section, we will discuss the inverse operation of differentiation called
antidifferentiation, which involves the computation of an antiderivative.

1.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals

Definition of an Antiderivative

A function F is called an antiderivative of the function 𝑓 on an interval 𝐼 if 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all x in 𝐼.

Illustration 1: To find a function F whose derivative is given by (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 , you might use your
knowledge of derivatives to conclude that
𝑑
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 (𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 ) = 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Thus, the function F is an antiderivative of f .

Antidifferentiation is the process of finding the set of all antiderivatives of a given function. The symbol
∫ denotes the operation of antidifferentiation, and we write

∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪

Where 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅 , 𝒅𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏,

𝑭(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.

The expression ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 is read as the antiderivative of 𝒇 with respect to x. Or simply, the indefinite
integral of 𝒇 with respect to x.

1
 BASIC INTEGRATION RULES

Integration Formula

 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪
 ∫ 𝒌 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌𝒙 + 𝑪 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒌 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
 ∫ 𝒌 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
 ∫[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙] = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
 ∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏 (𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑹𝒖𝒍𝒆)
𝒏+𝟏

For Trigonometric Functions

 ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝑪
 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝑪
 ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝑪
 ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝑪
 ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 + 𝑪
 ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 + 𝑪

Note: 1. The general pattern of integration is similar to that of differentiation.

Original integral ---> Rewrite ---> Integrate ---> Simplify

2. You can do the checking by differentiating your answer.

EXAMPLE 1. Rewriting Before Integrating

These particular functions should be rewrite first for you to apply the basic integration rules.

Original Integral Rewrite Integrate Simplify

𝟏 𝒙−𝟓+𝟏 𝒙−𝟒 𝟏
a. ∫ 𝟓 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
∫ 𝒙−𝟓 𝒅𝒙 −𝟓+𝟏
=
−𝟒
+𝑪 −
𝟒𝒙𝟒
+𝑪

𝟏 𝟑
𝟏 +𝟏 𝟑
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
b. ∫ √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ∫(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
𝟏 +𝑪= 𝟑 +𝑪 𝟑
𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
+𝟏
𝟐 𝟐

c. ∫ 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟐(− 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙) + 𝑪 −𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝑪

2
EXAMPLE 2. Find the indefinite integral.

a. ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 𝐶

b. ∫(𝑥 − 20) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 20 ∫ 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 1+1 𝒙𝟐
= − 20𝑥 + 𝐶 = − 𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝑪 (you need to write only one C )
1+1 𝟐

c. ∫(4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 6) 𝑑𝑥
= 4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 6 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 𝑥3
=4 −3 + 6𝑥 + 𝐶 (now simplify)
4 3
= 𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝑪

1
d. ∫ √𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (we need to rewrite this first)
1⁄ 1⁄
=∫𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑥 −1 ) 𝑑𝑥 (distribute 𝑥 2 to each term )
3 1 3 1⁄
= ∫ (𝑥 ⁄2 + 𝑥 − ⁄2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 ⁄2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
5⁄ 1⁄
𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝟐 𝟓⁄ 𝟏⁄
= 5 + 1 +𝐶 =𝟓𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 +𝑪
2 2

e. ∫(𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 (write to its equivalent form first)

= ∫(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥
2
(distribute)
4 2
= ∫(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (now integrate)
𝑥5 𝑥3
= +2 +𝑥+𝐶
5 3
𝟏 𝟓 𝟐
= 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓

f. ∫(5 cos 𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

= 5 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 5 (sin 𝑥 ) − 4 (− cos 𝑥 ) + 𝐶
= 𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪

3
TRY THIS!

Find the indefinite integral of the following.

1. ∫ 2𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫(8𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑑𝑥

3
3. ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫(3 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

1
5. ∫ (√𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√

4
 Activity 1.1 Basic Integration Rules

Name: Score:
Program: Date:

Find the indefinite integral.

1. ∫(8𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥

2. ∫(4𝑡 2 + 3)2 𝑑𝑡

3. ∫(𝑥 2 − cos 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

2 3
4. ∫ ( + 𝑥 2 + 5) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3

5. ∫ sec 𝑦(tan 𝑦 − sec 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

5
1.2 Integration by Substitution
Many antiderivatives cannot be found by applying only the basic integration rules. We must, therefore,
learn other techniques of antidifferentiation. In this section, we will study techniques for integrating
composite functions and it is split into two parts – pattern recognition and change of variables. Both
techniques involve a u-substitution. Here, the role of substitution in integration is comparable to the
role of the Chain Rule in differentiation.

THEOREM 1 Antidifferentiation of a Composite Function

Let 𝑔 be a differentiable function whose range is an interval 𝐼. Suppose that 𝑓 is a function defined
on 𝐼 and F is an antiderivative of 𝑓 𝑜𝑛 𝐼, then

∫ 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) 𝒈′(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒈(𝒙)) + 𝑪 (1)

Letting 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥 ), 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔′ (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

(1) Becomes ∫ 𝒇(𝒖) 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑭(𝒖) + 𝑪

THEOREM 1.1
If 𝑔 is a differentiable function of and 𝑛 is a rational number, then
[𝒈(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
∫[𝒈(𝒙)]𝒏 [𝒈′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙] = 𝒏+𝟏
+𝑪 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏

EXAMPLE 1. Evaluate ∫ √5𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution: First, we rewrite the integral to its equivalent form

1⁄
∫(5𝑥 + 2) 2 𝑑𝑥 from here, we will apply theorem 1.1

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = (5𝑥 + 2) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥 but since there is no constant 5 given,

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 5
5

1⁄ 1⁄ 𝑑𝑢 1
So now, we have ∫(5𝑥 + 2) 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 2
5
- remove out 5
1 1⁄
= 5∫𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢 -integrate
3
1 𝑢 ⁄2 1 2 3⁄
=5⋅ 3⁄ +𝐶 = ⋅ ⋅𝑢 2 +𝐶
2 5 3

2 3⁄ 𝟐 𝟑⁄
= 15 𝑢 2 +𝐶 = (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝟐 +𝑪
𝟏𝟓

6
EXAMPLE 2. Evaluate ∫(1 + 6𝑥 )4 (6)𝑑𝑥

Solution: Let 𝑢 = 1 + 6𝑥 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 6 𝑑𝑥

This is a pattern recognition wherein the value of du= 6dx is already given, so we have

𝑢5
∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢 = 5
+𝐶
𝟏
By back substitution, = 𝟓 (𝟏 + 𝟔𝒙)𝟓 + 𝑪

EXAMPLE 3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 (3 + 2𝑥 3 )7 𝑑𝑥

Solution: We can rewrite the integral of this form ∫(3 + 2𝑥 3 )7 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (we put 𝑥 2 beside )

Now, let 𝑢 = 3 + 2𝑥 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Since we can only see 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 from the given,

𝑑𝑢 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢
We will divide both sides of 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 by 6, = 𝑑𝑥 → = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
6 6 6
𝑑𝑢
From the given, we now have ∫ 𝑢7 6

1 1 1 𝑢8
Removing out 6 , and integrate
6
∫ 𝑢7 𝑑𝑢 = 6
∙ 8
+𝐶
1
= 48 ∙ 𝑢8 + 𝐶
𝟏
By back substitution = 𝟒𝟖 (𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 )𝟖 + 𝑪

EXAMPLE 4. Find ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Because 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥 = (sin 3𝑥 )2

We let 𝑢 = sin 3𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = (cos 3𝑥 )(3)𝑑𝑥

Since we can only see cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 from the given,

𝑑𝑢 (cos 3𝑥)3𝑑𝑥
We will divide both sides of 𝑑𝑢 = (cos 3𝑥 )(3)𝑑𝑥 by 3 , so =
3 3
𝑑𝑢
Now we have, = cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3

𝑑𝑢 1
Now the given becomes, ∫ 𝑢 2 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
3 3

1 𝑢3 1
= ∙ +𝐶 = 𝑢3 + 𝐶
3 3 9
𝟏
By back substitution = 𝟗 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙)𝟑 + 𝑪

7
EXAMPLE 5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1⁄
Solution: We can rewrite this to ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) 2 𝑑𝑥

Now let, 𝑢 = 𝑥+1 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

As you observe 𝑥 2 is still present, so we need to solve 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢 .

So, 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1

1⁄ 1⁄
Now from the given, ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑢 − 1)2 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
1⁄
= ∫(𝑢 − 1) (𝑢 − 1) 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
1⁄
By simplifying (𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 1) , = ∫(𝑢2 − 2𝑢 + 1) 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
1⁄ 5⁄ 3⁄ 1⁄
By distributing 𝑢 2 to each term, = ∫ (𝑢 2 − 2𝑢 2 +𝑢 2) 𝑑𝑢

5⁄ 3⁄ 1⁄
Integrate each term = ∫𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢 − 2 ∫ 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
7⁄ 5⁄ 3⁄
𝑢 2 𝑢 2 𝑢 2
= 7 −2 5 + 3 +𝐶
2 2 2

2 7⁄ 2 5⁄ 2 3⁄
= 7𝑢 2 −2∙5 𝑢 2 +3 𝑢 2 +𝐶
𝟐 𝟕⁄ 𝟒 𝟓⁄ 𝟐 𝟑⁄
By simplifying and back substitution, = 𝟕 (𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟐 − 𝟓 ( 𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟐 + 𝟑 ( 𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝟐 +𝑪

EXAMPLE 6. Evaluate ∫ √1 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1⁄
Solution: We rewrite, ∫(1 − cos 𝑥 ) 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 1 − cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

This a pattern recognition where the value of du is already given.

1⁄
From the given, ∫𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
3⁄
𝑢 2
Integrate = 3 +𝐶
2

2 3⁄
Simplify = 3𝑢 2 +𝐶

𝟐 𝟑⁄
By back substitution = 𝟑 (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝟐 +𝑪

8
Try This!

Find the indefinite integral.

1. ∫(𝑥 2 − 9)3 (2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ √1 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦

3. ∫ 𝑥 √𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥

9
 Activity 1.2 Integration by Substitution

NAME SCORE
COURSE & YEAR DATE

Find the indefinite integral.

3
1. ∫ 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 9 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ √25 − 𝑥 2 (−2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

2𝑟
3. ∫
(1−𝑟 )7
𝑑𝑟

𝑥3
4. ∫
(1+𝑥 4 )2
𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃

10
1.3 Definite Integrals and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
In this section, we will learn that definite integrals and indefinite integrals are different concepts.
Definite integral is a number, whereas indefinite integral is a family of functions. Definite integral can
also be solve using a scientific calculator.

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS 𝒂 < 𝒃

IF 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 are integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝑘 is a constant, then the functions 𝑘𝑓 and 𝑓 ± 𝑔 are
integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏] , and
𝑏 𝑏
1. ∫𝑎 𝑘 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
2. ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑏
The integral ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 is read as “the definite integral of 𝒇 from 𝒂 𝒕𝒐 𝒃” . The number 𝑎 is the
lower limit of integration and the number 𝑏 is the upper limit of integration.

Evaluating a Definite Integral

2
EXAMPLE 1. Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: First, we integrate

2 𝑥2
∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
from a = 0 to b=2

( 2) 2 ( 0) 2
Substitute the values of a and b =[ 2
]−[
2
]

Evaluate = (2) − 0 = 𝟐

2
EXAMPLE 2. Evaluate ∫1 (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

Solution: We integrate first, so we have

𝑥3
= +𝑥 from a = 1 to b=2
3

( 2) 3 ( 1) 3
Substitute the values of a and b =[ + (2)] − [ + (1)]
3 3
14 4 𝟏𝟎
= −3 =
3 𝟑

11
 1
EXAMPLE 3. Evaluate ∫−1 (𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 5) 𝑑𝑥

Solution: We integrate each term

𝑥4 𝑥3
= −6 − 5𝑥 from a = -1 to b=1
4 3

𝑥4
Simplify = − 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 from a = -1 to b=1
4
(1)4 (−1)4
Substitute the values of a and b =[ − 2(1)3 − 5(1)] − [ − 2(−1)3 − 5(−1)]
4 4

27 29 27 29 56
Evaluate =− − (4) = − − =− = −𝟏𝟒
4 4 4 4

Try this!

Evaluate each integral.

3
1. ∫−2 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥

4
2. ∫2 (10 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥

2
3. ∫0 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

12
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
In this section we look at some more powerful and useful techniques for evaluating definite integrals.

These new techniques rely on the relationship between differentiation and integration. This
relationship was discovered and explored by both Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
(among others) during the late 1600s and early 1700s, and it is codified in what we now call
the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

THEOREM 1.2
If a function 𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝐹 is an antiderivative of 𝑓 on the interval
[𝑎, 𝑏], then
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

EVALUATING A DEFINITE I NTEGRAL

2
EXAMPLE 1. Evaluate ∫1 (𝑥 2 − 3) 𝑑𝑥

2 𝑥3 ( 2) 3 ( 1) 3
Solution: ∫1 (𝑥 2 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 3 − 3𝑥] 21 = [ 3
− 3(2)] − [ 3
− 3(1)]
8 1 𝟐
= (3 − 6) − (3 − 3) = − 𝟑

1 4⁄ 1⁄
EXAMPLE 2. Evaluate ∫−1 (𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 3) 𝑑𝑥

3 7⁄ 3 4⁄ 3 7⁄ 4⁄
Solution: = (𝑥 ) 3 + 4 ∙ (𝑥 ) 3] 1 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 3 1
] −1
7 4 −1 7

3 7⁄ 4⁄ 3 7⁄ 4⁄
= [7 (1) 3 + 3(1) 3] − [7 (−1) 3 + 3(−1) 3]

3 3 𝟔
= (7 + 3) − (− 7 + 3) = 𝟕

13
 Activity 1.3 Definite Integrals

NAME SCORE
COURSE & SECTION DATE

EVALUATE THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL.

6
1. ∫3 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

3
2. ∫0 (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 ) 𝑑𝑥

10
3. ∫1 √5𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

0 1⁄ 2⁄
4. ∫−1 (𝑡 3 −𝑡 3) 𝑑𝑡

4
5. ∫1 √𝑥 (2 + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

14
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 Integration of Natural Logarithmic Functions

2.2 Integration of Exponential Functions
2.3 Integration of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
2.4 Integration of Hyperbolic Functions

At the end of the chapter, students are expected to

 evaluate the integral of exponential, logarithmic and hyperbolic functions;
 evaluate the functions yielding the natural logarithmic functions and inverse trigonometric
functions;
 evaluate other exponential functions to the base 𝑎 .

2.1 Integration of Natural Logarithmic Functions

Recall: The Differentiation Rules
𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑢′
[𝑙𝑛|𝑥|] = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 [𝑙𝑛|𝑢|] =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢

TEHOREM 2.1 LOG RULE FOR INTEGRATION

Let 𝑢 be a differentiable function of 𝑥.

1 1
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶 2. ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶

Because 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢′ 𝑑𝑥 , the second formula can be written as

𝑢′
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶 Alternative form of Log Rule

Recall: LOGARITHMIC PROPERTIES

If 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒:
1. ln(1) = 0
2. ln(𝑎𝑏) = ln 𝑎 + ln 𝑏
3. ln 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 ln 𝑎
𝑎
4. ln = ln 𝑎 − ln 𝑏
𝑏

15
 5
EXAMPLE 1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Solution: Remove out 5 first so that we could attain formula (1) of theorem 2.1
1
Now we have, = 5 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 integrate using formula (1)

= 𝟓 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + 𝑪

1
EXAMPLE 2. Evaluate ∫ 5𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥

Solution: The denominator is a function, so we consider formula (2)

𝑑𝑢
We let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 − 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑑𝑥
5

1 𝑑𝑢
Now we have, ∫𝑢 ∙ 5
1 1 1
Remove out , = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
5 5

1
Integrate, = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
5

𝟏
By back substitution, = 𝟓 𝐥𝐧|𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏| + 𝑪

𝑥2
EXAMPLE 3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +1

Solution: Since the denominator is a function, consider formula (2)

1
We can rewrite the given integral to this form ∫ 𝑥 3 +1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥3 + 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3

1 𝑑𝑢
Now we have, = ∫𝑢∙ 3

1 1 1
Remove out 3
= 3 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
Integrate = 3 ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝟏
By back substitution = 𝟑 𝐥𝐧|𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏| + 𝑪

16
 5 5
EXAMPLE 4. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥+1

Solution: First, we remove out 5 and follow the process of integration

5 1
= 5 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥+1

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑑𝑥
3

5 1 𝑑𝑢
Now we have, = 5 ∫0 ∙
𝑢 3

1 5 5 1
Remove out = 3 ∫0 𝑑𝑢
3 𝑢

5
Integrate = [ln 𝑢] 50
3

5
Back substitution = 3 [ln(3𝑥 + 1)] 50
5 5
= 3 [ln 3(5) + 1] − 3 [ln 3(0) + 1]

= 𝟒. 𝟔𝟐

𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
EXAMPLE 5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥 >Using long division method before integrating
𝑥 2 +1

Solution: Here, we need divide this first using the long division

So we can write it this way, 𝑥 2 + 1 √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

x
1
We divide, our answer will be, x 1 2

x 1 x  x 1
2 2

Now our given will become,

𝑥
∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 +1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
For the second integral, we let 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1 1
Now we have, = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 we remove out
2 2

𝟏
We integrate, and by back substitution, = 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏| + 𝒄
𝟐

17
EXAMPLE 6. Evaluate ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
Solution: From the trigonometric identity, tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 1
Now we can write the given as, ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Letting 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
We have, ∫ 𝑢 (−𝑑𝑢)
1
Remove out the negative sign, = − ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Integrate = − ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
By back substitution = − 𝐥𝐧|𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙| + 𝑪

INTEGRALS OF THE SIX BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶

 ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶

 ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|cos 𝑢| + 𝐶

 ∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sin 𝑢| + 𝐶

 ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝐶

 ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑙𝑛|csc 𝑢 + cot 𝑢| + 𝐶

18
Try this!

Evaluate the following.

1
1. ∫ 3−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2−𝑥 2

4𝑥 3 +3
3. ∫ 𝑥 4 +3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

19
 Activity 2.1 Integration of Natural Logarithmic Functions

NAME SCORE
COURSE&SECTION DATE

Evaluate the following.

3𝑥 2
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 3 −1

𝑥 2 −4
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

1
3. ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑣+3
4. ∫ 𝑣−1 𝑑𝑣

1 1
5. ∫−1 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥+3

20
2.2Integration of Exponential Functions

21