CHAPTER ONE 4.

∫ xn dx =
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒏+𝟏
+ C, n ≠ -1.

INTEGRATION CONCEPTS/FORMULAS Illustrations.

Integral Calculus is the branch of x(−2)+1

1. ∫ 2x -2dx = 2 + C = -2x -1 + C.
calculus which deals with functions to be (−2)+1
integrated. Integration is the reverse 𝟏
process of differentiation. The function to 2. ∫ (x 3 – 6x + 4) dx = 𝟒 x4 – 3x2 + 4x + C.
be integrated is referred to as the integrand
3. ∫ (x 2 + 1)2 dx = ∫ (x4 + 2x2 + 1) dx
while the result of an integration is called
integral. =
𝟏
x5 +
𝟐
x3 + x + C
Indefinite integral is an integral 𝟓 𝟑

with no restrictions imposed on its Note 1: Observe in 2 that a must be a

independent variables. It is also called constant. Thus ∫ 2x -2 dx equals to 2 ∫ x -2 dx,
antiderivative or primitive integral. and is not equal to 2x ∫ x dx or 2x -2 ∫ dx.

1. ANTI-DIFFERENTIATION Note 2: It advisable at first to check

mentally each problem of the integration by
The inverse process of determining differentiating the result and comparing
the derivative of a known function whose with the given integrand.
derivative is known is called anti-
2
differentiation, and the required function (1+√3x)
is called an antiderivative of the given Example 1. Evaluate ∫ ⅆx.
√x
function. Thus x 4 is an antiderivative of
4x 3, because 4x 3 is the derivative of x4 with Solution: Substituting x1/2 for √𝑥 and
respect to x. In this connection we observe writing the integrand as a sum we find
that if any constant C is added to x 4, the 2
sum x4+C is also an antiderivative of 4x3. (1+√3x)
∫ ⅆx = ∫ (x -1/2 + 2√3 + 3x1/2) dx
This raises a question as to whether √x
anything other than a constant could be x1∕2 x3∕2
added to x4, so that we still would obtain = 1 + 2√3x + 3 3 +C
4x3 as the derivative. The following theorem 2 z
whose proof will be given indicates that
there is no such quantity. = 2x1/2 + 2√𝟑x + 2x3/2 + C
THEOREM: Two functions F1(x) and F2(x) that
have the same derivative differ at most by a Example 2. Evaluate ∫ x4dx.
constant.
𝒙𝟓
For reasons that will soon be evident, Solution: ∫ x4dx = + C.
instead of saying that F(x) is an 𝟓
antiderivative of f(x), we will say that F(x) is
an integral of f(x), and their relationship will
Example 3. Evaluate ∫ (4x4 + 3x + 5) dx.
be expressed in the form
∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C. Solution: ∫ (4x4 + 3x + 5) dx

We call the symbol ∫ an integral = 4 ∫x4dx + 3 ∫xdx + 5 ∫dx

sign, f(x) the integrand, F(x) a particular
integral, C the constant of integration, 𝟒𝐱𝟓 𝟑𝐱𝟐
= + + 5x + C.
and F(x)+ C the indefinite integral of f(x). 𝟓 𝟐
2. INTEGRATION OF POWERS
Example 4. Evaluate ∫ (x2 + 2)2dx
The following properties of indefinite
integrals may be proved by differentiation Solution: ∫ (x2 + 2)2dx
and comparison with the corresponding
properties of derivatives. = ∫ (x4 + 4x2 + 4) dx
1. ∫ dx = x + C = ∫ x4dx + 4 ∫x2dx + 4 ∫dx
2. ∫ a dx = a ∫ dx, where a is a constant.
𝐱𝟓 𝟒𝐱𝟑
3. ∫ [f(x) + g(x)] dx = ∫ f(x) dx + ∫ g(x) dx. = + + 4x + C.
𝟓 𝟑

Engr. Nikko Reymon R. Manito Integral Calculus P a g e | 1

Example 5. Evaluate ∫ (x2 - 5)3 xdx. ASSIGNMENT No. 1

This is of the power formula form where 1. ∫ 5xdx.

u = x2 – 5 2. ∫ (5 – x)dx.
du = d(x2 – 5) = 2xdx.
We introduce 2 after the integral sign, and
3. ∫ (8x4 – 5x2 + 2)dx.
neutralize it by putting its reciprocal ½ x2
before the integral sign. 4. ∫ (1 - )dx.
2
1
Hence, ∫ (x2 - 5)3 xdx = ( ) ∫ (x2 - 5)3 (2) xdx 5. ∫
dy
.
2 (3y −5)2
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓)𝟒
= + C. 6. ∫ (√y + y) ⅆy.
1
𝟖
√

Example 5. Evaluate ∫ sin θ cos θ dθ. 7. ∫ (x2 + 5)2 dx.

8. ∫ (2 – x)(1 + 3x) dx.
We may consider u = sin θ and
du = d(sin θ) = cos θ dθ. 9. ∫ (3x – 1)2 xdx.
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 dx
Then, ∫ sin θ cos θ dθ = + C. 10. ∫ (x − a)5/2
𝟐
2
Alternate Solution: Consider now 11. ∫ (x − x)2 dx.
u = cos θ, du = d(cos θ) = -sin θ dθ.
12. ∫ x3 (x4 + 3)5 dx.
Then,∫ sin θ cos θ dθ = (-)∫ cos θ (-sinθ) dθ.
(x4 +a4)dx.
−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉 13. ∫
= + C. x3
𝟐
14. ∫ (3x2 – 1) (x3 – x)8 dx.
PROBLEM SET No.1 15. ∫ sin x √cosx dx.
1. ∫ (3x2 -5) dx.
3. FORMULAS OF INTEGRATION
2. ∫ (x + 1) (2-x) dx.
For reference purposes we have listed
3. ∫ (3x-2)2 x dx.
below certain standard integration
4. ∫ (3x5 – 2x3 – 1) dx. formulas which are frequently used in
elementary work. It is strongly advised that
5. ∫ (1- x -1/3) dx. the formulas I1 – I20 be memorized.
1
6. ∫ (x2 - )2 dx. I1 ∫ du = u + C
x2
1
I2 ∫ a du = au + C, a constant.
7. ∫ (√x + ) dx.
√x I3 ∫ [f(u) + g(u)] du = ∫f(u) du + ∫g(u) du
3
8. ∫ (4-7x) √𝑥 dx. un+1
I4 ∫ un du = + C, n ≠ -1
2 n+1
9. ∫ (√x + √a) x dx.
𝑑𝑢
I5 ∫ = ln u + C
√x−1 𝑢
10. ∫ dx.
x2 𝑎𝑢
I6 ∫ au du = + C, a > 0, a ≠ 1
11. ∫ x -4 (x – 2)2 dx. 𝐼𝑛 𝑎
I7 ∫ eu du = eu + C
12. ∫ √x 3 + 2x 2 + x dx.
I8 ∫ sin u du = -cos u + C
I9 ∫ cos u du = sin u + C

Engr. Nikko Reymon R. Manito Integral Calculus P a g e | 2

I10 ∫ sec2 u du = tan u + C Example 3. Evaluate ∫ x sec23x2 dx.
I11 ∫ csc2 u du = -cot u + C
Let u = 3x2. du = 6x dx. Using I10
I12 ∫ sec u tan u du = sec u + C
∫ x sec23x2 dx = 1/6 ∫ 6x sec23x2 dx.
I13 ∫ csc u du cot u du = -csc u + C
= 1/6 tan 3x 2 + C.
I14 ∫ tan u du = ln sec u + C
1
I15 ∫ cot u du = ln sin u + C Example 4. Evaluate ∫ csc2 ln x dx.
x
I16 ∫ sec u du = ln (sec u + tan u) + C
Let u = ln x, du = dx/x, Using I11.
I17 ∫ csc u du = ln (csc u – cot u) + C
1
I18
du 𝑢
∫ 2 2 = Sin-1 + C
∫ csc2 ln x dx = - cot ln x + C.
√a −u 𝑎 x

I19 ∫
du
=
1
Tan -1
𝑢
+C Example 5. Eval. ∫ e2x sec e2x tan e2x dx.
a2 +u2 𝑎 𝑎
Let u = e2x, dv = 2e2x dx. Using I12.
du 1 𝑢
I20 ∫ = Sec-1 +C
u√u2−a2 𝑎 𝑎 ∫ e2x sec e2x tan e2x dx
du
I21 ∫ = ln (u + √u2 ± a2 ) + C = ½ ∫ sec e2x tan e2x (2)e2x dx.
√u2 ±a2
= ½ sec e2x + C.
du 1 𝑎+𝑢
I22 ∫ 2 2 = ln + C, u2 < a2
a −u 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑢 Certain trigonometric integrals may
du 1 𝑢−𝑎 be integrated after transforming the
I23 ∫ = ln + C, u2 > a2 integrand with the use of some familiar
u2 −a2 2𝑎 𝑢+𝑎
trigonometric identities. Among the most
𝑢 a2 𝑢 familiar of these identities, the following
I24 ∫√a2 − u2 du = √a2 − u2 + Sin-1 +C
2 2 𝑎 may be recalled from plane trigonometry.
𝑢 a2
I25 ∫√u2 ± a2 du = 2 √u2 ± a2 ± ln (u (A) sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
2
+√u2 ± a2 ) + C (B) tan2θ + 1 = sec2θ
Note: The validity of each of the above (C) cot2θ +1 = csc2θ
formulas can be established by showing 𝟏
that the derivative of the integral is equal to (D) sin2θ = 𝟐
(1- cos 2θ)
the integrand. For example, to prove I5 we 𝟏
observe that d (ln u + C) = du/u. (E) cos2θ = 𝟐
(1+ cos 2θ)
𝟏
4. INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC (F) sinθ cosθ = 𝟐
sin 2θ
FUNCTIONS
Let us first consider trigonometric
Example 1. Evaluate ∫ sin 4x dx. integrals involving sines and cosines. Take
the type
Let u = 4x
∫ sinmθ cosnθ dθ
du = 4dx. Insert 4 after the integral sign
and ¼ before the integral sign. Using I8. where m and n are positive integers or zero.
Two cases will arise: (a) When m or n or
∫ sin 4x dx = (1/4) ∫ sin 4x (4)dx. both are odd, and (b) When both m and n
are even or when one is even and other is
= - ¼ cos 4x + C. zero. (a) For definiteness, let n be odd and
more than 1. When n is 1, the integral of (1)
Example 2. Evaluate ∫ cos x/3 dx. may be evaluated by means of the power
formula. If n is odd and more than 1, we let
Let u = x/3. du = 1/3 dx, using I9. cosnθ = cosn-1θ cosθ. By the identity cos2θ =
1-sin2θ, we can express cosn-1θ in terms of
∫ cos x/3 dx = 3 ∫ cos x/3 (1/3)dx. sinθ. The integrand may then be written as
= 3 sin x/3 + C. the product of a polynomial of powers of
sinθ by cosθ dθ. This will give a series of
integrals of standard type I4.

Engr. Nikko Reymon R. Manito Integral Calculus P a g e | 3

Example 1. Evaluate ∫ sin2xcos3x dx. sin θ
∫ tan θ dθ = ∫ cos θ dθ = -ln cos θ +C,
Solution: cos3x = cos2x cos
cos θ
= (1-sin2x) cos x. ∫ cot θ dθ = ∫ sin θ dθ = ln sin θ +C.
Substituting, we have When n ≥ 1, set tannθ equal to tann-2θ tan2θ
(or cotn-2θ cot2θ), then replace tan2θ by (sec2
∫ sin2xcos3x dx = ∫ sin2x(1-sin2x) cos x dx
– 1), or cot2θ by (csc2θ – 1). Thus, we get
= ∫ sin2x cosx dx-∫ sin4x cosx dx powers of tan θ and by I4, we can evaluate
the integral.
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝐱
= − + 𝐜. Example 4. Evaluate ∫ cot3x dx.
𝟑 𝟓
Solution:
(b) When neither m or n is odd, we use the
identities ∫ cot3x dx = ∫ cot x cot2x dx
(D) sin2θ = 𝟏
(1- cos 2θ) = ∫ cot x (csc2x – 1) dx
𝟐

(E) cos2θ = 𝟏
(1+ cos 2θ) = ∫ cot x csc2x dx - ∫ cot x dx
𝟐

𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟐 𝐱
(F) sinθ cosθ = 𝟏
𝟐
sin 2θ =− 𝟐
– ln sin x + C.

Note: (0 is considered even).

Finally, let us consider the types
Example 2. Evaluate ∫ sin2θ cos2θ dθ.
Solution: Making use of (F), we shall obtain
∫ secm tann θ dθ or ∫ cscm cotn θ dθ
where m and n are positive integers. Since
∫ sin2θ cos2θ dθ = ∫ (sinθ cosθ)2 dθ
two types are similar, we shall discuss in
1
= ∫ (2 sin 2θ)2 dθ detail only the first type. When m is even,
secmθ = secm-2θ sec2θ, and express secm-2θ
= ∫ ( 12 )2 sin2 2θ dθ = (tan2θ + 1) m-2. We will then obtain
products of powers of tan θ by sec2θ. The
1
= 8
∫ (1- cos 4θ) dθ integral could be integrated by means of
standard form I4.
1 1
= 8
∫ dθ - 8
∫ cos 4θ dθ If n is odd, we express secmθ tannθ =
sec θ tann-1θ (sec θ tan θ). Then we
m-1

=
𝟏
θ -
𝟏
sin 4θ + C. transform tann-1θ into powers of sec θ using
𝟖 𝟑𝟐
the identity tan2θ = sec2 – 1.

Example 3. Evaluate ∫ sin4θ dθ. Example 5. Evaluate ∫ sec4x tan4x dx.

Solution: Making use of (D), we shall obtain Solution:
∫ sin4θ dθ = ∫ (sin2θ)2 dθ ∫ sec4x tan4x dx = ∫ tan4x sec2x sec2x dx
1
=∫ 4
(1 - cos 2θ)2 dθ = ∫ tan4x (tan2x + 1) sec2x dx
1
=∫ 4
(1 – 2cos 2θ + cos2 2θ) dθ = ∫ tan6x sec2x dx + ∫ tan4x sec2x dx

=
1 1
∫ (1 - 2cos 2θ + 2 + 2 cos 4θ)2 dθ
1 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟕𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟓 𝒙
4 = + + C.
𝟕 𝟓
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
= θ- sin 2θ + sin 4θ + C.
𝟖 𝟒 𝟑𝟐
Example 6. Evaluate ∫ sec5x tan3x dx.
Note: Use (C) on cos22θ
Solution: since n here is odd, we factor out
Consider now trigonometric integrals of the sec x tan x from the integrand.
type Hence,
∫ tannθ dθ or ∫ cotnθ dθ ∫ sec5x tan3x dx = ∫ sec4x tan2x sec x tan x dx
Where n is a positive integer. When n = 1,
= ∫ sec4x (sec2x – 1) sec x tan x dx

Engr. Nikko Reymon R. Manito Integral Calculus P a g e | 4

= ∫ sec6x sec x tanx dx - ∫ sec4x sec x tan x dx sin3 x ⅆx
9. ∫
cos x
.
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 𝐱 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟓 𝐱
= + + C. 10. ∫ cot5θ dθ.
𝟕 𝟓
11. ∫ cot7θ dθ.
PROBLEM SET No. 2
Evaluate the following integrals and check 12. ∫ csc4θ dθ
by differentiation:
13. ∫ sec6θ dθ
1. ∫ cos ¼ x dx.
14. ∫ cot4x csc4x dx.
2. ∫ 5 sec2 2x dx.
15. ∫ √𝑥 sin2x3/2 dx.
3. ∫ sec 6θ tan 6θ dθ.
4. ∫ e3x cot e3x dx.
5. ∫ dx/cos2x.
dx
6. ∫ 1 .
sin2 2x

(cos θ −sin θ) dθ
7. ∫ .
sin θ

8. ∫ (1 – tan θ)2 dθ.

9. ∫ sec2 θ tan2 θ dθ.
sin3 θ dθ
10. ∫ .
1 −cos θ

11. ∫ sin 2θ sin 4θ dθ.

cos2 3θ dθ
12. ∫ .
1 −cot 3θ

13. ∫ tan 5θ dθ.

csc2 ln x
14. ∫ ⅆx.
x
x x
15. ∫ ( tan + cot )2 dx.
3 3

ASSIGNMENT No. 2
Evaluate the following integrals and check
by differentiation:
1. ∫ sin34x dx.

2. ∫ sin2θ dθ.

3. ∫ sin53x dx.

4. ∫ tan 2x sec22x dx.

5. ∫ sin42x cos22x dx.

6. ∫ cos4x sin2x dx.

7. ∫ cos6θ dθ.

8. ∫ excos2exsin3ex dx.

Engr. Nikko Reymon R. Manito Integral Calculus P a g e | 5