Electricity Copy
Electricity Copy
Electricity Copy
- Form of energy resulting from existence of charged particles - Rate of flow of electric source.
(protons and electrons) - Required components:
- Generated by friction, induction and chemical reaction o Source – rated as voltage (Power)
Two kinds of Electricity o Closed Loop of Wiring
o Electric Load
1. STATIC ELECTRICITY o Opening and Closing Circuit
- Appears to remain on a surface as charged electrons.
2. DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY Two Classifications of Current
- Free flowing electrons coming from a source (electric current)
1. Direct Current (DC)
MAGNET - Can be identified if source of electricity is from Battery.
- Attracts metals
2. Alternating Current (AC)
• Magnetism – attractive power of an object.
- Electric source coming from a mechanical source
Two types of Magnet (generator).
- Advantages:
1. Natural Magnet o Easier to produce
- Objects that are magnetic in nature. [e.g. Lobestone] o Cheaper to maintain
2. Artificial Magnet o Can be transformed into higher voltage
- Objects that are electrically charged to create magnetism. o Could be distributed through further distance with less
voltage drop.
TYPES OF ENERGY
o More efficient compared to direct current.
1. Mechanical – uses friction to create electricity [e.g. Windmills,
ELECTRIC SYSTEM
Hydroelectric Power, Geothermal, Nuclear]
• CIRCUIT
2. Chemical – electricity is formed by placing metals (zinc and copper)
- Electric path composed of several conductors and a device.
in a sodium chloride solution (electrolyte). [e.g. Battery]
- It is a system through which an electric current flow.
3. Photoelectric – uses light to make electricity. [e.g. Solar
Three Fundamental Parts:
panels/Photovoltaic Cells]
1. SOURCE
4. Thermoelectric – conversion of heat to electricity.
2. LOOP/CONDUCTORS – a material wherein
electrons/electricity can pass through.
3. LOAD
Three Kinds of Circuit OHMS LAW
1. Open Circuit – when the conductor’s cut or terminal is not - Ohms is the unit of measurement for resistance.
connected to a mechanical source. - it is the opposition of flow of electric current.
- Faster current = higher resistance = higher energy
2. Close Circuit – terminals of load and source are directly
connected; complete circuit. George Simon Ohm (1826)
3. Short Circuit – unintended connection; source and conductor - Discovered the relationship between current, voltage and
is connected. resistance.
- Faster current = higher resistance = higher energy
Circuit Arrangement:
a. SERIES CIRCUIT POWER VS ENERGY
- Single- path circuit.
WATT DURATION (hr) ENERGY (w.hr.)
BULB 20 W 11 220
AC 1200 W 12 14400
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS
1. Ohms – unit for resistance Conductive Materials – allows flow of electrical current. [e.g. Metal]
2. Ampere – unit for current; number of electrons moving past a
conductor in a given period of time. Silver – metal with highest conductivity
3. Watt – measure for power.
4. Volt – unit for potential electrical differences. Copper and Aluminum – common metals used as conductors
5. Power – rate at which work is done; expressed in watts.
6. Energy – power times duration.
COPPER 2. BUS BARS/BUS
o Harder than zinc, softer than iron - Solid copper bar
o Are ductile, malleable and cheap - Used for collecting, carrying, distributing large electric current
o excellent conductor of heat - It is either bolted or plug-in.
- Serves as common connection for two or more circuit.
ALUMINUM
o is a combination of several metals. ______ OF CONDUCTORS
o Commonly used in gridlines.
o Lightweight. o Composition of Conductor
o Length of Conductor
Types of Conductors o Cross-sectional area of conductor [bigger area = lower resistance]
o Ampacity or temperature [higher temperature = higher resistance]
1. WIRE
- most common type of conductor ELECTRICAL INSULATOR
- Gauge: cross section
- Materials that do not allow electricity to pass through them.
American Wire Gauge (AWG, 1857) – SIZE OF WIRES - Examples of insulators:
o RUBBER
IMPERIAL METRIC USES o GLASS – fiber glass
o WOOD
#14 2.00 sqmm Lighting o MINERAL OIL – main source of insulating mat. worldwide
#12 3.50 sqmm Lighting/ Convenience Outlet /
o AIR – gaseous substance
Special Power Outler o PLASTIC
o COTTON
#10 5.50 sqmm Special Power Outlet o ASPHALT - waterproof
o PORCELAIN - nonabsorbent Both porcelain at ceramic
#8 8.00 sqmm Feeder Line/ Service Entrance ginagamit dun sa power poles.
o CERAMIC – absorbent
#6 14 sqmm Service Drop o QUARTZ
#4 22 sqmm
#2 30 sqmm
#1 38 sqmm
#1/10 50 sqmm
SOLID STRANDED
LEGEND
WIRES CABLES