Experiment No. 1 nsteady state heat conduction Objective ‘To determine the thermal conductivity of a solid body using analytical transient-temperature/heat flow charts from the measurements taken on a similar body but having a different thermal conductivity. Theory Analytical solutions are available for temperature distribution and heat flow as a function of time and position for simple solid shapes which are suddenly subjected to convection with a fluid at a constant temperature. These solutions were presented in graphical form by M.P. Heisler and are called Heisler Charts. Typical chartsfor a large plate, long cylinder and sphere are shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3. To use these charts, it is necessary to evaluate appropriate dimensionless parameters as follows: TerO-T, T-T, ‘Dimensionless temperature i=" k jot number at , & -Dimensionless time or Fourier number where = Thermal diffusivity of the cylinder (m*s") +h = Heat transfer coefficient (Wm°C") k= Thermal condu ivity of the cylinder (Wmr'°C") 1= Time since step change (8) Paget /4T(r,1)= Temperature at centre of cylinder (T,at time 1) (°C) T,= Initial temperature of cylinder (T, at ¢=0)(°C) Temperature of water bath (7,) (°C) b= Radius of eylinder (m) Radial position within the cylinder (at axis r =0) (m) Since the flow of water vertically upwards through the duct is constant for all of the measurements, the heat transfer coefficient will remain constant for each shape, Apparatus HITI7 Unsteady State Heat Transfer Accessory PC running Windows™ 98 or later with available USB socket HT1OXC Computer Compatible Heat Transfer Service Unit Equipment Set-up Before proceeding with the exercise, ensure that the equipment has been prepared as follows: Locate the hot water bath of the HT 17 Unsteady State Heat Transfer Accessory alongside the HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit on a suitable bench. Ensure that the lid of the hot water bath is fitted and the inlet at the base of the flow duct is connected to the outlet of the circulating pump using flexible tubing, Ensure that the drain valve on the water bath is closed. Then, fill the bath with clean water until the level is coincident with the centre of the holes in the vertical flow duct as shown in the diagram in Figure 4 Connect thermocouple 7; from the flow duct inside the water bath (lead exits via a grommet inthe lid of the water bath) to socket 7, on the front of the HT10XC service unit Page 2/4400 600 600700 4-0 0 10-12 1416 1820 2224 26 28 20 40 50 60 7080 GOf00TTOr20 13014050200 300 SSSe2 Ssese8 2 9882 8 Figure | : Temperature-time history at mid-plane of an infinite plate of thickness 2 Page 3/11o4= fj OSE OO€ O0ZOSZOFIOEL OZ OL4O01 06 08 OL O9 OF OF OF A 8 HZzZ—02 ab anzos 9 + Figure 2 : Temperature-time history at the centre line of an infinitely long cylinder of radius r, Page 4/115) 10015020080 456789 0 0 40 2 25 8 05 Figure 3 : Temperature-time history at centre of a solid sphere of radius zp Page 5/4Connect thermocouple 7, on the shape holder to socket 7, on the front of the HTIOXC service unit, Connect thermocouple 7, inside the large brass shape to socket 7, on the front of the HT10XC service unit. Set the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer to minimum (anticlockwise) and the selector switch to MANUAL. Then, connect the power lead from the circulating pump alongside the water heating tank to the socket marked Output 2 at the rear of the service unit. Note: The voltage control potentiometer is used to set the speed of the circulating pump on this equipment NOT the power to the heating element. v aS 7, || [Ts Cartier Tt wey | Circulating eum Heating lent < Drain Figure 4: Schematic diagram of unsteady state heat conduction setup with thermocouples T: and T3 Page 6/4Figure 5: Solid shapes used in the experiment, From left to right: Brass cylinder, Steel cylinder, Brass sphere, Steel sphere, Brass plate and Steel plate. Connect the power lead from the water bath (terminated at the connection box alongside the heating tank) to an electrical supply. Ensure that the service unit is connected to an electrical supply. Connect the HT10XC service unit to the PC using the USB cable provided, and run the HT17 software, Select Exercise A. Click on the ‘Sample’ menu from the top toolbar, and select “Configure. In the Sample Configuration menu that appears, check that Sampling Operation is set to Automatic with a sample interval of 1 second and continuous duration. Change the setting if required. Close the sample configuration window by selecting ‘OK’. Place the various shapes in a suitable location where they can stabilize at room temperature. If laboratory stands/clamps are available then the shapes can be suspended from the stands via the insulated rod attached to each shape. Page 7/4Note: Always pick up the metal shapes via the insulated rod, Heat transferred to the shape by holding in the hand will delay the stabilization of the shape at a uniform temperature. Also, since the water bath will take approximately 40 minutes to heat to the required temperature, it should be switched on immediately as described in the Procedure section, ‘Hot water bath, HTIOX/HT10XC Service unit Monitor Figure 6: Experimental setup Experimental Procedure ‘Switch on the front Mains switch ([f the panel meters do not illuminate, check the RCD (Residual-current device) and any other circuit breakers at the rear of the service unit.All the switches at the rear should be up). Check that the water bath is filled with water. Then, switch on the electrical supply to the water heater (switch on the RCD which is located on the connection box adjacent to the water heater). Ensure that the green light is illuminated on the water heater, indicating that electrical power is being supplied to the unit. Adjust the thermostat on the water heater to setting ‘4’ and check that the red light is illuminated indicating that power is being supplied to the heating element. Set the voltage to the circulating pump to 12 volts using the voltage control box on the mimic diagram software display. Page 8/11Allow the temperature of the water to stabilise (monitor the changing temperature 7,). ‘The water must be in the range 60 — 70°C for satisfactory operation. If outside this range, adjust the thermostat and monitor 7, until the temperature is satisfactory. Attach the brass cylinder to the shape holder (insert the insulated rod into the holder and secure using the transverse pin) but do not hold the metal shape or subject it to a change in ‘temperature.Check that the thermocouple attached to the shape is connected to 7, on the HTIOXC. Check that the thermocouple wire is located in the slot at the top of the shape holder. Check that the temperature of the shape has stabilised (same as air temperature 7, ) Switch off the electrical supply to the water bath (switch off the RCD on the connection box) to minimise fluctuations in temperature if the thermostat switches on/off. Ce Start continuous data logging by selecting the icon on the software toolbar. Allow the temperature of the shape to stabilise at hot water temperature (monitor the changing, temperature T, on the mimic diagram software screen). When temperature T, has stabilised , select the “4 icon to end data logging. Select the —" icon to create a new results sheet, Switch on the electrical supply to the water bath to allow the thermostat to maintain the water temperature, Remove the brass cylinder from the shape holder. Then, fit the stainless steel cylinder. Repeat the above procedure to obtain the transient response for the stainless-steel cylinder.Remember to create a new sheet results sheet afterwards ready for the next set of results. Remove the stainless steel cylinder from the shape holder The response of the other shapes can be determined using the same procedure as above Page 9/11Observation Table S.No. Shape Tec) | Tec) | Cc) | Timer(sy T | Brass small dia. cylinder 2 | Steel small dia. cylinder 3 Brass large dia, cylinder 4 __ | Steel large dia. cylinder 3_| Brass plate 6 _ [Steelplate Results and Calculations Determine the value ofh using the results obtained for the brass cylinder as follows: Plot the first graph using the Graph screen of the software. Select the graph screen using the {it ‘con, then select the icon to open the graph configuration screen. The available results are listed on the left. Highlight the first required series (the temperatures 7, and 7, for the brass cylinder) and use the red arrow button to transfer them to ‘Series on Primary Axis’, then select ‘OK’, The ‘graph may be printed to a printer (if available) by selecting the Hal icon. Establish where ¢=0 (ie. 7, step changes from room temperature to T,). Choose a point on the temperature/time plot for the brass cylinder and measure the corresponding values of temperature T, and time ¢. (the point should be close to the finaltemperature e.g. 2 or 3 degrees away from the final temperature) Calculate Pusing T, (T, at t=0), T,, and T, ic. T(r =0,t) Calculate tusing , 1, b (assume a =3.7*10m’s" for brass) Read value ott on chart using the calculated values for @andt Calculate husing Bi,b, and & (assume & =121Wm"°C"' for brass) This value of A will be the same for the stainless steel cylinder since the size, shape, surface finish and water velocity are constant. Page 10/11Plot the graph for the stainless steel cylinder. First highlight the results for the brass cylinder and, use the red arrow button to transfer them back to ‘Available Series’. Then select the results for the stainless steel cylinder from the available series, and transfer them to the primary Y-axis. Sek ‘OK’, then print the graph (if'a printer is available) Choose a point on the temperature/time plot for the stainless steel cylinder and measure the corresponding values of temperature Tat time £. (the point should be close to the final temperature e.g. 2 or 3 degrees away from the final temperature), Calculate @usingT, (T, at ¢=0), T,, and 7, ie, Tr =0,) Calculate tusing o,f and b (assume a= 0,6*10~m’s" for stainless steel) Read value oon chart using the calculated values for @andt i Calculate kusing Bi, bandh (use the calculated value of obtained using results from the brass cylinder. The typical value of & for stainless steel is 25 Wm''°C") Conclusion ‘You have observed the use of analytical transient-temperature/heat flow charts to analysehow the temperature changes between the surface and the centre of a solid shape when exposed to a step change in temperature on the boundary. Relevant dimensionless parameters have been used for the analysis, Note: The use of Heisler charts, as demonstrated in this exercise, is restricted to simple regular shapes with constant thermal properties. When the bodies have an irregular shape or the surface is not maintained at a uniform temperature, the problems must be solved using a numerical approach, such as finite-difference or finite element method, Page 14/11