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Lecture 1-Power System Components

The document provides an overview of electric power systems, emphasizing their importance in modern life and the structure of power systems, which includes generation, transmission, and distribution components. It discusses various sources of electrical power, both conventional and non-conventional, and highlights the advantages of high-voltage transmission to minimize losses. Additionally, it explains the types of loads in power systems and the significance of demand and load duration curves in electricity generation and distribution.

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Dylan Ngoie
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7 views

Lecture 1-Power System Components

The document provides an overview of electric power systems, emphasizing their importance in modern life and the structure of power systems, which includes generation, transmission, and distribution components. It discusses various sources of electrical power, both conventional and non-conventional, and highlights the advantages of high-voltage transmission to minimize losses. Additionally, it explains the types of loads in power systems and the significance of demand and load duration curves in electricity generation and distribution.

Uploaded by

Dylan Ngoie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power System Analysis

General Structure of
Electric Power Systems
Introduction
 Power and Energy are buzz words in today’s
world.

 Electricity
is emerged as basic necessity with
Food, Shelter and Clothing for human being.

 Lifewithout electricity has become highly


unimaginable.

 Electriclocomotives, Heating, Cooling, Fans,


Blowers, Motors are some applications that
converts electrical energy into useful work.
Introduction
Reasons of Popularity of Electricity:

 Clean environment for user


 Higher efficiency
 Better controllability
 Quick transfer of power from source to load
 Energy conservation is simple
Basic Structure of Power Systems
 A power system is an interconnected network
with components converting nonelectrical
energy continuously into the electrical form and
transporting the electrical energy from
generating sources to the loads/users.

 A power system serves one important function


and that is to supply customers with electricity
as economically and as reliably as possible.
Power System Components
Power System Components
 Generation : Generating and/or sources of
electrical energy.

 Transmission: Transporting electrical energy


from its sources to load centers with high
voltages (115 kV and above) to reduce losses.

 Distribution : Distributing electrical energy


from substations (11 kV ~ 44 kV) to end
users/customers.
Power System Components
 At power generating station (generating
voltage)  11 – 20kV and frequency of 50
Hz

 Transform to higher voltage (transmission


voltage)  132kV, 275kV and 400kV

 Transform to lower voltage (distribution


voltage)  66kV , 33kV or 11kV
 The generator converts nonelectrical energy to
electrical energy. The devices connecting
generators to transmission system and from
transmission system to distribution system are
Transformers.
 The main transformers functions are stepping
up the lower generation voltage to the higher
transmission voltage and stepping down the
higher transmission voltage to the lower
distribution voltage.
Power System Components
 The main advantage of having higher voltage in
transmission system is to reduce the losses in
the grid.

 Since transformers operate at constant power,


when the voltage is higher, then the current has
a lower value. Therefore, the losses, a function
of the current square, will be lower at a higher
voltage.
Power System
Generation
Sources Of Elec. Power Gen.

A.Conventional Sources
 Thermal (Coal)
 Nuclear
 Gas
 Water

B.Non conventional Sources


 Wind
 Solar- PV
 Biomass
Power Generation
Disadvantages Of Conventional Sources :
 Fossil fuels shall be depleted, forcing us to
conserve them and find alternative resources.
 Toxic, Hazardous gases, Residues pollute
environment.
 Overall conversion efficiency is very poor.
 Sources are located at remote places with
reference to load, increasing transmission cost.
 Maintenance cost is high.
Transmission
Transmission System
 Lines/transformers operating at voltages above
115 kV are usually called the transmission system.

 Consists of Transmission Line and Sub-stations

 Transmission Line
◦ Overhead Lines
◦ Cable
 Underground Cables
 Submarine Cables
 Sub-stations
Transmission Towers
Insulators
Overhead Line Conductors
•Aluminum conductor steel-reinforced
cable (ACSR cable) is a specific type of
high-capacity, high-strength stranded
cable typically used in overhead power
lines.

•The outer strands are aluminum,


chosen for its excellent conductivity,
low weight and low cost. The center
strand is of steel for the strength
required to support the weight without
stretching the aluminum due to its
ductility. This gives the cable an overall
high tensile strength.
Substations
 Size of substation
◦ Depends on transformer size

 Types of Sub-station
◦ Conventional outdoor
 Require bigger space
◦ GIS (gas insulated switchgear)
 Less space
 Outdoor or indoor
Sub-station Components
 Transformer
 Circuit Breaker / Switch Gear
 Isolator Switches
 Busbar
 Protection Relay & Control Equipment
Power Transformer
Circuit Breaker

Spark gap. In event of a


lightning strike on the
line, the current can
jump the gap between
that ball and the
protrusion on the tank,
and make a path to
earth. This prevents
overloading the breaker.
Busbar
 In electrical power transmission, a busbar is a strip
or bar of copper, brass or aluminium that conducts
electricity within a switchboard, substation or
other electrical apparatus. Its main purpose is to
conduct electricity, not to function as a structural
member.
Distribution
Distribution System
 Lines/transformers operating at voltages below
115 kV are usually called the distribution
system.

 Part of the electric utility system between the


bulk power source and the customer service
entrances (loads).

 33kV, 22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV, 415V and 240V


Distribution Substations
 Distribution Intakes (33kV, 22kV)

 Distribution Substations (22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV)


◦ Indoor substation
◦ Outdoor substation
◦ Pole mounted substation
◦ Compact substation
◦ Underground substation

 Transformer capacity
◦ 100kVA, 300kVA, 500kVA, 750kVA and 1000kVA
Distribution Substations

Distribution Intake
Distribution Substations
Indoor Sub-station
Distribution Substations

Underground Sub-station
Distribution Substations

Compact Sub-station
Distribution Substations

Outdoor Sub-station
Distribution Substations

Pole-Mounted Sub-station
Power System Loads
 Types of Load:
◦ Residential
◦ Commercial
◦ Industrial
◦ Public Transportation
◦ Public Lighting
◦ etc.
Power System Loads

Residential Load
 Consist of lighting, radio, TV, refrigerator, kitchen
appliances, washing machine and etc.
 Usually, increases in the evening around 6 p.m. and return
to a nominal value around 12 p.m.

Commercial Load
• Consists of lighting, air-condition and small appliances.
• Shops, business premises, schools, universities etc.
• The load is fairly constant from 9am until 9pm with the
exception of any mid-day break.
Power System Loads

Industrial Load
 Mainly consists of motor load, air conditioner,
lighting, welding and furnaces etc.
 It can be divided into small, medium and large
category.
 The nature of industrial load curve depends on
the number of shifts worked in the industry.
Power System Loads
 Electricity energy cannot be stored.
 Generate electricity based on demand.
 Total power drawn by consumer fluctuates
depends on the time of day and seasons.

 Demand Curve
◦ Plot each demand of electricity by consumer
daily/annually
Demand Curve
Load Duration Curve
 3 types of load :
◦ Base load
 Has to be fed 100% of the time.
◦ Intermediate loads
 Have to be fed <100% of the time.
◦ Peak load
 May occur 0.1% of the time.
Load Duration Curve

• Plot the duration of each demand on annual based.


Peak Load
(2MW)
Demand (GW)

Intermediate Load
(4MW)

Base Load
(6MW)
100% : 8760hrs
Time in %
Load Duration Curve
 Base-power stations
◦ Deliver full power at all times
◦ Nuclear, coal-fired stations
 Intermediate-power stations
◦ Respond relatively quickly to changes in demand
◦ Usually by adding/removing generating unit
◦ Hydropower stations
 Peak-power stations
◦ Deliver power for brief intervals during the day
◦ Put into service very quickly
◦ Equipped with prime movers that can be started up in
a few minutes
◦ Diesel, pumped-storage turbines, gas turbines etc.

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