MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERIG

 Advanced Engineering Survey
CIV-2334

Lecture : Setting out Simple Curve (Rankine & Two Theodolite Method)
 Setting out of circular curves

Angular method
1. Rankine’s/Deflection angle Method

2. Two Theodolite Method

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 Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
oIn this method curve is set out by the
tangential angles (often called
deflection angles) with a theodolite and
a chain or a tape. The designation of
formula for calculating the deflection
angles is as follows:
oLet AB be rear tangent to the curve, T1
and T2 are the tangent points, D, E & F
etc. are successive points on the curve
δ1, δ2, δ3 are the tangential angles,
which each of the successive chord
T1D, DE, EF etc makes with respective
tangents at T1 , D and E etc.

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 Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
o Δ1, Δ2, Δ3 etc = the total tangential or deflection angles (between the rear tangent AB and each of
the lines (T1D, T1E, T1F etc).
o C1, C2, C3 etc = length of chords T1D, DE, EF etc.
o R = radius of the curve.
o Chord T1D = Arc T1D (very nearly) = C1

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 Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
Angle T1OD = 2δ1
Now:
R x 2δ1 = T1D = C1
δ1 = C1 /2R (Radian)
δ1 = (180o x C1) / (2πR)
Then;
δ1 = (90 x C1) / (πR) degrees =
δ1 = 28.65 x C1/R (Degree)
δ1 = (1718.9 x C1) / R minutes
Similarly;
δ2 = (1718.9 x C2) / R minutes
.
.
δn = (1718.9 x Cn) / R
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 Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
Total tangential angle:
Δ1 = δ1
Δ2 = Δ1 + δ2 = δ1 + δ2
Δ3 = Δ2 + δ3 = δ1 + δ2 + δ3
. .
Δn = Δn-1 + δ n = δ1 + δ2 +…….+ δn-1 + δn
If
C1 = C2 =C3 = ………= Cn
δ1 = δ2 = δ3 = …….= δn
Δ 1 = δ1
Δ2 = 2δ1
Δ3 = 3 δ1
.
.
Δn = n δ1
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 Procedure
• To set out a curve:
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
1. Set a theodolite over first tangent point (T1) and level it.
2. With horizontal angle zero, direct the telescope the ranging rod at the point of intersection B
and bisect it.
3. Rotate the telescope till horizontal angle equal to first tangential δ1 or deflection angle Δ1, the
telescope being thus deflected along T1D.
4. Pin down the zero end of the tape at T1 and holding the arrows at a distance equal to the length
of first chord, swing down the chain around T1 until the arrow is bisected by the cross-hairs,
thus fixing the first point D on the curve.
5. Unclamp upper plate. Set the horizontal angle to 2nd deflection angle Δ2. The line of sight
being now directed along T1E.
6. Hold the zero of the chain at D and swing the other and is bisected by the line of sight, thus
locating the 2nd point of the curve.
7. Repeat the process until the end of the curve is reached.
Surveying-II 8
 Example # 01
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method o
Two tangents intersect at chainage 39 + 60, the deflection angle being 36 .
Calculate all the data necessary for setting out a 6o curve by deflection angle
method. Peg interval being the 50 ft.

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 Solution Example # 01
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
• Since R = 5730 / D = 5730 / 6 = 955 ft
• Length of the arc = πRФ / 180o = (π x 955 x 36) / 180o
= 600.00 ft
• δ1 = (1718.9 x C) / R = (1718.9 x 50) / 955 = 1o 30' 00'‘
• Δ1 = δ1 = 01o 30'
• Δ2 = 2δ1 = 3o 00'
• Δ3 = 3 δ1 = 4o 30'
• Δ4 = 4 δ1 = 6o 00'
• Δ5 = 5 δ1 = 7o 30'

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 Solution Example # 01
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
• Δ6 = 6 δ1 = 9o 00'
• Δ7 = 7 δ1 = 10o 30'
• Δ8 = 8 δ1 = 12o 00'
• Δ9 = 9 δ1 = 13o30'
• Δ10 = 10 δ1 = 15o 00'
• Δ11 = 11 δ1 = 16o 30'
• Δ 12 = 12 δ1 = 18o 00’

Check = Δ n = Δ 12 = Ф/2
• Check = 36 / 2 = 18o 00’ ------ ok

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 Example # 02
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
A circular curve of radius of 17.5 chains deflecting right through 32°40′, is to be set
out between two straights having chainage of the point of intersection as
(1029.35m).
Calculate the necessary data to set out the curve by the method of deflection angles.
Also calculate the necessary data indicating the use of the control points shown in
Fig. The length of one chain is 20 m.

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 Solution Example # 02
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method

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 Solution Example # 02
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
R = 17.5 × 20 = 350 m,
Δ = 32°40′ = 32.667°
Δ /2= 16°20′
Tangent length T =2 Rtan Δ/2
= 350 × tan 16°20′ = 102.57 m

Length of curve L =πRΔ/180

π × 350×32.667/180 = 199.55 m

Chainage of T1 = Chainage of P.I. – T

= (1029.35) – 102.57
= 926.78 m

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 Solution Example # 02
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
Chainage of T2 = Chainage of T1 + L
Tangential angles
= 926.78 + 199.55 = 1126.33 m
δ =1718.9 C/R minutes
No of Chords = (L/20 )+1 = 199.55/20 +1 =
δ1 =1718.9 *13.22/350= 64.925′
10.97=11
δ2 to δ10 =1718.9*20/350 = 98.223′
Length of first sub-chord cf = 940-926.78 = 13.22 m
δ11 = 1718.9*6.33/350 = 31.088′
Length of last sub-chord cl = 199.55- 13.22- (9 x 20)
= 6.33 m
Number of normal chords N = 9
Total number of chords n = 9 + 2 = 11.

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 Solution Example # 02
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
Deflection angles
Δ1 = δ1 = 64.925′ =1°04′55″
Δ2 = Δ1 + δ2 = 64.925′ + 98.223′ = 163.148′ = 2°43′09″
Δ3 = Δ2 + δ3 = 163.148′ + 98.223′ = 261.371′ = 4°21′22″
Δ4 = Δ3 + δ4 = 261.371′ + 98.223′ = 359.594′ = 5°59′36″
Δ5 = Δ4 + δ5 = 359.594′ + 98.223′ = 457.817′ = 7°37′39″
Δ6 = Δ5 + δ6 = 457.817′ + 98.223′ = 556.040′ = 9°16′02″
Δ7 = Δ6 + δ7 = 556.040′ + 98.223′ = 654.263′ = 10°54′16″
Δ8 = Δ7 + δ8 = 654.263′ + 98.223′ = 752.486′ = 12°32′29″
Δ9 = Δ8 + δ9 = 752.486′ + 98.223′ = 850.709′ = 14°10′43″
Δ10 = Δ9 + δ10 = 850.709′ + 98.223′ = 948.932′ = 15°48′56″
Δ11 = Δ10 + δ11 = 948.932′ + 31.088′ = 980.020′ = 16°20′00″

Check: Δ11 =Δ/2= 16°20′ (Okay)

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 Two Theodolite Method
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
• This method is used when ground is not favorable for accurate changing e.g., rough
ground. It is based on the fact that the angle between the tangent and chord is equal to
angle which is long chord subtends in the opposite segment.

• Let D, E etc be the floats on the curve the angle (Δ1) between T1B and the chord T1D =
BT1D = T1T2D.

• Similarly, the angle BT1E = Δ2 = T1T2E

• The total tangent or the deflected angles Δ1, Δ2, Δ3 being calculated as in the 1st method.

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 Two Theodolite Method (Procedure)
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
• To set out the curve, procedure as follows:
1. Set up the theodolite over T1 and another at T2.
2. Set the vernier of each of the instrument to zero.
3. Direct the instrument at T1 to the ranging rod at the point of intersection (B)
and bisect it.
4. Direct the instrument at T2 to the 1st tangent point T1 and bisect it.
5. Set the vernier of each of the instrument to read the 1st deflection angle Δ1.
Thus the line of sight at T1 is directed Along T2D. This point of intersection
gives the required point D on the curve.

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 Two Theodolite Method (Procedure)
Rankine/Tangential/Deflection angle Method
6. Move the ranging rod until it is bisected by the cross-hair of both the instrument,
thus locating the point, the point (D), on the curve.
7. To obtain the 2nd point on the curve, set the vernier of each of the instrument to
the 2nd deflection angle Δ2 and proceed as before.
8. Continue the above process setting angle Δ3, Δ4,…..,Δn until the lst end T2 of the
curve is reached.
This method is expensive and time consuming, but most accurate. The
various points are established independent of each other and thus the error
in establishing a point is not transferred to the subsequent points

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 REFRENCES/SELF READING

Pls. go through the following books for self reading &

Numerical Problems.

1. Chapter 05 from book (All examples and problems)

2. Chapter 01 from book 1 (All examples and exercise problems)

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THANKS