Dire Dawa University Institute of Technology

College of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Fundamental of Electrical Engineering
ECEg-2052

Chapter-2
Electrical Circuit Parameters

By: Minale B.

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 Electrical Circuit

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 Circuit Elements

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 Passive Components

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 Cont.

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 Inductance

• The energy stored in an inductor is given by

𝟏
W= 𝑳𝑰𝟐
𝟐

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 Capacitor

Capacitor model

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 Cont.

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 Cont.

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 Series & Parallel Connection of Resistors

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 Series & Parallel Connection of Capacitors

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 Cont.

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 Series & Parallel Connection of Inductors

Leq  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN

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 Summary of Passive Circuit Components

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 Voltage & Current Sources

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 Dependent Sources

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 Cont.

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 Cont.

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 Example
• Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element shown in Figure below.
Solution:
We apply the passive sign convention to calculate power.
• For p1, the 5-A current is out of the positive terminal.
Hence, P1 = 20×(-5) = -100 W Supplied power
• For p2 & p3, the current flows into the positive terminal of
the element in each case.
P2 = 12×(5) = 60 W Absorbed power
P3 = 8×(6) = 48 W Absorbed power

• For P4, we should note that the voltage is 8V (positive at the top), same as the voltage for P3.
• Both the passive element and dependent source are connected to the same terminals.
• Since the current flows out of the positive terminal,

P4 = 8(-0.2I) = 8×(-0.2 × 5) = -8 W Supplied power

The total power supplied equals the total power absorbed.
P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 = -100 + 60 + 48 - 8 = 0

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 Exercise
• Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component of the circuit in the
network shown below.

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 Ohm’s law
• The fundamental laws that governs an electric circuits are Ohms law and Kirchhoff's
law.
• The application of these laws and techniques will be restricted to resistive circuits.

• Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the
current i flowing through the resistor.
V = iR
• The direction of current i and the polarity of voltage v must conform with the passive
sign convention.
• This implies that current flows from a higher potential to a lower potential in order for
V = iR.
• If current flows from a lower potential to a higher potential, V = -iR.
• Ohms law is applicable for linear circuits.

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 Cont.
• The value of R can range from zero to infinity.
• It is important that we consider the two extreme possible values of R.
• An element with R = 0 is called a short circuit.
• For a short circuit, V = iR = 0

• An element with R = ∞ is known as an open circuit.

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 Con’t..
• Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric current.
• It is measured in mhos (Ʊ) or siemens (S).

i = GV
• The power dissipated by a resistor can be expressed in terms of R and G as:

Example: In the circuit shown below, calculate the current i, the conductance G, and
the power p.

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 Circuit Building Blocks
• Before beginning the analysis, we need a common language and framework for
describing circuits.
• For this course, networks and circuits are the same.
• Networks are composed of nodes, branches and loops.
• Branch is a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor.
• Node is the point of connection between two or more branches.
• Loop is any closed path in a circuit.

Where, b = branches
n = nodes
l = independent loops

• Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded or connected sequentially
and consequently carry the same current.
• Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes
and consequently have the same voltage across them.

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 Example 1:
• Determine the number of branches, loops and nodes in the circuit shown in Figure
below. Identify which elements are in series and which are in parallel.

Fig. (a) Circuit Fig. (b) Nodes, branches & loop Fig. (c) the 3-node circuit of is redrawn.

Solution
• Since there are four elements in the circuit, the circuit has four branches:10V, 5Ω, 6Ω and
2A. The circuit has three nodes as identified in Fig. b.
• The 5Ω resistor is in series with the 10V voltage source because the same current would
flow in both.
• The 6Ω resistor is in parallel with the 2A current source because both are connected to the
same nodes 2 and 3.

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 Con’t..
Example 2: How many branches and nodes does the circuit in Fig. 2.14 have?
Identify the elements that are in series and in parallel

Solution
• Five branches and three nodes are identified in Fig. 2.15.
• The1Ω and 2Ω resistors are in parallel.
• The 4Ω resistor and 10V source are also in parallel.

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 Kirchhoff’s laws
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL): states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or
a closed boundary) is zero.

• The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the
node.

Figure: Current sources in parallel: (a) original circuit, (b) equivalent circuit.

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 Cont.
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around
a closed path(or loop) is zero.

Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises

Example: Determine vo and i in the circuit shown below.
Solution: We apply KVL
-12 + 4i + 2vo - 4 +6i = 0
• Applying Ohm’s law to the 6Ω resistor gives
vo = -6i
• By Substituting we get, -16 + 10i - 12i = 0
i = -8A and vo = 48V

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 Exercise
• Find currents and voltages in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.27(a).

Figure 2.27

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 Series Resistors & Voltage Division
• Consider the single-loop circuit with two resistors in series of Fig. 2.29.

• The two resistors are in series, since the same current i,

flows in both of them.
• Applying Ohm’s law to each of the resistors, we obtain

𝒗𝟏 = 𝒊𝑹𝟏, 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒊𝑹𝟐 (𝟏)

• If we apply KVL to the loop, we have;

Figure 2.29: A single-loop circuit
−𝒗 + 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎 (𝟐)

• Combining Eqs. (1) and (2), we get

𝒗 = 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒊(𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐) (𝟑)
𝒗
𝒊= (4)
𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝟐
Equivalent circuit of the Fig. 2.29
Req = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 (𝟓)

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 Cont.
• For N resistors in series then; (6)

• To determine the voltage across each resistor in Fig. 2.29, we substitute Eq. (3)
into Eq. (1) and obtain

(6)

• Notice that the source voltage v is divided among the resistors in direct proportion
to their resistances; the larger the resistance, the larger the voltage drop.
• This is called the principle of voltage division,
• In general, if a voltage divider has N resistors in series with the source voltage v, the nth
resistor (R1, R2, …, RN ) will have a voltage drop of Vn.

(8)

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 Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• Consider the circuit in Fig. 2.31, where two resistors are connected in parallel and
therefore have the same voltage across them. From Ohm’s law,

• Substituting, we get
• Where, Req is the equivalent resistance of the
resistors in parallel:

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 Current Divider Rule

• Which shows that the total current i is shared by the

resistors in inverse proportion to their resistances.
• This is known as the principle of current division, and the
circuit above is known as a current divider.
• Notice that the larger current flows through the smaller
resistance.
• The entire current flows through the short circuit and
Req = 0, i2=I and i1=0
• As another extreme case, suppose R2 = ∞, that is, R2 is
an open circuit, as shown in Fig back.
• The current still flows through the path of least
resistance, R1.
• By taking the limit as R2→∞, we obtain Req = R1.

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 Example
• Find Req for the circuit shown in Figure below

Solution

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 Exercise
• Find Rab for the circuit shown in Figure below.

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 Example
• For the circuit shown in Fig. 2.44(a), determine: Solution
a) The voltage vo,
b) The power supplied by the current source, • We now apply the current division
c) The power absorbed by each resistor. technique to find and

Figure 2.44

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
• Situations often arise in circuit analysis if, the resistors are neither in parallel nor in series.
• These are the wye (Y) or tee (T) network and the delta (Δ) or pi (𝜋) network.

Delta Wye Conversion

Delta to Wye Conversion Wye to Delta Conversion

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 Example
• Convert ∆ the network in Fig. 2.50(a) to an equivalent Y network.

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 Exercise
• Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit given below.

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