Electrical Circuits I

Lecture 2
Dr. Abdallah Ramadan Fawzy
E-Mail: Abdallah.gad@must.edu.eg

The figures and text included in slides are borrowed from various books, websites, and other
sources for academic purposes only. The author do not claim any originality.
Independent Voltage and Current Sources

Voltage sources are added together when connected in series

Current sources are added together when connected in parallel

2
 Dependent Voltage Sources

Dependent voltage-controlled Dependent current-controlled

voltage source voltage source

3
 Dependent Current Sources

Dependent voltage-controlled Dependent current-controlled

current source current source

4
 Ohm’s Law
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the potential difference or voltage across the two
points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them.

➢The mathematical equation that describes this relationship is:

v
i=
R

where v is the potential difference measured across the resistance in units of

volts; i is the current through the resistance in units of amperes and R is the
resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.
 Power Dissipation in Resistors
The instantaneous power dissipation P of a resistor is given by the product of
the voltage across it and the current passing through it. Combining this result
with Ohm’s law gives:

P = VI

P = I2R

P = V2/R
Ohm’s Law
Two elements are in series if the current that flows through one must also flow
through the other.

Series
R1 R2

➢If we wish to replace the two series resistors with a single equivalent resistor
whose voltage-current relationship is the same, the equivalent resistor has a
value given by

Req = R1 + R2
➢ For N resistors in series, the equivalent resistor has a value given by:

R1
R2 Req

R3

Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + + RN
➢Consider two resistors in series with a voltage v across them:

i
Voltage division:
+ +
R1
R1 v1 v1 = v
R1 + R2
v -
+
R2
R2 v2 v2 = v
R1 + R2
- -
 Resistors
in Parallel
➢When the terminals of two or more circuit elements are connected to the
same two nodes, the circuit elements are said to be in parallel.

➢If we wish to replace the two parallel resistors with a single equivalent
resistor whose voltage-current relationship is the same, the equivalent resistor
has a value given by

R 1R2
R eq =
R1 + R 2
➢Consider two resistors in parallel with a voltage v across them:

i Current division:

+
i1 i2 R2
i1 = i
R1 + R2
v R1 R2
R1
i2 = i
R1 + R2
-
Series - Parallel Circuits
• Topology:
1. Branch:
• Part of a circuit that can be simplified into two terminals (2 nodes).
• A single element such as voltage source or resistor.
2. Node:
• Point of connection between two or more branches.
Series - Parallel Circuits
• To analyze a circuit:
• You need to be able to identify which elements
are in series and which elements are in parallel:
RT = R1+(R2||R3||R4)+R5
RT = R1||(R2+(R3||R4))

(a)
Rules for Analysis
1. Same current occurs through all series elements.
2. Same voltage occurs across all parallel elements.
3. KVL and KCL apply for all circuits, whether they are
series, parallel, or series-parallel.
4. Redraw complicated circuits showing the source at
the left-hand side.
5. Label all nodes.
6. Solve the problem…

Reduce and Return Approach

Reduce and Return Approach
1. Series and parallel elements from (a) must be
combined to establish the reduced circuit of (b).
2. Then series elements are combined to form the
simplest of configurations in (c). The source
current can now be determined using Ohm’s law,
and we can proceed back through the network as
shown in (d).
3. The voltage V2 can be determined and then the
original network can be redrawn, as shown in (e).
4. Since V2 is now known, the voltage divider rule
can be used to find the desired voltage V4.
5. Because of the similarities between the networks
of (a) and (e), and between (b) and (d), the
networks drawn during the reduction phase are
often used for the return path.

V4=(R4*V2)/(R4+R3)
Hints…

Develop a strategy:
◦ Best to begin analysis with components most distant from the source.
◦ Simplify recognizable combinations of components.
◦ Determine equivalent resistance (RT).
◦ Solve for the total current.
◦ Label polarities of voltage drops on all components.
◦ Calculate how currents and voltages split between elements in a circuit.
◦ Verify your answer by taking a different approach (when feasible).
The Series-Parallel Network
Given the series-parallel circuit below, how would you analyze the circuit?
The Series-Parallel Network
FIRST: Identify elements in series and/or parallel:
◦ R2 (20Ω), R3 (30Ω), and R4 (8Ω) are in parallel.
◦ This parallel combination is in series with R1 (2Ω) and R5 (6Ω).

   
 1   1 
R234 = =  = 4.8
 1 + 1 + 1   1 + 1 +1
 R R R   20 30 8 
 2 3 4 
The Series-Parallel Network
SECOND: Simplify and redraw the circuit from
calculation(s) from step 1.

RT = 2 + 4.8 + 6 = 12.8 
The Series-Parallel Network
Given the series-parallel circuit below, how would you analyze the circuit?
The Series-Parallel Network
Step 1:
Understand the circuit:
◦ In this circuit
◦ R3 and R4 are in parallel.
◦ Combination is in series with R2.
◦ Entire combination is in parallel with R1.

 R3 * R4   50*50 
R34 =  =  = 25
 R3 + R4   50 + 50 
The Series-Parallel Network
Step 2:
• Redraw the circuit from step 1.
• Now combine the series elements R34 and R2 for the
resultant R234.

R234 = R2 + R34 = 15 + 25 = 40

The Series-Parallel Network
Step 3:
• Redraw the circuit from step 2.
• Now calculate the parallel resistance from elements R1 and
R234 for the resultant RT.

 
1  1 
RT = =  = 8
1 1  +1 1 
+
R1 R234  10 40 
 Example Problem 1
Determine the Rbc of this network: Rbc = 20+(160||((50||(100+50))+40))
1
Parallel( = 37.5)
Series (100+50 = 150) 1
+
1
50 150

150Ω 160Ω 37.5Ω

40Ω

Series (37.5+40 = 77.5)

160Ω 77.5Ω 52.2Ω Rbc = 72.2Ω

1
Parallel (
1 1
= 52.2) Series (20+52.2 = 72.2)
+
160 77.5
KCL and KVL
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) are the
fundamental laws of circuit analysis.

Gustav Kirchoff
was an 18th century
German
mathematician
KCL
➢The sum of all currents entering a
node is zero,
or
➢The sum of currents entering a n
node is equal to sum of currents i j =0
leaving a node. j =1

i1 + i2 − i3 + i4 − i5 = 0 or i1 + i2 + i4 = i3 + i5
➢A node is a point where two or more circuit elements are connected
together.
 i1 node

i2 i3

i1 flows into the node

i2 flows out of the node
i3 flows out of the node

i1 = i2 + i3

➢ This equation can also be written in the following form:

i1 - i2 - i3 =0
Example

How much are the currents i1 and i2 ?

10 mA
node
i1 3 mA i2
4 mA

+_

4 mA + 3 mA + 7 mA = 14 mA

i2 = 10 mA – 3 mA = 7 mA
i1 = 10 mA + 4 mA = 14 mA
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law KVL

➢Kirchhoff’s voltage law tells us how to handle voltages in an electric circuit.

➢Kirchhoff’s voltage law basically states that the algebraic sum of the
voltages around any closed path (electric circuit) equal zero.
n

v j =0
j =1

➢Arrows are sometimes used to represent voltage differences; they point

from low to high voltage.
i i
+
v ≡ v
-
At any instant the algebraic sum of the voltages around any loop in a circuit is
zero
For example

E – V1 – V2 = 0
V1 = E – V2
= 12 – 7
= 5V
Voltage Law
At any instant the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any loop in a
circuit is zero
◦ if clockwise voltage arrows are positive and anticlockwise arrows are
negative then

V = 0
 Example

If v1 = 10 V and v5 = 2 V, what are v2, v3, and v4?

+ v3 –

+ + +
+
+ v2 v4 v5= 2 V
v1 = 10 V _
– – –
–

v2 = 10 V
v3 = 10 V – 2 V = 8 V
v4 = 2 V
Analysis of circuit containing dependent sources

(1)

(2)

Solving 1 & 2

34
 Analysis of circuit containing dependent sources

Example 2.10
a) Use Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law to find the voltage
vo as shown in the following circuit.
b) Show that the total power developed in the circuit equals
the total power dissipated.

35
 Solution to Example 2.10(a)
• To find vo, we need io so that we could apply Ohm’s law (vo
= 3io)
• Apply KVL in the right loop
• 2io + 3io – 3is = 0 => io = 3/5is
• Since 10V voltage source and the 6  resistor are in
parallel, the voltage across the 6  resistor is also 10 V.
• Therefore, using Ohm’s law, is = 10/6 = 5/3 A
• io = 3/5is = 3/5 × 5/3 = 1 A
• Using Ohm’s law, vo = 3io= 3 V

36
 Solution to Example 2.10(b)

• Power from 10 V independent source = p = – v . is =

– (10)(5/3)= –16.7 W
• Power from the dependent source = p = –v .io =
– (3×5/3)(1) = –5 W
• Power dissipated in the three resistors:
• p6 = (is)2(6) = 16.7 W
• p2 = (io)2(2) = 2 W
• p3 = (io)2(3) = 3 W
• Power delivered = 16.7 + 5 = 21.7 W
• Power dissipated = 16.7 + 2 + 3 = 21.7 W

37
 Example Problem 2
Determine IT, I1, I2, Vad.
First, simplify the circuit
(deconstruct): 24Ω
  16Ω 12V RT 40Ω
1  1  12V
Req = =  = 16
1 1  1 1 
+  + 
R2 R3  80 20 

Substitute the parallel equivalent Add R’ to R1 to get RT

resistance for resistors R2 and R3

After the circuit is simplified, Now solve for I1 and I2 using CDR: Now we can solve for Vad (using
now solve for IT (from Ohm’s Ohm’s Law):
Law): Req  16 
I1 = IT = 0.3 A   = 60mA
R2  80  Vad = I1 * R2 = 60mA *80 = 4.8V
E  12V 
IT = =  = 300mA
RT  40  Req  16  Vbc = I 2 * R3 = 240mA * 20 = 4.8V
I 2 = IT = 0.3 A   = 240mA
R3  20 
You might be wondering what
Notice the use of Req here. Since we want I1 happened here; why doesn’t Vad = E?
and I2, we need to figure out the fraction of Don’t forget about the voltage drop
IT flowing through the parallel legs. that occurs with R1!
R1 is not part of the calculations of I1 and I2 VR1 = IT * R1 = 300mA * 24 = 7.2V
except in the sense that it used to verify
through KCL. Don’t worry, KVL still holds:
E = V1+Vad=7.2V+4.8V = 12V
 Example Problem 3
Determine IT, I1, I2, Vad.
1. Deconstruct the circuit:
a) Realize the R3 and R4
are in series thus an R34 = R3 + R4 = 5Ω+25Ω = 30Ω
equivalent resistance of
30Ω can replace these
resistors.
 
b) Now find the parallel 1  1 
resistance of the R34 and Req = R2||34 = =   = 7.5
1 1 1
 + 1 
+
R2 resistors (AKA Req): R2 R34  10 30 

c) Complete
deconstruction by RT = R1 + R2||34 = 2.5Ω+7.5Ω = 10Ω
adding the R1 to R2||34
E  24V 
2. Find IT: IT = =  = 2.4 A
RT  10 
3. Reconstruct the circuit: Req  7.5 
I1 = IT = 2.4 A   = 1.8 A
Again, don’t worry, KVL still holds:
R2  10 
a) Find I1 and I2 using
CDR: Req  7.5 
VR1 = IT * R1 = 2.4 A * 2.5 = 6V I 2 = IT = 2.4 A   = 600mA
( R3 + R4 )  5 + 25 
b) Now find Vad using
E = V1+Vad=6V+18V = 24V Vad = I1 * R2 = 1.8 A *10 = 18V
Ohm’s Law:
𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 𝐼2 ∗ 𝑅34 = 600𝑚𝐴 ∗ 25Ω = 15𝑉
 Solution Steps
Determine equivalent resistance RT.
Solve for the total current IT.
Label polarities of voltage drops on all components.
Calculate how currents and voltages split between
elements in a circuit.
Verify your answer by taking a different approach
(when feasible).
 Common Mistakes Applying VDR
E in the VDR is the voltage across JUST the series elements.
Va is the voltage ‘left over’ after the voltage drop across R1 (Va = V2= 40V = Vbd).
Rx is the resistor for which you want to determine the voltage drop.
RT refers to the combination of all resistors in the circuit (90Ω).
Req refers to the combination of the resistors that are in series (below this is R3+R4 = 40Ω).
Req’ refers to the combination of the resistors that are in parallel (below that is (R3+R4)//R2 =
30Ω) that you know the total voltage across.

R  R   60 
VX = E  X  = V1 = E  1  = 120V   = 80V = Va = E − V1 = 120 − 80V = 40V =V2
 RT   RT   90 

 R3   10 
Vbc = V3 = Va   = 40V   = 10V
+ R  40 
 eq 
V2 = 40V
_ R   30 
Vcd = V4 = Va  4  = 40V   = 30V
R  40 
 eq 
Power Calculations
Again, to calculate the power dissipated by each resistor, use either:
V I, I2 R, or V2/R
Total power consumed in a Series-Parallel Circuit is the sum of the individual
powers:
PT = P1+P2+P3+…+PN
 Example Problem 4
Determine the voltage drop across the R4 resistor (Vcd) using the
VDR. Determine power dissipated by each resistor and verify total
power = sum of all power dissipated.
1
Req = R1 + ( R2 || ( R3 + R4 )) = 60 + = 90
1 1
+
120 40
E  120V 
IT = =  = 1.33 A
Req  90 
VR1 = IT * R1 = 1.33 A *60 = 80V
Va = Vb = VT − VR1 = 120V − 80V = 40V
R   R4   30 
VX = E  X  = Vcd = Vb   = 40V   = 30V
 T 
R  3
R + R4   10 + 30 
PT = E * IT = 120V *1.33 A = 160W
To confirm total power (PT) calculated, it is the summation of power consumed in the circuit:
PT=P1+P2+P3+…+PN 2
 2
 2
 2

V 80V V 10V
Element power consumed is VI, I2R, or V2/R P1 = 1
=  = 106.7W P3 = 3
=  = 10W
R1  60  R3  10 
Verify: V2 2  40V 2  V4 2  30V 2 
P2 = =  = 13.33W P4 = =  = 30W
PT=P1+P2+P3+P4=106.7+13.33+10+30=160W R2  120  R4  30 
Common Mistakes Applying CDR
REQ refers to the combination of the resistors that are in parallel that you know
the total current through.
Not using all impedances in the branch.

REQ = ( 20 + 40 ) 30 = 20
 REQ 
I X = IT  
 RX 
 20 
I 2 = ITOT  
 20 + 40 
 20 
I1 = ITOT  
 30 
 Example Problem 5
Determine I2 using the CDR. Find Va, Vbc
REQ = ( 20 + 40 ) 30 = 20
RT = R1 + R e q + R5 = 10 + 20 + 50 = 80
E  80V 
IT = =  = 1A
RT  80 
R 
I X = IT  EQ 
 RX 
 20   20 
I 2 = 1A   = 333mA I1 = 1A   = 667mA
 20 + 40   30 
R 
VX = E  X  = Using a reduced circuit:
 RT 
 R5 + Req   50 + 20  VR1 = IT * R1 = 1A *10 = 10V
Va = 80V   = 80V   = 70V
R +R +R   10 + 20  + 50 
 1 eq 5  VR2 = I 2 * R2 = 667 mA *30 = 20V
Vbc = I 2 * R4 = 333mA * 40 = 13.32V VR3 = I 2 * R3 = 333mA * 20 = 6.66V
 Req   20  VR4 = I 2 * R4 = 333mA * 40 = 13.32V
Vad = 80V   = 80V   = 20V
R +R +R  10 + 20 + 50  VR5 = IT * R5 = 1A *50 = 50V
 1 eq 5 
KVL = V1 + V2 + V5 = 10V + 20V + 50V = 80V
 Example Problem 6
Determine IT, I1, Va, Vad.
REQ = (((( 50 + 150 ) 300) + 80)) || 200 = 100
RT = R25 + R e q + R75 = 25 + 100 + 75 = 200
E  28V 
IT = =  = 140mA
RT  200 
R 
I X = IT  EQ 
 RX 
 100 
I1 = 140mA   = 70mA
 200 
R 
VX = E  X  = Using a reduced circuit:
 RT 
 R + R75   100 + 75 
Va = 28V  eq  = 28V   = 24.5V
 RT   200 
 100 
Vad = 28V   = 14V
 200 