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Math Reviewer 1

The document provides an overview of statistics, including its branches (descriptive and inferential), types of data (qualitative and quantitative), and the importance of data collection for decision-making. It discusses various data collection methods, sampling techniques, and ways to organize and visualize data through graphs and tables. Additionally, it covers basic mathematical concepts such as integers, operations on integers, number lines, and absolute value.

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Etteyaj Ejalap
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4 views

Math Reviewer 1

The document provides an overview of statistics, including its branches (descriptive and inferential), types of data (qualitative and quantitative), and the importance of data collection for decision-making. It discusses various data collection methods, sampling techniques, and ways to organize and visualize data through graphs and tables. Additionally, it covers basic mathematical concepts such as integers, operations on integers, number lines, and absolute value.

Uploaded by

Etteyaj Ejalap
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math Reviewer

1. Basics of Statistics and Meaning


Statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, analysis,
interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. It helps in understanding
patterns, making predictions, and making informed decisions based on data.
 Descriptive Statistics: Summarizes data using measures like mean,
median, mode, range, and standard deviation.
 Inferential Statistics: Makes predictions or inferences about a population
based on a sample of data.
 Types of Data:
o Qualitative (Categorical): Data that represents characteristics (e.g.,
colors, names, labels).
o Quantitative (Numerical): Data that represents numerical values
(e.g., height, weight, age).
o Discrete Data

o It consists of countable, distinct values.

o Take whole numbers only (no decimals or fractions).

o Example: Number of students in a class, number of cars in a parking


lot, number of books on a shelf.
o Continuous Data

o Can take any value within a given range.

o Includes decimals and fractions.

o Example: Height of a person (e.g., 5.8 feet), weight of an object (e.g.,


65.4 kg), temperature (e.g., 23.5°C).

2. Process of Collecting Data and the Methods


The process of data collection involves several steps:
1. Defining the objective – Understanding what needs to be analyzed.
2. Choosing the type of data – Primary or secondary data.
3. Selecting a method – Deciding how to collect the data.
4. Gathering data – Using tools like surveys, observations, and experiments.
5. Processing and analyzing – Organizing and interpreting the data.
Methods of Data Collection:
 Primary Data Collection: Data collected firsthand through surveys,
experiments, observations, etc.
 Secondary Data Collection: Data gathered from existing sources like
books, reports, or online databases.

3. Importance of Data Collection


Data collection is crucial for:
 Decision Making: Helps businesses, researchers, and policymakers make
informed choices.
 Accuracy and Reliability: Ensures that conclusions drawn are based on
information.
 Trend Analysis: Helps in predicting future patterns and behaviors.
 Problem-Solving: Identifies issues and provides solutions based on data
trends.

4. Survey and Questionnaire, Observation, Interview, Experiment, Case


Study
1. Survey: A method of gathering information from a group of people by asking
questions. It can be conducted online, face-to-face, or over the phone.
2. Questionnaire: A set of structured questions used in surveys to collect data
from respondents.
3. Observation: Collecting data by watching subjects in their natural
environment without interference.
4. Interview: A data collection method where direct verbal communication
takes place between the researcher and the respondent.
5. Experiment: Conducting a controlled study to observe the effect of variables
on a subject.
6. Case Study: An in-depth analysis of a particular case (individual, group, or
event) to understand a phenomenon.
5. Sampling Techniques
Sampling is selecting a subset of a population for analysis. Common techniques
include:
 Random Sampling: Every individual in the population has an equal chance
of being selected.
 Systematic Sampling: Selecting every nth individual from a list.
 Stratified Sampling: Dividing the population into subgroups and sampling
from each.
 Cluster Sampling: Dividing the population into clusters and randomly
selecting entire clusters.
 Convenience Sampling: Selecting individuals who are easiest to reach.

6. Organization of Data
Organizing data helps with better analysis and visualization. Common methods
include:
 Tabulation: Presenting data in tables with rows and columns.
 Graphs and Charts: Representing data visually using pie charts, bar graphs,
histograms, etc.
 Frequency Distribution Table (FDT): A table that shows how often
different values occur.

7. Pie, Line, Bar, Stem-And-Leaf, FDT


 Pie Chart: A circular graph divided into slices to show proportions.
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 Line Graph: A graph that uses points connected by lines to show trends over
time.

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 Bar Graph: Uses rectangular bars to compare different categories of data.


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 Stem-and-Leaf Plot: A way to display numerical data to show frequency


distribution.
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 Frequency Distribution Table (FDT): A table that organizes data into
groups or classes, showing the number of occurrences in each category.

8. Integers and Operations


Definition:
Integers are the set of whole numbers and their negative counterparts. This
includes:
{…,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,… }
Integers do not include fractions or decimals.
Operations on Integers:
1. Addition:
o Same signs: Add the absolute values and keep the common sign.

 Example: 5+3=85 + 3 = 8
 Example: −4+(−6)=−10
o Different signs: Subtract the smaller absolute value from the larger
absolute value, then take the sign of the larger absolute value.
 Example: 7+(−5)=2
 Example: −8+3=−5
2. Subtraction:
o Change the subtraction sign to addition and change the sign of the
second number, then follow the rules of addition.
 Example: 6−(−3)=6+3=9
 Example: −5−2=−5+(−2)=−7
3. Multiplication:
o Same signs: The product is positive.

 Example: 4×3=12
 Example: (−2)×(−5)=10
o Different signs: The product is negative.

 Example: (−6)×2=−12
4. Division:
o Same signs: The quotient is positive.

 Example: 12÷4=3
 Example: (−15)÷(−3)=5
o Different signs: The quotient is negative.

 Example: (−18)÷6=−3

9. Number Line
A number line is a visual representation of numbers placed in order along a straight
line.
Features of a Number Line:
 It extends infinitely in both directions.
 The center of the number line is 0.
 Positive numbers are placed to the right of 0.
 Negative numbers are placed to the left of 0.
Example of a Number Line:
← -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 →
Using the Number Line:
1. Addition: Move right for positive numbers.
o Example: −2+4 → Start at -2, move 4 steps to the right, result is 2.

2. Subtraction: Move left for negative numbers.


o Example: 3−5 → Start at 3, move 5 steps to the left, result is -2.

3. Comparing Integers:
o Numbers to the right are greater than numbers to the left.

o Example: 2>−3 because 2 is to the right of -3.

10. Absolute Value


Definition:
The absolute value of a number is its distance from 0 on a number line, regardless
of direction.

Notation: The absolute value of xx is written as ∣x∣|x|.


Examples:

 ∣5∣=5

 ∣−5∣=5
Properties of Absolute Value:

1. ∣a∣≥0 (Absolute value is always non-negative.)

2. ∣a∣=∣−a∣| (A number and its opposite have the same absolute value.)

3. ∣0∣=0 (The absolute value of zero is zero.)


Using Absolute Value in Real Life:
 Distance: The absolute value is used to measure distances without
considering direction.
 Temperature: The difference in temperature is calculated using absolute
value.

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