Structure of English -​ One, two, three

-​ Please, give me two packets of ketchup.

ADJECTIVES

An adjective is a part of speech that can be used DNA: Each student must play well.
to describe or provide more information about a Neither problem is easy to solve
noun or pronoun that acts as the subject in a Either you buy it or you don't.
sentence. Adjectives are found after the verb or DP: Each of the student could not play well
before the noun it modifies. Neither of them solved the problem.
A Either of them may accept my proposal.
Classification of adjectives

( these adjectives are specified in its uses or Indefinite Adjectives- A pronoun that modifies
functions)- properties nouns by expressing an unspecified or general
quality, quantity, or number. (everyone,
Descriptive Adjective- an adjective that describes everybody, someone, somebody, each, one,
noun and pronoun. much, nobody, no one, either, neither, anybody,
anyone, any, all, most, some, none, more, both,
-​ This simply answers the question “what several, few, and many.)
kind?”
-​ I bought a “rain” umbrella.
An indefinite pronoun replaces a noun. An
Definite Article- the; it is used to refer to identified indefinite adjective precedes a noun or pronoun
or specified people or things, both singular and and modifies it.
plural. ( the noun is known/specific)
IP: Look at them, many are dancing and laughing
-​ The story that we read has something to Inform everyone that any of them may come.
do with our lesson for today. You’re more fortunate than others.
-​ The representative of our school tried his None of them listens
best to win, but he failed. IA: Many people come here to unwind.
Any students may attend the upcoming
Indefinite Article- a/an; it identifies a single, but workshop.
not specific, person or thing. An is used instead of Other people often learn it the hard way.
a whenever the word following it begins with a This is a No trespassing area.
vowel sound. (unknown/generic)
-​ Any, many, much, each
-​ There is a story I am about to tell you and
it has something to do with our lesson Demonstrative Adjective- A pronoun that is a
today. determiner used to identify or express the relative
-​ A representative from another school tried position of a noun in time or space. A
his best, but he failed. demonstrative adjective comes before all other
adjectives in the noun phrase.
Ordinal Numerical Adjective- An adjective that
denotes the order of the noun modified. -​ this, that, these, and those. (demonstrative
determiner, they are called like it because
-​ First, second, third it works as determiner and not an
-​ Emanuel was their first born. adjective)

Cardinal Numerical Adjective- An adjective that

denotes the quantity (numbers) of the noun
modified.
 IA: Which dress would look good on me?
What food would you like to cook?
Whose output is this?

Common Nominal Adjective- a common noun that

is used to modify a noun. (unspecific
classification)
-​ Student ID, laboratory manual, Brgy.
permit
Proper Nominal Adjective- a proper noun that is
used to modify a noun. (specific classification)
-​ Mayor Fronda’s permit, ICC uniform,
Hermes handbag

-​ That is a misconception, try reading this

article for further understanding.
-​ I cannot answer that question. This is
against the law. (these adjectives are specified in its position)
-​ These are very good desserts, but I still
prefer this mango. Attributive Adjective- An adjective that precedes
the noun or pronoun it modifies. An attributive
Possessive Adjective- A possessive pronoun that adjective is not separated from a noun by a
is used to modify a noun. (it has to be used linking verb.
before noun) -​ Round chair, curly hair, high tide

-​ Possessive pronoun: the pronoun Predicative Adjective- an adjective that follows a

replaces the noun linking verb and serves as a subjective
●​ This jacket isn't mine, it’s his. complement.
●​ That house is theirs. -​ He remains calm, water flows rapidly.
●​ That book is mine.
-​ Possessive adjective: the adjective is
followed by a noun. (these adjectives are specified in its form)
●​ He lent me his jacket.
●​ Their house is so beautiful. Regular adjective (superlative) - it follows the
●​ This is my book. pattern of adding -er/more in the comparative
form and -est/most in the superlative form.
PA- My notebook is green. His pillow is soft. -​ Quick: quicker: quickest , stable: more
PP- That notebook is mine. That pillow is his. stable: most stable

Interrogative Adjective- an adjective that modifies Irregular Adjective- Irregular adjectives are words
a noun by asking a question. that do not follow the rule of adding the suffixes
-​ What, which whose "-er" or "-est" to form the comparative and
superlative forms. Instead, these adjectives have
-​ Whose(possessive form of who) , which, different comparison forms or do not change.
what -​ well/good: better/best, farther/further:
farthest/ furthest

IP: Which should I wear?

What would you like to eat?
Who's responsible for this mess? (these adjectives are specified in its degree of
comparison)
 A concrete noun refers to objects that are
Positive adjective- An adjective that is used to material and can be perceived by the human
describe only one person,place, things etc. senses.
-​ Marco is a fast learner.
-​ Abstract Nouns

Comparative Adjective- An adjective that is used Any entity that cannot be perceived by the five
to compare two persons, places, things etc. senses of the human body are called an abstract
-​ John reads quicker than Luke. noun.

Superlative Adjective- An adjective that is used in Countable nouns

comparing three or more persons, places, things
etc. are those nouns that can be counted or
-​ Amongst all the books in the Bible, Isaiah measured.
is the longest book.
Uncountable nouns
(these adjectives are specified in its composition)
are those nouns that cannot be counted. This
Simple Adjective- An adjective composed of only category of nouns includes both concrete and
one word. abstract nouns.
-​ Bold, friendly, scrumptious
Compound Adjective- an Adjective that is Collective Nouns
composed of two or more words.
-​ hard-working , english- speaker, social- A collective noun is a naming word that is used to
climber, old-fashioned. denote a group of objects, animals or people.

What Is a Noun? Singular nouns

Nouns are a part of speech These are words that are used to name a single
that comprise words that are person, place, animal, bird or object.
used to name of people,
places, animals, objects and Plural nouns
Ideas.
refer to a number of people, places, animals or
Proper Nouns things. Nouns are made plural by adding an ‘s’ or
‘es’ or ‘ies’ or ‘ves’ to the existing root word.
Nouns that are used to name a person, place or Nouns that end with an ‘s’ remain the same.
thing specifically are called a proper noun. Proper Some nouns remain the same in both their
nouns always begin with a capital letter. singular and plural forms, and some others have
totally different spelling.
Common nouns
Properties of nouns
are those nouns that refer to a generic item,
group or place. This means that, unlike proper NUMBER
nouns, they are not used to identify specific
people, places or objects. Common nouns are not Most nouns change their form to indicate number
capitalized unless they appear at the beginning of by adding “-s” or “- es”:
a sentence.
GENDER
Concrete Nouns
Nouns can be male, female, neutral or common
gender. Some nouns (common to both men and
women) in English used to take different forms
depending on the sex of the person represented, Dative Case
for example Headmaster and Headmistress,
however this use of Gender-specific nouns is A noun is said to be in dative case if it is the
becoming less common in English in recent Indirect object of the verb. There should not be a
times. preposition before the indirect object because in
that case it will be the object of that preposition.
Masculine gender:
Possessive case (Genitive case)
A noun is said to be in the Masculine gender if it
refers to a male character or member of a A noun is said to be in the possessive case, if it
species. denotes ownership. A noun or pronoun in the
possessive case is governed by the noun that
Feminine gender follows it.

A noun is said to be in the feminine gender if it Vocative case

refers to a female member of a species. Woman,
lioness, heroine, girl, mare, niece, empress, cow A noun or a pronoun is said to be in Vocative
and actress are few of the feminine-gender nouns case if it is used to call (or to get the attention of)
that we use. a person or persons.

Neutral gender PRONOUNS

A noun is said to be in the Neutral gender if it A pronoun is a word that can be used in place of
refers to a member of a species which is neither a a noun or noun phrase to avoid repetition.
male nor a female. Normally nouns referring to Pronouns can be used in singular or plural forms,
lifeless objects are in neuter nouns, for example, and the verb used in the sentence should match
chair, table and cup. the form of the pronoun.

Common gender CLASSES OF PRONOUNS

A noun is said to be in Common gender if it refers Personal Pronouns

to a member of species which can be a male or a
female. Child, student, and friend are examples of are simple pronouns that are used to substitute
common gender nouns proper names. Some examples of personal
pronouns are I, you, he, she, we, they, him, her,
CASES he, she, us and them.

a noun tells us about the position of that noun in a Subject Pronouns

sentence. In English there are five cases:
are pronouns that perform the action in a
Nominative case sentence. Some examples of subject pronouns
are I, you, we, he, she, it, they and one.
A noun is said to be in the Nominative case if it is
the subject of a verb. Object Pronouns

Objective case (or Accusative case) are pronouns that receive the action in a
sentence. Some examples of object pronouns are
Nouns (or pronouns) are said to be in Objective me, us, him, her and them.
cases if they are the direct objects of verbs or if
they are the objects of preposition. Demonstrative Pronouns

are pronouns that are used to point to specific

objects. Some examples of demonstrative Distributive Pronouns
pronouns are this, that, these and those.
This refers to individual member of a grou, one at
Interrogative Pronouns tim. Some example are each, either, neither.

are pronouns that are used to ask questions. Expletive Pronouns

Some examples of interrogative pronouns are
who, what, when, why and where. These introduce or emphasize clauses but do not
have any specific meaning.Some examples are it
Relative Pronouns and there.

are pronouns that are used to relate one part of Word

the sentence to another. Some examples of
relative pronouns are that, which, where, when, A word is the basic unit of language, consisting of
why, what, whom and whose. one or more speech
sounds in written or verbal form, used as a
Reflexive Pronouns symbol to represent or
refer to something or someone, facilitating
are pronouns that are used to refer back to the communication of specific
subject in the sentence. Some examples of meanings.
reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, herself,
himself, oneself, itself, ourselves, themselves and "[A word is the] smallest unit of grammar that can
yourselves. stand alone as a
complete utterance, separated by spaces in
Intensive Pronouns written language and
potentially by pauses in speech."
are the same as reflexive pronouns, with the only
difference being that you can remove the Word Criteria
intensive pronoun from the sentence, and the
sentence would still make sense. ●​ There must be a potential pause in
speech and a space in written form
Possessive Pronouns ●​ between two words.
●​ Every word must contain at least one root.
are pronouns that are used to show possession. If you break this root, it cannot be a word
Some examples of possessive pronouns are anymore.
mine, yours, his, hers, theirs and its. ●​ Every word must have a meaning.

Indefinite Pronouns Content Words

are pronouns that do not refer to any particular -Denote concepts such
person, place or thing. Some examples of as objects, actions,
indefinite pronouns are someone, somebody, attributes, and adverbs
somewhere, something, anyone, anybody, -Carry the main meaning
anywhere, anything, no one, nobody, nowhere, of a sentence.
everyone, everybody, everywhere, everything,
each, none, few, and many. Examples: nouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs.
Reciprocal Pronouns
Function Words
are pronouns that are used to express a mutual
relationship. Some examples of reciprocal -Are words that exist to
pronouns are each other and one another. explain or create
grammatical or
structural relationships Bound Morpheme
into which the content
words may fit. Bound morphemes cannot stand alone as words.
Examples: prepositions, They must be attached to free
conjunctions, articles, morphemes to convey meaning.
pronouns, auxiliary verbs.
Examples: Prefixes like
Morphology "un-," "dis-," "re-,"and suffixes like"-ing," "-ed," "-s

-It is the study of words and their structure. It Derivational Morphemes

explains how words are formed and their
relationship to other words in the same language. create new words by adding to a root or base
word, often changing the word' s meaning and
Morpheme sometimes its grammatical category. it does not
close off the word.
-It is the smallest meaningful unit of word
-The meaning that a morpheme gives can be Inflectional Morphemes
Grammatical and Lexical modify a word'

Types of Morphemes s form to express grammatical features such as

tense, number, possession, or comparison
Free Morpheme without changing the word' s core meaning or its
part of speech. it closes off the word.
-Free morphemes are
morphemes that can -s plural noun
stand alone as words. -’s possessive noun
They carry meaning -s 3rd person singular present tense
independently and do -ing present participle
not need to be attached -ed simple past tense verb
to other morphemes. -en past perfect participle
- er comparative
Examples: -est superlative
"book," "run," "happy," "cat"

Lexical morphemes: They are a set of nouns,

verbs, adjectives and adverbs that carry the most
content of a sentence. It is possible for lexical
morphemes to change their meaning when
combined with other morphemes, but their free
morphemes will still form the content of the
sentence. Such as boy, tiger, cat etc.

The words "and," "but," "or," "after," "that," "the,"

and "she" are examples of grammatical/functional
morphemes. These morphemes contain
functional words like pronouns, prepositions,
conjunctions, and determiners. They serve
functions, such as and, but, because, on, near
etc.