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FABRIC AROUND US simplified

Chapter 11 discusses the fundamentals of fabric, including the roles of fibres, yarns, and various fabric construction methods such as weaving and knitting. It outlines the types of natural and man-made fibres, the processes of yarn production, and the finishing treatments that enhance fabric appearance and functionality. Additionally, it covers the importance of dyeing and printing in adding color to fabrics.

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Mohammed Asim
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8 views

FABRIC AROUND US simplified

Chapter 11 discusses the fundamentals of fabric, including the roles of fibres, yarns, and various fabric construction methods such as weaving and knitting. It outlines the types of natural and man-made fibres, the processes of yarn production, and the finishing treatments that enhance fabric appearance and functionality. Additionally, it covers the importance of dyeing and printing in adding color to fabrics.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Asim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FABRIC AROUND US (Chapter 11)


(Simplified study material)
What Makes a Fabric?
• Fibres are the smallest, hair-like parts of fabric.
• Yarns are made by twisting fibres together.
• Fabrics are made by weaving, knitting, or knotting yarns.
Finishing Fabrics
After making a fabric, it’s processed to make it look or feel better:
• Cleaning or whitening.
• Adding color or making it shiny.
• Improving how soft or strong it feels.
Every fabric behaves differently based on the type of fibre, yarn, and how it’s made or finished.
Fibre and Fabric Basics
• Fibre properties decide how the final fabric will look, feel, and perform.
• Important fibre qualities:
o Spinnability: Ability to turn into yarn and fabric (needs length, strength, flexibility).
o Appearance & Use: Colour, shine, weight, elasticity, and ability to absorb moisture or
dyes.
o Durability: Resistance to heat, chemicals, detergents, and wear-and-tear.

Types of Fibres
Fibres can be natural (from nature) or man-made (created in factories).
Natural Fibres
1. Cellulosic fibres (plant-based):
o From seeds: Cotton, kapok.
o From stems: Linen (flax), hemp, jute.
o From leaves: Pineapple, sisal.
o From nuts: Coconut (coir).
2. Protein fibres (animal-based):
o From hair: Wool (sheep, goat, camel).
o From secretions: Silk.
3. Mineral fibre: Asbestos.
4. Natural rubber.
Man-Made Fibres
• First fibre: Rayon, made in 1895, also called "Artificial Silk."
• Created to mimic natural fibres like silk.
How Man-Made Fibres Are Made:
1. Raw materials (like chemicals or wood pulp) are turned into a liquid.
2. The liquid is pushed through tiny holes in a tool called a spinnerette.
3. The liquid hardens into fine threads (fibres).
4. These threads are stretched, processed, or textured to improve their strength or stretchiness.
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Types of Man-Made Fibres:


1. Regenerated fibres: Rayon (viscose, cuprammonium).
2. Modified fibres: Acetate, triacetate.
3. Synthetic fibres (from chemicals):
o Nylon.
o Polyester (Terylene).
o Acrylic (Orlon, Cashmilon).
o Spandex.
4. Mineral-based fibres:
o Glass fibres.
o Metallic fibres
What Are Yarns?
• Fibres alone can’t be used for most products (except stuffing for pillows or mattresses).
• To make fabrics, fibres are turned into yarn: a continuous strand that can be knitted, woven, or
intertwined.
How Yarns Are Made (Yarn Processing):
Yarn processing involves these steps:
1. Cleaning:
o Natural fibres (like cotton or wool) have seeds, twigs, or dirt.
o These are cleaned, sorted, and made into loose fibre sheets (called laps).
2. Making Sliver:
o Laps are straightened and disentangled (like combing your hair).
o Fibres are laid straight and parallel to form a sliver (a loose, rope-like strand).
3. Attenuating and Twisting:
o Slivers are combined for uniformity and drawn out to become thinner and longer.
o A slight twist is added to keep fibres together.
4. Spinning:
o The final stage where the yarn is stretched to the desired thickness and fully twisted.
o The finished yarn is wound onto cones.
Types of Yarns:
• Filament yarns: Made from long, continuous fibres (e.g., silk or synthetic).
• Spun yarns: Made from short fibres (e.g., cotton or blends like polycot).
Yarn Terminology:
1. Yarn Number:
o Indicates fineness of the yarn (e.g., a higher number means finer yarn).
2. Yarn Twist:
o Twist holds the fibres together:
▪ Loose twists: Softer and shinier yarns.
▪ Tight twists: Stronger yarns, like those used in denim.
3. Yarn vs. Thread:
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o Yarn: Used to make fabrics.


o Thread: Used to sew fabrics together
Fabric Types
Fabrics vary due to:
• Fibre content: Cotton, wool, etc.
• Yarn type: Determines texture and strength.
Most fabrics are made from yarn, though some (like felts and non-wovens) are made directly from
fibres.
Types of Fabrics
1. Felts and Non-Wovens:
o Made directly from fibres laid as a mat, bonded together by adhesion.
o Can be customized for thickness and shape.
2. Yarn-Based Fabrics:
o Constructed through weaving, knitting, braiding, or knotting.
Fabric Construction Methods
1. Weaving:
• Oldest textile art, used for creating strong fabrics.
• Made with warp yarns (lengthwise) and weft yarns (widthwise) interlaced at right angles.
• Done on looms.
• Designs: Achieved by varying interlacing patterns or using attachments like dobby/jacquard
for intricate patterns.
Examples:
• Towels (uncut loops)
• Velvet and corduroy (cut loops)
2. Knitting:
• Interlooping of yarns to form fabric.
• Types:
o Weft Knitting: Yarn loops across fabric width (used for stretchy garments).
o Warp Knitting: Yarn loops lengthwise, producing durable, continuous fabric.
Characteristics:
• Elastic and breathable.
• Ideal for fitted clothing (socks, sportswear).
3. Braiding:
• Made by plaiting three or more yarns diagonally.
• Used for shoelaces, ropes, and wire insulation.
4. Nets:
• Open mesh fabric with large gaps.
• Made by inter-knotting yarns by hand or machine.
5. Lace:
• Delicate, intricate designs.
• Formed through twisting, interlooping, and knotting yarns.
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Textile Finishing
Textile finishing refers to the treatments applied to fabrics after weaving or knitting to improve their
appearance, texture, or functionality. Fabrics fresh off the loom are unrecognizable as market-ready
materials until they undergo these finishing processes.
Types of Finishing Treatments
1. Routine Finishes: Essential treatments for basic usability and appearance.
2. Durable Finishes: Remain intact even after washing or dry cleaning (e.g., dyeing).
3. Renewable Finishes: Require reapplication after washing (e.g., starching, blueing).
Categories of Finishes
1. Finishes for change in appearance:
o Cleaning: Removes impurities through scouring and bleaching.
o Straightening/Smoothing:
▪ Calendering: Gives the fabric a smooth surface.
▪ Tentering: Ensures the fabric is stretched to the desired width and straightened.
2. Finishes for change in texture:
o Starching/Sizing: Adds stiffness to the fabric.
o Special Calendering: Creates glossy or embossed effects.
3. Finishes for change in behaviour:
o Wash and Wear: Makes fabric easier to care for.
o Permanent Press: Reduces the need for ironing.
o Water Repellent/Waterproof: Protects fabric from water penetration.
o Mothproofing: Prevents moth damage.
o Flame Retardant/Fireproof: Improves safety by reducing flammability.
o Antishrink: Prevents shrinkage during washing.
Adding Colour to Fabrics
Colour enhances the aesthetic appeal of fabrics, making it a crucial factor for selection. The
application of colour involves:
1. Dyeing:
o Fibre Stage: Adds colour to fibres for multicoloured yarns or designed felts.
o Yarn Stage: Produces woven patterns like checks and stripes.
o Fabric Stage: The most common method for solid colours and designed patterns (e.g.,
batik, tie-and-dye).
2. Printing:
o A specialized dyeing process for applying localized designs.
o Methods:
▪ Hand Tools: Blocks, stencils, and screens.
▪ Industrial Techniques: Roller printing, automatic screen printing.
o Allows for multicoloured designs in defined patterns.
NOTE: Characterestics of fibers you must study from the comparative table in your notebook

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