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Short Notes on Mole Concept

The mole concept is essential for counting particles in a substance, where 1 mole equals 6.022 × 10²³ entities. Key definitions include atomic mass unit, molar mass, and the distinction between empirical and molecular formulas. The document also covers Avogadro's hypothesis, limiting reagents, stoichiometry, and provides practice questions for further understanding.

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16 views

Short Notes on Mole Concept

The mole concept is essential for counting particles in a substance, where 1 mole equals 6.022 × 10²³ entities. Key definitions include atomic mass unit, molar mass, and the distinction between empirical and molecular formulas. The document also covers Avogadro's hypothesis, limiting reagents, stoichiometry, and provides practice questions for further understanding.

Uploaded by

prabhgeet1109
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Short Notes on Mole Concept

1. Introduction

The mole concept helps in counting particles (atoms, molecules, ions) in a substance.
1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³ entities (Avogadro’s number, ).

2. Basic Definitions

Atomic Mass Unit (amu): 1 amu = \frac{1}{12}th mass of a carbon-12 atom.


Molecular Mass: Sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule.
Molar Mass: Mass of 1 mole of a substance (same as molecular mass but in g/mol).
Gram Atomic Mass: Mass of 1 mole of atoms in grams (e.g., 1 mole of O = 16 g).
Gram Molecular Mass: Mass of 1 mole of molecules in grams (e.g., 1 mole of = 32 g).

3. Avogadro’s Hypothesis

Equal volumes of gases contain equal number of molecules at the same temperature and
pressure.
Avogadro’s Number:
1 mole of atoms = atoms
1 mole of molecules = molecules
1 mole of electrons = electrons

4. Empirical and Molecular Formula

Empirical Formula: Simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.


Molecular Formula: Actual number of atoms in a molecule.

Relation:

Where,
Example:

Empirical formula of benzene: CH


Molecular formula: C₆H₆ (since )

5. Percentage Composition

\% \text{Element} = \frac{\text{Mass of Element in 1 Molecule}}{\text{Molar Mass}} × 100

Example: In ,
\% H = \frac{2}{18} × 100 = 11.11\% , \quad \% O = \frac{16}{18} × 100 = 88.89\%

6. Mole Calculations

Moles from Mass:


Moles from Number of Particles:
Moles from Volume of Gas (at STP, 273 K, 1 atm):
Example:

44 g of :
molecules of :
7. Limiting Reagent

The reactant that is completely consumed first in a reaction, limiting the amount of
product formed.

Example:

2H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O

is the limiting reagent (it will be used up first).

8. Stoichiometry and Balancing Equations

Stoichiometry: The calculation of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.


Balancing Equations: Follows the law of conservation of mass.

Example:

CH_4 + 2O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + 2H_2O

1 mole
2 moles

9. Important Practice Questions

1. Calculate the number of molecules in 18 g of water.


2. Determine the empirical formula of a compound with 40% carbon, 6.67% hydrogen, and
53.33% oxygen.
3. How many grams of are required to completely burn 16 g of methane?
4. Find the limiting reagent when 5 moles of react with 2 moles of .
5. Calculate the mass of 0.5 mole of NaCl.

This covers the key concepts in the mole concept. Let me know if you need any explanations!

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