Parts of a Wave

General Physics 2
1/2
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
 Electromagnetic Wave

● An electromagnetic wave oscillates in the same shape

as a sinusoidal wave.

2
 Electromagnetic Wave

Frequency Wavelength
● Frequency or f ● The wavelength or λ is
(measured in hertz or the distance between
Hz) refers to the two crests or two
number of a wave’s troughs on a wave,
vibrations or such that the distance
oscillations per unit between them
time. comprise a single
complete wavelength.
3
 Electromagnetic Wave

Wavelength and Frequency Relationship

● You can notice from the figure that if you have low
frequency, the wavelength has a high value and if the
frequency is high, the wavelength has small value.

4
Lesson 10.3

Law of Reflection

General Physics 2
1/2
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
In one whole sheet of paper, draw and label the
parts of the transverse wave and an illustration
of the incident ray and reflected ray.

Identify the relationship between wavelength

and frequency.

6
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
● State the law of reflection.

● Explain how the line of sight applies to the

concept of reflection.

● Determine the relationship between the incident

ray and the reflected ray.

● Infer whether or not the law of reflection is

violated in a given scenario.
7
 Line of Sight

● You see things around you because the light from

them reaches your eyes.

● This “directing of sight” to a particular direction is

referred to as line of sight.

8
 Line of Sight

● A luminous object releases or emits light in different

directions.
● On the contrary, an illuminated object reflects light in
various directions.
● Your eyes must be directed on a specific line of sight
along a given direction to see an object in a particular
way.

9
 Incident Ray vs. Reflected Ray

● Plenty of light rays reflect

the object from all
directions, and one of these
rays comes from the
location of the object and
travels along a line of sight
to the mirror.
● It is called as the incident
ray.
10
 Incident Ray vs. Reflected Ray

● The light ray becomes

reflected off the mirror as it
travels to your eye to
become the reflected ray.
● Reflected ray is the light that
bounced from surface and
reached your eyed.

11
Fermat’s Principle of Least Time

12
Remember

The angle of incidence (θi) refers to the

angle between the ray of incidence and
the normal. On the other hand, the
angle of reflection (θr) is the angle made
by the reflected ray perpendicular to
the reflecting surface.

13
 The Law of Reflection

The Law of Reflection states

that:
● The incident ray, the
reflected ray, and the
normal all lie in a similar
plane called the plane of
incidence.

14
 The Law of Reflection

The Law of Reflection states

that:
● The angle of incidence and
the angle of reflection are
equal regardless of the
wavelength or pair of
materials.

15
 Types of Reflection

Specular Reflection Diffuse Reflection

When an image is reflected The reflection that
from a smooth surface, happens on rough
specular reflection occurs surfaces is called diffuse
(the word specular means reflection
having the properties of a
mirror).

16
Types of Reflection

17
 Law of Reflection on Rough Surface

● Upon a rough surface, light rays diffuse in various

directions.
● Every individual incident ray hits a surface differently
oriented in the latter case but the two statements of
the law of reflection are still followed.

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 Let’s Sum It Up!

● The study of the reflection and refraction of light

rays is called geometric optics. Physical optics
deals with the EM-wave properties of light.
● The “directing of sight” to a particular direction is
referred to as line of sight.
● The incident ray is a ray of light that hits or
strikes a given surface. The reflected ray is the
ray of light reflected by that surface.
19
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● The angle of incidence refers to the angle

between the ray of incidence and the normal (i.e.,
a line at right angles to the surface at the point of
incidence). On the other hand, the angle of
reflection is the angle made by the reflected ray
with a perpendicular to the reflecting surface.

20
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● The Law of Reflection states that:

○ The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the
normal all lie in a similar plane called the
plane of incidence.
○ The angle of incidence and the angle of
reflection are equal regardless of the
wavelength or pair of materials.

21
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Specular reflection occurs when an image is

reflected from a smooth surface. The reflection
that happens on rough surfaces is called diffuse
reflection.

22
Bibliography
Faughn, Jerry S. and Raymond A. Serway. Serway’s College Physics (7th ed). Singapore: Brooks/Cole,
2006.

Giancoli, Douglas C. Physics Principles with Applications (7th ed). USA: Pearson Education, 2014.

Halliday, David, Robert Resnick and Kenneth Krane. Fundamentals of Physics (5th ed). USA: Wiley, 2002.

Knight, Randall D. Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach (4th ed). USA: Pearson
Education, 2017.

Serway, Raymond A. and John W. Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics (9th
ed). USA: Brooks/Cole, 2014.

Walker, James S. Physics (5th ed). USA: Pearson Education, 2017.

Young, Hugh D., Roger A. Freedman, and A. Lewis Ford. Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with
Modern Physics (13th ed). USA: Pearson Education, 2012.
23
Lesson 10.4

Law of Refraction

General Physics 2
1/2
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Infer how the refractive index affects the optical

density of a material.

● Explain how light refracts.

● State Snell’s law.

● Solve problems related to the refraction.

25
Why does light refract?

26
 Refraction

● Light is refracted when it

travels at a particular angle
(θb) into a medium or
substance that has a
different refractive index, as
shown.

27
 Refractive Index

● Refractive index (n) or index of refraction refers to

the ratio of the speed of light in free space to that of
its speed in a given medium.

28
 Refractive Index

● It may also be understood as the measure of the

bending of the light ray as it travels from one medium
to another.
● How to calculate the speed of light in a given medium:

v =c/n
V = speed of light in a specific medium
C = speed of light which is 3x10^8
N = Index of refraction
29
Common Refractive Indices

Material Refractive Index (n)

vacuum 1.0000

air 1.0003

ice 1.31

water 1.333

ethyl alcohol 1.36

plexiglass 1.51

crown glass 1.52

30
Common Refractive Indices
Material Refractive Index (n)

light flint glass 1.58

dense flint glass 1.66

zircon 1.923

diamond 2.417

rutile 2.907

Gallium phosphide 3.50

germanium 4.01-4.05

light flint glass 1.58

31
 Snell’s Law

● Snell’s law (or the Law of Refraction) describes the

relationship between the angle of incidence θa and
angle of refraction θb as light passes through two
different media.

32
 Snell’s Law

● Mathematically, it states that the ratio of the sines of

the angle of incidence θa and angle of refraction θb
(considering both are measured relative to the
normal to the surface) is equivalent to the inverse
ratio of the two indices of refraction.

Na = Index of refraction from the first medium

Nb = index of refraction from the second medium
θa = Angle of reflection
θb = angle of refraction
33
 Let’s Practice!

Given that the index of refraction in air was 1.0003

and in water was 1.333, calculate the refracted
angle if the reflected angle is 45 degrees.

1 sin (45degrees) = 1.33 sin θb

0.70711 = 1.33 sin θb
0.70711/1.33 = sin θb
0.53166 = sin θb
Sin^-1 (0.53166) – θb)
θb = 32.12 degrees

34
 Let’s Practice!

Given that the index of refraction in air was 1.0003

and in glass was 1.5, calculate the refracted angle
if a laser will start in a glass with an incident angle
of 40 degrees.

35
 Let’s Practice!

A laser beam travelling in air pierces through ethyl

alcohol at an angle of incidence of 25.15o. Determine
the angle of refraction.

36
Try It!

Light initially beamed on air hits a

plexiglass at an incidence angle of 40o.
What angle of refraction will result from
this interaction?

37
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Refraction refers to the bending of light at a

certain angle θb when it passes through a
different medium.

● The refractive index (n) or index of refraction

refers to the ratio of the speed of light in free
space to that of its speed in a given medium.

38
 Let’s Sum It Up!
● Snell’s law (or the Law of Refraction) describes
the relationship between the angle of incidence θa
and angle of refraction θb as light passes through
two different media.

39
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● A light ray passing through a material with a

larger refractive index bends toward the normal
to the surface. The opposite holds true.

40
Bibliography
Faughn, Jerry S. and Raymond A. Serway. Serway’s College Physics (7th ed). Singapore: Brooks/Cole,
2006.

Giancoli, Douglas C. Physics Principles with Applications (7th ed). USA: Pearson Education, 2014.

Halliday, David, Robert Resnick and Kenneth Krane. Fundamentals of Physics (5th ed). USA: Wiley, 2002.

Knight, Randall D. Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach (4th ed). USA: Pearson
Education, 2017.

Serway, Raymond A. and John W. Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics (9th
ed). USA: Brooks/Cole, 2014.

Walker, James S. Physics (5th ed). USA: Pearson Education, 2017.

Young, Hugh D., Roger A. Freedman, and A. Lewis Ford. Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with
Modern Physics (13th ed). USA: Pearson Education, 2012.
41