MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous)
Chaitanaya Bharathi (P.O.), Gandipet, Hyderabad – 500075.

Department of Physics and Chemistry

Project Report
On
“Drinking Water Quality Standards”

Name of the student : Venkatreddy

Roll Number : 22265A1204
Subject : Environmental Science
Branch : Information Technology
Academic Year : 2023-24
Name of the Faculty member: Dr.G.Kumaraswamy
 Department of Physics and Chemistry

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project entitled “Drinking Water Quality Standards”

has been submitted by M .Venkatreddy bearing the Roll Number 22265A1204

to the Department of Physics and Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of

Technology for B. Tech I- Sem Environmental science course during the

academic year 2023-24

Faculty Incharge Head

 Table of content

S. Topic Page no
No
1 Introduction 1,2

2 Drinking water quality standards and their

development
3 WHO drinking water quality guidelines

4 Framework for safe drinking-water

 Health based targets

 Water Safety Plans

5 Mineral Water Plants

6 Mineral Water Plants and environmental norms

7 Summary and Conclusion

8 References
Introduction:
Water is used for various purposes for daily life, agriculture, industry, fishery,
etc. Water is supplied from the ocean to the atmosphere through evaporation
and comes back to the ground surface as rainfall. It supports various human
activities and natural ecosystems. As water flows over and through the ground
surface and becomes available as a water resource in rivers, lakes/marshes,
underground water, and coastal water, it captures inorganic substances from the
soil, and organic substances and microorganisms generated by human activities
and natural ecosystems.
Chemically pure water rarely occurs in nature. Water is commonly found to
host a wide variety of constituents, derived from both the natural and living
environment, as shown in Figure 1. The input control system shown in Figure 1
corresponds to the water treatment system. The output control system is a man-
made system to control the pollutants from the living environment and to
measure the impact of the discharge upon the receiving water. Unless these
systems are suited to human community activities, serious problems can result,
such as water shortages, outbreaks of epidemic diseases, deterioration of
homeostasis of aquatic ecosystems, and decrease of the value of water resources
as a result of water pollution. Materials present in water include not only
essential substances necessary for supporting life, such as nitrogen, phosphorus
and iron, but also hazardous substances such as arsenic and mercury, which are
not just unnecessary for living creatures but cause health problems. Also,
parasites and other infectious microorganisms and chemical substances such as
agricultural chemicals are often found in water. Further, some substances,
which do not cause any hazard to humans or living creatures but disturb the
proper use of water, such as silt and sand which make water turbid, are also
subject to consideration. Impurities in water can be classified according to the
sources and the effects. Water quality standards should be established for these
impurities, referring to their properties, the behaviour and the effect on the
ecological system, including human beings. Once a standard has been
established, it is necessary to check whether the standard is properly enforced.
Temporary and continuous monitoring is needed to assure compliance. The
results of such monitoring may sometimes require the standard itself to be
reviewed, such as when a hazard is recognized even if the standard is being met.
It will then be necessary to take measures including new regulations to bring the
new standard into effect and enforce it. Water quality standards show the levels
that do not cause any hazard, either to the human body or to uses of water,
according to the purpose of water usage. Accordingly, there are various levels
of water quality standards, e.g. safety of drinking water, acceptability of water
quality for industrial use such as cooling
1
water for boilers, water used for agriculture, fish farming or fishery, and for
sustaining aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, scientific examination of the safety
and availability of water for each purpose of use is required in setting water
quality standards.
Affordability of technologies to analyse the concentration of the substances in
question, or to treat water to remove the substances to a level below the
standard values, and affordability of costs necessary for these technologies, are
all essential issues in establishing the standards. Therefore, each standard varies
depending on the natural, social, cultural and economic situation in each region;
in other words, the standard should be developed not only from the viewpoint of
preventing adverse effects of contaminants but also the feasibility of technical
countermeasures and the achievability of analytical work in routine laboratories.
A reasonable standard is one which corresponds to the latest scientific
information. Therefore, the standard should be evaluated periodically, on a
scientific basis, and should be revised if necessary.
Drinking water quality standards and their development
The branch of science that examines the environmental factors that
influence human health is called epidemiology. In 1855, John Snow proved
statistically that in districts where water treatment with sand filtration was used,
the incidence of cholera was lower than elsewhere. The epidemiological method
has developed with an aim of explaining cases with high incident rate, such as
infectious diseases like cholera and occupational diseases, or cases that are easy
to distinguish from other populations. Medical science, including clinical
medicine, has advanced, and the statistical approach and mathematical methods,
have also
been improved with the availability and power of computers. Consequently,
cohort research and experimental epidemiological method have developed
rapidly. The epidemiological method is a very useful tool in setting goals of
environmental management for protecting public health from environmental
organisms, and chemical and physical factors. This corresponds to WHO’s EHC
(Environmental Health Criteria). Since human society exists in the
natural/manmade water metabolic system, human are not just affected not by
physical properties and chemical impurities of water, but also by infectious
microorganisms which co-exist with human beings and animals. The urban
water metabolic system, which includes water supply and sanitation, has been
established as a countermeasure against communicable diseases caused by
pathogenic microorganisms. In Japan in the 1960s, more than 30 000 people
were infected either by water or food-borne diseases such as dysentery or
typhoid every year. However, today the number has decreased significantly and
opportunistic microorganisms cause the main infectious diseases. This indicates
how safe water supply and sanitation have improved public health conditions,
but, unfortunately, new emergent and re-emergent infectious diseases, which are
not so familiar, have become increasingly serious problems, mainly as a
consequence of increased international travel and food distribution. These
diseases include E-coli O-157, Cryptosporidium and Giardia.

WHO drinking water quality Guidelines

Regulatory standards should include mandatory monitoring to verify whether

the water quality meets the standard. If it does not meet the standard, some kind
of countermeasures must be taken so that the standard can be achieved. On the
other hand, unlike these regulatory standards, there is a guideline, which serves
just as a reference when the goal or the standard for the desired water quality is
provided. The WHO Drinking Water Quality Guidelines (DWQG) is a typical
example of such a guideline. The WHO DWQG is used as a reference in
development of national drinking water quality standards in many countries.
The process of developing the DWQG provides one of the most appropriate
examples to illustrate the development of rational standards.

The primary purpose of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality

(GDWQ) is the protection of public health associated with drinking-water
quality. It is a guidance to countries and to others as to what constitutes safe
drinking-water and safe water supply.

The GDWQ provide the recommendations of the World Health Organization for
managing the risk from hazards that may compromise the safety of drinking-
water, and assist water and health regulators and policymakers in the
development of national regulations and standards for water safety in support of
public health.

The Guidelines are recognized as representing the position of the United

Nations (UN) system on issues of drinking-water quality and health by UN-
Water, a coordination mechanism comprised of UN entities and international
organizations working on water and sanitation issues.
Framework for safe drinking-water

The basic and essential requirements to ensure the safety of drinking-water are a
“framework” for safe drinking-water, comprising health-based targets
established by a competent health authority, adequate and properly managed
systems (adequate infra structure, proper monitoring and effective planning and
management) and a system of independent surveillance. A holistic approach to
the risk assessment and risk management of a drinking water supply increases
confidence in the safety of the drinking-water. This approach entails systematic
assessment of risks throughout a drinking-water supply from the catchment and
its source water through to the consumer and identification of the ways in which
these risks can be managed, including methods to ensure that control measures
are working effectively. It incorporates strategies to deal with day to-day
management of water quality, including upsets and failures. In this respect,
climate change—in the form of increased and more severe periods of drought or
more intense In Stockholm, in 1999, it was agreed that future guidelines for
drinking-water, wastewater and recreational water should integrate assessment
of risk, risk management options and exposure control elements within a single
framework with embedded quality targets. Following this approach, the
assessment of risk is not a goal in its own right, but rather a basis for decision-
making.

The framework for safe drinking-

water and the recommended
approach for regulations, policies
and programmes are based on this
overall framework, known as the
Stockholm Framework. Rainfall
events leading to flooding can have
an impact on both the quality and the
quantity of water and will require
planning and management to
minimize adverse impacts on
drinking-water supplies.

Climate change also needs to be considered in the light of demographic change,

such as the continuing growth of cities, which itself brings significant
challenges for drinking-water supply. In support of the framework for safe
drinking-water, the Guidelines provide a range of supporting information,
including microbial aspects, chemical aspects, radiological aspects and
acceptability aspects. The Guidelines are applicable to large metropolitan and
small community piped drinking-water systems and to non-piped drinking-
water systems in communities and in individual dwellings. The Guidelines are
also applicable to a range of specific circumstances, including buildings,
travellers and conveyances.
HEALTH-BASED TARGETS

Health-based targets are measurable health, water quality or performance

objectives that are established based on a judgement of safety and on risk
assessments of waterborne hazards. These Guidelines de scribe four distinct
types of health-based targets, applicable to all types of hazards and water sup
plies:

1) health outcome tar gets (e.g. tolerable burdens of disease);

2) water quality targets (e.g. guideline values for chemical hazards);

3) performance targets (e.g. log reductions of specific pathogens);

4) specified technology targets (e.g. application of defined treatment

processes).

These targets are common components of existing drinking-water guidelines or

standards that are used to protect and improve drinking-water quality and,
consequently, human health. They provide benchmarks for water suppliers and
regulators to confirm the adequacy of existing systems or the need for
improvement. They underpin the development of water safety plans and
verification of successful implementation. Where Health-based targets can be
used to support incremental improvement by marking out milestones to guide
progress towards water safety and public health goals required, health-based
targets can be used to support incremental improvement by marking out
milestones to guide progress towards water safety and public health goals. This
normally requires periodic review and updating of priorities and targets. In turn,
norms and standards should also be periodically updated. Health-based targets
should assist in determining specific interventions appropriate to delivering safe
drinking-water, including control measures such as source protection and
treatment processes.

Setting health-based targets

The use of health-based targets is applicable in countries at all levels of

development. To ensure effective health protection and improvement, targets
need to be realistic, measurable, based on scientific data and relevant to local
conditions (including eco nomic, environmental, social and cultural conditions)
and financial, technical and institutional resources. Health-based targets should
be part of an overall public health policy, taking into account public health
status and trends and the contribution of drinking-water to the transmission of
infectious disease and to overall exposure to hazardous chemicals both in
individual settings and within overall health management. Although water can
be a source of microbial, chemical or radiological hazards, it is by no means the
only source. In setting targets, consideration needs to be given to other sources,
including food, air, person-to-person contact and consumer products, as well as
poor sanitation and personal hygiene. Where the overall burden of disease from
multiple exposure routes is very high, there is limited value in setting strict tar
gets for drinking-water. For example, there is limited value in establishing a
strict target for a chemical hazard if drinking-water provides only a small
proportion of the total exposure to that chemical. The cost of meeting such
targets could unnecessarily divert funding from other, more pressing health
interventions and is not consistent with the public health objective of reducing
overall levels of risk from all sources of exposure to environmental hazards
(Pruss-Ustunet al., 2016; WHO, 2019). It is also important to take account of
the impact of the proposed intervention on overall rates of disease. For some
pathogens and their associated diseases, interventions in water quality may be
ineffective and may therefore not be justified. This may be the case where other
routes of exposure dominate. For others, long experience has shown the
effectiveness of improving drinking-water supply and quality management in
the control of waterborne diseases such as typhoid and dysentery. Meeting
health-based targets should be viewed in the context of broader public health
policy, including initiatives to improve sanitation, waste disposal, personal
hygiene and public education on ways to reduce both personal exposure to
hazards and impacts of personal activity on water resources. Improved public
health, reduced carriage of pathogens and reduced human impacts on water
resources all contribute to drinking-water safety (Howard et al., 2002). Public
health prioritization would normally indicate that the major contributors to
disease should be dealt with preferentially, taking account of the costs and
impacts of potential interventions. However, this does not mean ignoring lesser
targets if they can be easily achieved for little cost, as long as this does not
divert attention from major targets. An important concept in the allocation of
resources to improving drinking-water safety is the possibility of establishing
less stringent transitional targets supported by sound risk management systems
in order to encourage incremental improvements of the quality of drinking-
water. In this regard, health-based targets can be used as the basis for supporting
and measuring incremental progress in water quality improvement.
Improvements can relate to progression through increasingly tighter targets or
evolution through target types that more precisely reflect the health protection
goals (e.g. from specified technology targets to performance targets). The
processes of formulating, implementing, communicating and evaluating health-
based targets provide benefits to the overall preventive management of drinking
water quality.
Benefits of health-based targets

Target development stage Benefit

Formulation  Provides insight into the health
of the population
 Reveals gaps in knowledge
 Supports priority setting
 Increases the transparency of
health policy
 Promotes consistency among
national health programs
 Stimulates debate
Implementation  Inspires and motivates
collaborating authorities to take
action
 Improves commitment
 Fosters accountability
 Guides the rational allocation
of resources
Evaluation  Supplies established milestones
for incremental improvements
 Provides opportunity to take
action to correct deficiencies
and/ or deviations
 Identifies data needs and
discrepancies

Water safety plans

The most effective means of consistently ensuring the safety of a drinking-water
supply is through the use of a comprehensive risk assessment and risk
management approach that encompasses all steps in the water supply from
catchment to consumer. In these Guide lines, such approaches are termed water
safety plans (WSPs). The WSP approach has been developed to organize and
systematize a long history of management practices applied to drinking-water
and to ensure the applicability of these practices to the management of drinking-
water quality. WSPs represent an evolution of the concept of sanitary surveys
and vulnerability assessments that include and encompass the whole of the
water supply system and its operation. The WSP approach draws on many of
the principles and concepts from other risk management approaches, in
particular the multiple-barrier approach and hazard assessment and critical
control points (as used in the food industry). This chapter focuses on the key
principles of WSPs and is not a comprehensive guide to their application in
practice. Practical information on how to develop and implement a WSP is
available in the supporting documents Water safety plan manual and Water
safety planning for small community water supplies. A guide to equitable water
safety planning provides information to ensure improvements through WSPs
benefit all users vary in complexity, as appropriate for the situation. In many
cases, they will be quite simple, focusing on the key hazards identified for the
specific drinking-water supply system. The wide range of examples of control
measures given in the following text does not imply that all of these are
appropriate in all cases.
WSPs should, by preference, be developed for individual drinking-water
systems. For smaller systems, it may be possible to develop generic WSPs by a
statutory body or accredited third-party organization. In these settings, guidance
on household water storage, handling and use may also be required. Plans
dealing with household water should be linked to a hygiene education
programme and advice to households in maintaining water safety. A WSP has
three key components, which are guided by health based targets and overseen
through drinking-water supply surveillance . They are: A WSP comprises, as a
minimum, the three key components that are the responsibility of the
drinking-water supplier in order to ensure that drinking-water is safe. These are:

 A system assessment;
 Effective operational monitoring;
 Management and communication.
1. A system assessment to deter mine whether the drinking-water supply
chain (up to the point of consumption) as a whole can deliver water of a
quality that meets identified targets. This also includes the assessment of
design criteria of new systems;
2. Identifying control measures in a drinking-water system that will
collectively control identified risks and ensure that the health-based
targets are met. For each control measure identified, an appropriate means
of operational monitoring should be defined that will ensure that any
deviation from required performance is rapidly detected in a timely
manner;
3. Management and communication plans describing actions to be taken
during nor mal operation or incident conditions and documenting the
 system assessment, including upgrade and improvement planning,
monitoring and communication plans and supporting programmes. The
primary objectives of a WSP in ensuring good drinking-water supply
practice are the prevention or minimization of contamination of source
waters, the re duction or removal of contamination through treatment
processes and the prevention of contamination during storage,
distribution and handling of drinking-water. These objectives are equally
applicable to large piped drinking-water supplies, small community
supplies and household systems and are achieved through:
 development of an understanding of the specific system and its capability
to supply water that meets water quality targets;
 identification of potential sources of contamination and how they can be
controlled;
 validation of control measures employed to control hazards;
 implementation of a system for operational monitoring of the control
measures within the water system;
 timely corrective actions to ensure that safe water is consistently
supplied;
 undertaking verification of drinking-water quality to ensure that the WSP
is being implemented correctly and is achieving the performance required
to meet relevant national, regional and local water quality standards or
objectives. WSPs are a powerful tool for the drinking-water supplier to
manage the supply safely. They also assist surveillance by public health
authorities. Key benefits for water suppliers implementing WSPs include:
 demonstration of “due diligence”;
 improved compliance;
 rationalizing and documenting existing operational procedures, leading
to gains in efficiency, improvement of performance and quicker
response to incidents;
  better targeted and justification for long-term capital investments based
on risk assessment;
 improved management of existing staff knowledge and identification of
critical gaps in skills for staff;
 improved stakeholder relationships
One of the challenges and responsibilities of water suppliers and regulators is
to anticipate, plan for and provide for climate variations and weather extremes.
WSPs are an effective tool to manage such variations and extremes Where a
defined entity is responsible for a drinking-water supply, its responsibility
should include the preparation and implementation of a WSP. This plan should
normally be reviewed and agreed upon with the authority responsible for
protection of public health to ensure that it will deliver water of a quality
consistent with the defined targets. Where there is no formal service provider,
the competent national or regional authority should act as a source of
information and guidance on the adequacy of ap propriate management of
community and individual drinking-water supplies. This will include defining
requirements for operational monitoring and management. Approaches to
verification in these circumstances will depend on the capacity of local
authorities and communities and should be defined in national policy. Many
water suppliers may face practical challenges in initiating, developing and
implementing a WSP. These include mistaken perceptions that one prescribed
methodology must be followed; that WSP steps must be undertaken with risks
managed from source to tap in a defined order; that developing a WSP always
requires external expertise; that WSPs supersede, rather than build on, existing
good practices; and that WSPs are necessarily complicated and are not
appropriate for small supplies. Although WSP implementation demands a
certain minimum standard in terms of the steps involved it is a flexible approach
that should rely on the water supplier’s existing practices and fit the way that a
supplier is organized. The WSP is a vital step in identifying the hazards and
risks associated with the source water catchment, particularly where the water
supplier does not manage the catchment, or with established treatment and
distribution systems. Starting with existing treatment to ensure that it is
operating at its optimum at all times is a vital component, as this is often the key
barrier that prevents hazards from reaching drinking-water. It must be
recognized that even if other hazards are identified in the catchment,
remediation may take time, and this should not be a reason for delaying the start
of WSP preparation and implementation. Similarly, initiating the process of
ensuring that the distribution system is intact and managed appropriately is a
vital step that is under the control of the water supplier. Many of the procedures
inherent in the WSP, such as documenting the system and ensuring that
standard operating procedures are established for each of the treatment
processes and the operation of the distribution system, are simply normal good
practice in drinking-water supply. The WSP should therefore build on and
improve existing practice.

Mineral water plants

Mineral water plants are facilities that process raw water from natural sources
(such as springs, wells, or rivers) to produce purified drinking water, often
marketed as mineral water due to its enriched mineral content. Here’s a detailed
overview of their mechanisms:

Raw Water Intake and Pre-Treatment:

 Source Selection: Water is sourced from natural springs, wells, or other

natural sources known for their purity and mineral content.
 Screening: Large debris like leaves, sticks, and stones are removed
through screens and filters.
 Coagulation and Flocculation: Chemicals are added to clump together
particles, making it easier to remove them in subsequent filtration steps.
 Sedimentation: Water is allowed to sit undisturbed, causing larger
particles to settle at the bottom.
 Filtration: Water passes through sand, gravel, and activated carbon
filters to remove remaining particles, odours, and organic compounds.

Disinfection:
  Chlorination or UV Treatment: To kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and
other pathogens present in the water.

Reverse Osmosis (RO) Process:

 Purpose: Used to remove dissolved salts and minerals, ensuring high

purity and taste consistency.
 Mechanism: Water is forced through a semi-permeable membrane that
allows only water molecules to pass, leaving behind contaminants.

Mineral Enhancement:

 Addition of Minerals: After RO, essential minerals like calcium,

magnesium, and potassium are added back to improve taste and health
benefits.

pH Adjustment and Stabilization:

 Neutralization: pH levels are adjusted to achieve a neutral taste and

prevent corrosion of pipes and equipment.

Storage and Distribution:

 Tank Storage: Purified water is stored in sterile tanks to maintain quality

and quantity.
 Distribution: Water is packaged in bottles or containers under sterile
conditions to prevent contamination until consumption.

Quality Control:

 Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of water quality parameters like pH,

turbidity, chlorine levels, and microbial contamination.
 Testing: Regular laboratory testing to ensure compliance with regulatory
standards and safety for human consumption.

Packaging and Labelling:

 Bottling: Automated bottling lines fill and seal containers under sanitary
conditions.
 Labelling: Each bottle is labelled with essential information like mineral
content, source, and manufacturing date.

Regulatory Compliance:

 Government Regulations: Adherence to local health regulations and

standards for water quality and safety.
Environmental Considerations:

 Waste Management: Proper disposal or treatment of waste materials

generated during the purification process.

Maintenance and Upkeep:

 Equipment Maintenance: Regular servicing of pumps, filters, and RO

membranes to ensure efficient operation.
 Sanitization: Cleaning and sterilization of equipment to prevent bacterial
growth and ensure product purity.

Mineral water plants and environmental norms

Mineral water plants, despite their role in providing purified drinking water, can
sometimes fall short in meeting environmental norms, leading to significant
consequences. One common issue involves excessive water extraction from
natural sources, which can deplete aquifers and harm local ecosystems.
Improper disposal of wastewater, containing residual chemicals from the
purification process, poses a risk of contaminating nearby water bodies and
soils. Additionally, high energy consumption and emissions from operations
contribute to air pollution, impacting local air quality. These violations not only
risk legal repercussions, including fines and shutdown orders, but also damage
biodiversity, compromise water quality, and erode community trust. Addressing
these issues requires strict adherence to environmental regulations,
implementing sustainable water management practices, and investing in
pollution control technologies to minimize their ecological footprint and ensure
long-term environmental stewardship.
Mineral water plants, like any industrial facility, must adhere to environmental
norms and regulations to mitigate their impact on the environment. When these
norms are violated, it can lead to various environmental issues. Here are some
real time examples of violating norms:

1. Nestle Waters in California, USA: Nestlé Waters has faced criticism

and legal challenges for its water extraction practices in California,
particularly during times of drought. Critics argue that Nestlé continues to
 extract water from natural springs at unsustainable rates, despite the
severe strain on local water resources. This has sparked protests and legal
action from environmental groups and concerned communities, accusing
Nestlé of exacerbating water shortages and harming local ecosystems.
2. Bisleri International in India: Bisleri, a prominent mineral water brand
in India, has encountered environmental controversies regarding its
operations in various states. In Maharashtra, for instance, Bisleri’s plant
was found to be extracting groundwater without proper permits and
exceeding permissible limits. Local activists and residents have protested
against the plant, alleging that it has contributed to groundwater depletion
and environmental degradation in the region.
3. Danone Waters in France: Danone Waters, known for brands like Evian
and volvic, has faced scrutiny over its environmental impact in France.
Concerns have been raised about the company’s water extraction
practices from natural springs in the French Alps, which some argue has
affected local water availability and biodiversity. Environmental
organizations have called for stricter regulations and monitoring of
Danone’s operations to ensure sustainable water management practices.
4. Aquafina in Pakistan: Aquafina, a brand owned by PepsiCo, has been
under scrutiny in Pakistan for its water bottling operations. There have
been accusations that the company has been extracting groundwater
excessively from areas facing water scarcity issues. This has led to
protests from local communities and calls for government intervention to
regulate and monitor water extraction by multinational corporations to
protect local water resources.

These examples highlight ongoing challenges faced by mineral water plants in

adhering to environmental norms and managing their operations sustainably.
They underscore the importance of robust regulatory frameworks, transparent
practices, and community engagement to address environmental concerns and
ensure responsible corporate stewardship of natural resources.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the project on water quality standards and mineral water plants
has provided valuable insights into both the regulatory framework and
operational aspects of producing safe drinking water. Through comprehensive
research and analysis, it is evident that adherence to stringent water quality
standards is crucial in safeguarding public health and ensuring environmental
sustainability. The study highlighted the importance of monitoring parameters
such as pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and heavy metal concentrations to meet
regulatory requirements. Additionally, understanding the source water quality
and implementing effective treatment processes are fundamental to producing
high-quality mineral water.

From the perspective of mineral water plants, the project emphasized the
significance of compliance with local and international standards, including
certifications like ISO 22000 and HACCP, to gain consumer trust and ensure
product safety. Moreover, sustainable practices in water sourcing and packaging
were identified as critical in reducing environmental impact.Looking forward,
continuous research and innovation in water treatment technologies and
regulatory practices will be essential to address emerging contaminants and
evolving consumer preferences. By fostering collaboration between industry
stakeholders, regulatory bodies, and research institutions, we can further
enhance water quality standards and promote responsible production practices
in the mineral water sector.

References
https://www.who.int/
https://cpcb.nic.in/
 Rubrics for Evaluation (05 Marks)
Particulars Marks allotted Marks obtained
Data Collection 2
Preparation of report 2
Summery & Conclusion 1
Total 05

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