Midterm control work.

1.3 types of antonyms. Give examples.

Answer; Gradable antonyms points on a scale meaning there are varying degress
between the opposites. Examples: hot-cold, big-small, happy-sad
Complementary antonyms: these are pairs of words where the pesence of one
quality implies the absence of the other. Examples alive-dead, on-off, true-false.
Realtional antonyms these antonyms show a relationship from different
perspectives. They describe a recprocal relationship between two things, where
one cannot exist witout the other. Examples teacher-student, buy-sell, parent-
children.
2.arbitrary feature of the language
Answer:

3.clipping
Answer:clipping is one of the ways new words are created in english. It involves
the shortening of a longer word often reducing it to one syllable. Many examples
are very informal or slang. Maths which is a clipped form of mathematics. Types:
back clipping, fore-clipping, middle clipping, complex clipping.
4.denotation and cannotation
Denonation is the litreral dictionary definition of a word-the objective meaning
that is agreed upon. For example the denonation of the word ‘snake’ is a legless ,
scaly reptile that moves by slithering.
Cannotation refers to the emotional or cultural associations that a word carries
beyond its litreral meaning. Cannotations are subjective and can vary based on
personal or cultural experiences. For example the word “snake” might have
negative cannotations shuch as danger, betrayal, especially in western cultures
where snake can metaphorically describe a sneaky person
Denonation – literal meaning
Cannotation- emotional or implied meaning.
5.functional and lexical morpheme
Lexical morpheme carry the core meaning of a word and typically the “content
words” in a language. These morphemes include nouns( dog, book), adj(big,
happy), main verbs(run,sing), adverbs(quickly, happily).
Functional morphemes provide grammatical relationships between words ,
helping to structure sentences. These include pronouns (she, they), prepositions
(in , on ), conjuctions(and , but), articles(the , a), auxiliary verbs(is, will)
6.homonymy . give examples for homograph and homophone
Homonymy is words that either have the same spelling or pronouncation but
different meanings.
Homographs : bow- can mean to bend forward as a gesture or respect or the
front of a boat. Lead- can refer to the meal (pronounced “led”) or to guide
(pronounced “leed”). Tear – can mean a drop of liquid from the eye or to rip
something apart
Homophones: flower and flour- flower is blossom of a plant , while flour is a
powder made from gains.
Right and write- right can mean correct or a direction , while write refers to
forming letters or words on a surface.
7.loan words or borrowing
Loan words are words borrowed from one language and incorporated into
another, often with little or no modification . languages adopt these words when
they don’t have a direct equivalent or when the borrowed term is more widely
recognized .
Borrowing is where words or expressionsare taken directly from the source text
and carried over into the target language.
8.non-verbal communication and the types of it sociolect
9.phatic function of language
The phatic function of language is used to established or maintain social
relationships rather than to exchange information or convey ideas. Phatic
expressions , like “hello”, “how are you” or “nice weather we’re having”. This
function is essential for building rapport and easing communication, often
occuring at the beginning or end of interactions.
10.principles of modern linguistics; structuralism
Structualism in modern linguistics is a theory that focuses oon understanding
language through its underlying structures rather than focusing on isolated words
or meanings. It emerged in the early 20th century with key figures .
11.reasons for language change
Answer:language helps us express our feelings and thoughts this is unique to our
species because its a way to express unique ideas and customs within different
cultures and societies. By learning a foreign language, you can understand ideas
and thoughts that may be different from your own culture. Reasons: career
opportunities, cultural enrichment, cognitive benefits , social connections, travel
and exploration, personal growth, enhanced communication skill.
12.sentential relations? Give examples
Sentential relations refer to the relationships between sentences or clauses
within a text. They help structure the flow of ideas and make connections
between statements, providing cihesion and coherence to writing. Sentential
relations can use specific words like”and” “but” “although” “because” and “if” or
they may rely on context clues to convey the relationship between sentences.
These connections help clarify meaning and guide readers through the text.
Example: she studied hard for the exam, therefore, she passed with high
marks .studying hard (cause) leads to passing with high marks(effect)
unlike her brother , she prefers quiet activities like reading. This compares her
prefenrences with those of her brother.
13.standard english
Standard english refers to the form of the english language that is widely
accepted as the norm in formal and written contexts. It typically follows
grammatical rules, spelling, and vocabulary conventions agreed upon in
educational, proffesional, and media settings. Although it can vary slightly by
region, standars english serves as a commom ground that enables clear
communication and is often taught in schools as the “correct” or “proper” from of
the language.
14.suprasegmental elements
Suprasegmental elements, also know as prosodic features, are aspects of speech
that go beyond individual consonants and vowels to add nuance, meaning or
emphasis to spoken language.
Elements:intonation the variation in pitch while speaking, which can signal
differences in meaning, emotion or emphasis.
Stress the emphasis placed on certain syllables or words. In english stressed
sylllables are often louder, longer and higher in pitch.
Rhythm the timing or pattern of stressed and unstessed syllables.
Length the duration of sounds
Pause breaks in speech that can signal boundaries between phrases or thought or
add dramatic emphasis.
15.the types of bound morphemes
Derivational morphemes chhange the meaning or grammatical category of a
word. They can often create a new word with a new meaning when added to a
base. Examples: prefixes( un- in unhappy, pre- in preview) suffixes -ness in
happiness, -able in readble)
Inflectional morphemes modify a word to express grammatical relationships, such
as tense, number, possession or comparision without changing the word’s core
meaning or category.
Plural: -s
Possesive: -‘s (sarah’s)
Past tense : -ed
present participle: -ing
past participle: -en or -ed
comparative; -er
superlative: -est
16.types of language
Spoken language , written language, sign language, body language, programming
language, symbolic language, artistic or visual language, artificial language
17. types of morphemes
Lexical, functional,inflectional, derivational,content, function morphemes.
18. types of phonetics
Articulatory, acoustic, auditory, these three branches work togetgher to give a
comprehensive understanding of how speech sounds are produced , transmitted,
and interpreted.
19. types of liguistics
Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics,pragmatics, siciolinguistics,