Computer Maintenance & Troubleshooting (CMT)

[4630701]

UNIT-2
MOTHERBOARD
&
SMPS
By
A. K. Panchasara, Computer Engineering, AVPTI- Rajkot
 COURSE OUTCOME (CO)

After completion of this unit,

students will be able to…

Classify various types of

motherboards and its components
❖ Motherboard:-
What is a Motherboard?:-
✓A motherboard is the main circuit board inside a computer that
connects the different parts of a computer together.
✓It has sockets for the CPU, RAM and expansion cards (e.g. discrete
graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, storage cards etc)... and it
also hooks up to hard drives, disc drives and front panel ports with
cables and wires.
✓Also known as a mainboard, system board, mobo or MB
Components Of Motherboard:
1.Processor Socket:-
✓The processor socket is the central piece of a motherboard, usually
being located near the center of the motherboard.
✓It’s also the central piece because it holds the processor – the brain
of your computer.
❖ Motherboard:-
2.Power Connectors:-
✓No computer component can operate without power, and a
motherboard is no exception.
✓The power connector, commonly a 20 or 24-pin connector, can be
situated either near the right edge of the motherboard, or somewhere
close to the processor socket on older motherboards.
✓This is where the power supply’s main connector gets attached,
providing power to the motherboard and all the other components.
✓Newer motherboards have an additional 4-pin or 8-pin connector
near the processor, used to supply additional power directly to the
processor.
3.Memory Slots:-
✓Located in the upper-right part of the motherboard, the memory
slots are used to house the computer’s memory modules.
✓The number of slots can vary, depending on motherboard, from 2, in
low-end motherboards, all the way up to 8 memory slots, on high-end
and gaming motherboards.
❖ Motherboard:-
4.Video Card Slot:-
✓This is the type of slot that doesn’t need an explanation, as its name
doesn’t leave much room for interpretation as to what its role is.
Coming in the form of a PCI-Express slot on newer motherboards or
AGP on older ones, the video card slot is situated right below the
processor.
5.Expansion Slots:-
✓Expansions have the role of letting you install additional
components to enhance or expand the functionality of your PC.
✓You can install a TV tuner, a video capture card, a better soundcard,
etc. – you get the idea.
✓These ports are located under the video card slot, and come in the
form of PCI slots (on older motherboards) or a scaled-down version
of PCI-Express slots (on newer motherboards).
❖ Motherboard:-
6.IDE and SATA Ports:-
✓IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) or PATA(Parallel Advanced Technology
Attachment) and SATA(Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) ports are used
to provide connectivity for the storage devices and optical drives.
✓The IDE interface is somewhat outdated, so you shouldn’t be surprised if you
see a lot of new motherboards coming without this type of port. It was replaced
by the smaller and much faster SATA interface, which currently reached its 3rd
revision, being able to achieve maximum speeds of up to 600 MB/s, as opposed
to the IDE interface, which can reach a maximum of 133 MB/s.
❖ Motherboard:-
7.BIOS Chip and Battery:-
✓The BIOS chip contains the basic code needed to take your
computer through the boot process, up to the point where the
operating system takes over.
✓Since the BIOS code is stored on a memory chip that needs constant
power to function, a battery is also present to keep the chip powered
when the computer is unplugged.
CHIPSET
▪ A chipset is a set of electronic components in an
integrated circuit that manages the data flow between the
processor, memory and peripherals.
▪ Chipsets are usually designed to work with a specific family
of microprocessors. Because it controls communications
between the processor and external devices, the chipset
plays a crucial role in determining system performance.
SOUTHBRIDGE
▪ The south bridge is one of the two chips in the core logic chipset on a
personal computer (PC) motherboard, the other being the northbridge.
▪ The south bridge typically implements the slower capabilities of the
motherboard in a north bridge/south bridge chipset computer architecture.
NORTHBRIDGE
▪ The north bridge typically handles communications among the CPU, in some cases
RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards, and the south bridge.
▪ Some north bridges also contain integrated video controllers, also known as a
Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) in Intel systems.
▪ Because different processors and RAM require different signaling, a given north
bridge will typically work with only one or two classes of CPUs and generally only
one type of RAM.
8.Northbridge and Southbridge:-
✓If you have a look at your motherboard, chances are you’ll see a
square metal component somewhere in the lower-right part of the
board.
✓This metal component is actually a heat sink, and its role is to
provide thermal protection for the Northbridge – one of the most
important components of a motherboard.
✓The Northbridge is responsible for coordinating the data flow
between the memory, the video card and the processor.
✓A secondary chip, known as Southbridge, has a similar function,
coordinating the data flow between the processor and peripherals
such as sound cards or network cards.
9.Front Panel Connectors, USB Headers and Audio Header:-
✓The front panel connector is where all the elements present on the
front of your case are connected.
✓Power button, reset button, power led, audio connectors and USB
connectors – they are all connected to the front panel or the
corresponding headers.
❖ Motherboard:-
10.Rear (Back panel) Connectors:-
✓These connectors are the bridge between the outside of your
computer and the inside.
✓The name is a bit misleading, as the connectors are actually located
on the left edge of the motherboard; however, since these connectors
are accessible from the outside, the name simply implies where they
are accessible from – the rear of the PC case.
✓External peripherals such as keyboard, mouse, monitor, speakers
and so on are all connected via these connectors.
MOTHER BOARD LAYOUT
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MOTHER BOARD

21
 PROCESSOR

 The processor is simple integrated circuits which perform

arithmetic as well as logical operations.
 It is also referred as a central processing unit, is a brain of
computer.
 The processor is having two main sections control unit and
arithmetic and logic unit.
 Intel, AMD, Cyrix and VIA are the major processor manufacture
companies.

22
 CO-PROCESSOR

 A co-processor is used with the main processor to help the main

processor in doing mathematical operations.
 The primary advantage of using this processor is to increase the
execution speed of the processor.
 It is also known as the math processor, numeric co- processor or
numeric processor unit.
 In the newer processor the co-processor is built in the main
processor chip.

23
CLOCK GENERATOR

 All the logic elements in the computer are design to operate

synchronously.
 This synchronous operation helps the machine keep track of
every bit that it can process.
 These timing signals are generated by clock generator’s logic.

24
INTERRUPT CONTROLLER

 The interrupt are used for paying attention to some critical

conditions in computer to processor.
 Interrupt are generated to capture the microprocessor’s
attention and temporarily divert it to a different process.
 The interrupt controller handles the 8 maskable interrupt.

25
BUS SYSTEM

 Bus is nothing but it is set of wires or tracks on the

motherboard.
 In motherboard from one component to another component the
information passes through the bus.
 There are different buses in the motherboard but common are
data, address and control bus.

26
DMA (DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS) CONTROLLER

 To speed up the system performance, the main processor

is required to be relieved from time consuming jobs like
moving of data from one place to other place.
 The DMA controller handles these tasks separately.
 DMA controller receives the task from CPU, it performs
all the operations related to data moving and after
completion of the operation the DMA inform the CPU that
operation has been finished.

27
 TIMER/COUNTER LOGIC

 There are three main timers on motherboard.

i. Used to interrupt the processor.
ii. Used to generate DMA request signal for performing
refresh cycles.
iii. Used to generate various tones by speakers.

28
RAM & ROM

 The PC memory is a block where any byte of

information is directly stored.
 RAM stores information temporarily and ROM
stores permanently.
 The ROM stores the POST and BIOS information
while RAM stores information about the
processors

29
PERIPHERAL INTERFACES AND EXPANSION SLOTS

 The PPI used to connect all peripherals devices.

 It has a parallel and serial interface to connect the
devices.
 Expansion slots are long thin connector on
motherboard, near the back of the computer, on
which one can connect the expansion cards such
as display cards, sound cards, network cards, etc.

30
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTHERBOARD

Motherboard

Based On Technology Based On Form Factor

• Integrated ✓ AT
• Non-Integrated ✓ XT
✓ BABY AT
✓ MICRO ATX etc..

31
TYPES OF MOTHER BOARDS

Non-Integrated Motherboards
• Non-integrated Motherboards have assemblies such as the I/O
port connectors (serial and parallel ports), hard drive
connectors, floppy controllers and connectors, joystick
connections etc installed as expansion boards.
• This takes up one or more of the motherboard's expansion slots
and reduces the amount of free space inside the computer case.
• Most of the older motherboards were Non-Integrated.
• Some of the later system boards began to integrate some of
these assemblies right onto the circuit board.
TYPES OF MOTHER BOARDS
Integrated Motherboards
• Integrated Motherboards have assemblies that are otherwise
installed as expansion boards, integrated or built right onto the
board.
• The serial and parallel ports, the IDE and floppy drive, and
joystick all connect directly to the motherboard.
• This is now standard on any latest model 486 and above.
• It tends to free up some space inside the case and allows for
better accessibility and airflow.
• The systems are cheaper to produce because there's less
material involved, less installation and testing can all be done at
the same time.
• They are more expensive to repair because if the problem is
with a controller failure or broken pin it means a new
motherboard should be needed.
TYPES OF MOTHER BOARDS

Embedded Motherboard
• In an effort to reduce the cost (and size) of a computer system
even more, manufacturers began integrating (or embedding)
technologies such as video, sound, networking and modems right
onto the system board.
• This dramatically increases the cost of the main board but
reduces the cost of the overall system.
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
What is Form Factor?
✓“The size, shape, physical specification and layout of a motherboard
is called the form factor.”
✓It determines the specifications for motherboard’s general shape and
size.
✓It also specifies what type of case and power supply will be
supported, the placement of mounting holes, and the physical layout
and organization of the board.
Common Form Factors:-
✓XT (Extended Technology)
✓AT (Advance Technology)
✓Baby-AT
✓ATX (Advance Technology Extended)
✓Micro-ATX
✓LPX
✓NLX
✓BTX (Balanced Technology Extended )
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
1.XT(Extended Technology)
✓When IBM came out with its first PC, there were no standards
and the motherboard tended to be a little on the larger size.
✓Within a short time, they had developed their Extended
Technologies computer (XT), reducing the size of the motherboard.
✓The XT quickly became a standard for motherboards.
✓XT Stands for eXtended Technology.
✓These are all old model motherboard.
✓In this motherboards, we find old model processor socket LIF
(Low Insertion Force) sockets, ram slots DIMMs and ISA
(Industry Standards Architecture) slots, 12pin Power Connector
and no ports.
✓They have slot type processors, DIMMs memory modules, ISA
slots for add-on card, and no ports. There are connectors and add-
on cards for ports.
✓Eg: Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX, Pentium -II and Pentium-II
Processors.
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
1.XT(Extended Technology)
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
1.XT(Extended Technology)
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
1.XT(Extended Technology)
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
2.AT(Advanced Technology)
✓AT stands for Advanced Technology. Advanced Technology
Motherboards have PGA (Pin Grid Array) Socket, SD Ram slots,
20pin power connector PCI slots and ISA slots. we find the above
components on AT motherboards.
✓Eg: Pentium-III Processors
✓Computers quickly became more and more powerful with more
system memory installed on the board, faster CPUs, and features that
required more circuitry and components.
✓IBM had to increase the size of their boards to accept all these
components and developed the AT motherboard. At 13.5" X 12", this
form factor soon became another standard.
✓Advancements were tower design and power switch on front panel.
✓It comes with keyboard connector only. All other ports (com, LPT,
USB etc.) need to be plugged in separately.
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
2.AT(Advanced Technology)
 AT

➢ Size-13.8”*12”.
➢ Advancements-Tower design and power switch on the front panel.
➢ Only Keyboard connectors.
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
3.Baby AT(Advanced Technology)
✓Baby AT Motherboards have the combination of XT and AT. They
have both slot type processor sockets and PGA processor sockets, SD
Ram slots and DDR Ram slots, PCI slots and ISA slots, 12 Pin power
connector and 20Pin power connector and Ports.
✓Eg: Pentium-III and Pentium-IV
✓As technology advanced, circuits and components became smaller
and more integrated.
✓Many companies decided to reduce the size of the motherboard.
✓Because the AT had been standard for so many years they retained
the placement of the expansion slots and the screw positioning on a
13" X 8.5 or 9" board
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
3.Baby AT(Advanced Technology)
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
4. ATX(Advanced Technology Extended)
✓ATX stands for Advanced Technology eXtended.
✓latest motherboards all are called as ATX motherboards. designed
by ATX form factor.
✓In this motherboards, we find MPGA Processor Sockets, DDR Ram
slots, PCI slots, AGP slots, Primary and secondary IDE interfaces,
SATA connectors, 20pin and 24 pin ATX power connector and Ports.
✓Eg: Pentium-IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Quad Core, i3, i5 and i7
Processors.
✓ATX was developed as an evolution of the Baby AT form factor and
was defined to address four areas of improvement:
➢enhanced ease of use,
➢better support for current and future I/O,
➢ better support for current and future processor technology,
➢and reduced total system cost.
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
4. ATX(Advanced Technology Extended)
✓The ATX is basically a Baby AT rotated 90 degrees and providing a
new mounting configuration for the power supply.
✓The processor is relocated away from the expansion slots, allowing
them to hold full length add-in cards.
✓The longer side of the board is used to host more on-board I/O.
✓The ATX power supply, rather than blowing air out of the chassis,
as in most Baby AT platforms, provides air-flow through the chassis
and across the processor.
✓Another improvement is that it has a new type of power connector
with 20 pins instead of the earlier 12.
✓First motherboard to include IO ports and place all the connectors
directly soldered onto the motherboard.
 ATX
➢ Size:12” * 9.6”.
➢ Evolution of baby ATX.
➢ Better support for current and future processor technology and I/O.
➢ Reduced system cost.
➢ Enhance ease of use.
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
4. ATX(Advanced Technology Xtended)
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
4. ATX(Advanced Technology Xtended)
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
5.Micro ATX(Micro-Advanced Technology Extended)
✓This form factor was developed as a natural evolution of the ATX
form factor to address new market trends and PC technologies. Micro-
ATX supports:
✓Current processor technologies
✓The transition to newer processor technologies
✓AGP high performance graphics solutions
✓Smaller motherboard size
✓Smaller power supply form factor
 MICRO-ATX

➢ Size:9.6”*9.6”
➢ Address new market trends and PC technologies.
➢ Current processor technlogies.
➢ AGP high performance graphic solutions.
➢ Smaller motherboard size and power supply form factor.
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
5.Micro-ATX(Micro Advanced Technology eXtended)
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
6.LPX(Low Profile Extension)
✓LPX is an older form factor (8.67" x 9.25") that has been replaced
by NLX.
✓The LPX form factor is usually found in desktop model PCs.
✓The LPX case is a slim-line, low-profile case with a riser card
arrangement for expansion cards.
✓This means that expansion boards are parallel to the motherboard.
✓This allows for smaller cases, but limits the number of expansion
slots, usually to two or three.
✓LPX motherboards often have the video adapters integrated onto the
motherboard, and they may have integrated sound as well.
✓This can provide a high-quality product at low cost, but can make
upgrading or repair difficult.
✓It is not always possible to disable the built-in video adapter cards
to allow for an upgrade.
✓LPX motherboards also usually come with serial, parallel, and
mouse connectors attached to them, like ATX.
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
6.LPX(Low Profile Extension)
✓The LPX case and motherboard design are not designed for a home
PC builder, as they can be cramped and difficult to work in, as well as
being non-standard.
✓They also offer poor expandability, poor upgradability, poor
cooling, and difficulty of use for the home PC builder.
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
6.LPX(Low Profile Extension)
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
6.LPX(Low Profile Extension)
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
7.NLX(New Low Profile Extension)
✓NLX is a new form factor designed to improve upon today’s low
profile form factors. NLX does the following:
✓Supports current and future processor technologies
✓Supports new Accelerated Graphics Port (A.G.P.) high performance
graphics solutions
✓Supports tall memory technology
✓Provides more system level design and integration flexibility.
✓Several major PC vendors world-wide worked jointly to define the
NLX form factor and to incorporate flexibility to accommodate the
best designs for current and future PCs. NLX is a public specification
intended for widespread use in many types of systems.
 NLX (NEW LOW PROFILE EXTENDED)

➢ Size:13.6”*9”
➢ Supports current and future processor technologies, AGP.
➢ Tall memory technology.
➢ More system level design and integration flexibility.
 LPX(LOW PROFILE EXTENSION)

➢ Size-8.87”*9.25”.
➢ Video adapters integrated.
➢ High quality product at low cost.
➢ Poor expandability and upgradability.
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
7.NLX(New Low Profile Extension)
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
8.BTX(Balanced Technology Extended)
✓BTX is a form factor for motherboards, originally slated to be the
replacement for the aging ATX motherboard.
✓It has been designed to alleviate some of the issues that arose from
using newer technologies (which often demand more power and
create more heat) on motherboards
✓Low-profile - With the push for ever-smaller systems, a redesigned
backplane.
✓Thermal design - The BTX layout establishes a straighter path of
airflow with fewer obstacles, resulting in better overall cooling
capabilities.
✓Structural design - The BTX standard specifies different locations
for hardware mounting points, thereby reducing latency between
devices and also reduces the physical strain imposed on the
motherboard by heat sinks, capacitors and other components dealing
with electrical and thermal regulation. For example, the Northbridge
and Southbridge chips are located near each other and to the hardware
they control.
 BTX (BALANCED TECHNOLOGY EXTENDED)

➢ Size:12.8”*10.5”.
➢ Replacement for aging ATX.
➢ Designed to alleviate issues by using newer technologies on Motherboard(more
power and heat).
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
8.BTX(Balanced Technology Extended)
❖ Form Factors of Motherboard:-
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IBM PC, PC-XT AND PC-AT
ATTRIBUTES IBM PC IBM PC-XT IBM PC-AT

286 OR HIGHER,
PROCESSOR 8088 X86 AND X88, 8086,8088
80286, 80386 ETC

CLOCK SPEED 4.77MHZ 4.77MHZ 6MHZ & ONWARDS

8087 FLOATING POINT

8087 FLOATING POINT 8087 FLOATING POINT
COPROCESSOR ARITHMETIC CO
ARITHMETIC CO PROCESSOR ARITHMETIC CO PROCESSOR
PROCESSOR

MONITOR MONOCHROME MONOCHROME COLOR MONITOR

STORAGE DEVICE CASSETE TAPE & FLOPPY DISK HDD & FLOPPY DISK HDD & FLOPPY DISK

MAX. 256KB(64KB ON
256KB TO 640KB ON
MEMORY MOETHERBOARD & 3*64KB 1MB TO 128MB
MOTHERBOARD
EXPANSION SLOTS

HARD DISK NOT AVAILABLE UPTO 40MB 640MB

CACHE NOT AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE UPTO 64KB

8 & 16BIT ISA BUS

BUS 8BIT ISA BUS 8BIT ISA BUS
16 BIT EISA BUS

KEYBOARD 81 KEY K/B 101 KEY K/B 101 KEY K/B

❖ Expansion Buses:-
Definition:-
✓An expansion bus is a computer bus which moves information between
the internal hardware of a computer system (including the CPU and
RAM) and peripheral devices.
✓It is a collection of wires and protocols that allows for the expansion of
a computer.
❖ Expansion Buses:-
✓These expansion devices (sound card, video card, etc.) connect to the
expansion buses at connections called expansion slots.
❖ Types of Expansion Slots:
1. 8-bit ISA :
✓ISA = Industry Standard Architecture
✓Dates back to the early 1980s
✓Data width = 8 bits
✓Speed = 7 MHz
✓Throughput = 1 MB / sec
✓8-bit ISA slots
❖ Types of Expansion Slots:
2. 16-bit ISA :
✓Redesign of the 8-bit ISA slot (has a small extension on the end)
✓Data width = 16 bits
✓Speed = 7 MHz
✓Throughput = 8 MB/sec
✓The original 8-bit and 16-bit ISA cards had to be manually
configured.
✓ISA met its demise (અવસાન) when it could no longer take
advantage of the faster Pentium processors .
✓16-bit ISA slots
❖ Types of Expansion Slots:
3. MCA :
✓MCA = Micro Channel Architecture
✓Data width = 32 bits
✓Speed = 12 MHz
✓Throughput = 40 MB/sec
✓Device automatically configured itself.
✓IBM patented MCA bus so that other manufacturers had to pay for
it.
❖ Types of Expansion Slots:
4. EISA :
✓EISA = Extended Industry Standard Architecture
✓Data width = 32 bits
✓Speed = 8.33 MHz
✓Throughput = 32 MB/sec
✓Formed by IBM competitors
✓Device automatically configured itself
✓Maintained backwards compatibility with 8-bit and 16-bit ISA bus
✓ 32-bit expansion buses did not catch on in the late 1980s because
the devices were too slow to take advantage of the extra throughput.
❖ Types of Expansion Slots:
5. PCI :
✓ PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect
✓Data width = 32 bits
✓Speed = 33 MHz
✓Throughput = 264 MB/sec
✓The PCI bus is actually mezzanine bus. A mezzanine bus is an
expansion bus that does not have to be the only expansion bus on the
motherboard. In other words, it is coordinated to work with other
buses on the motherboard.
✓Data traffic on the ISA bus is passed to the PCI bus and “stepped
up” to run at the speed of the PCI bus.
✓The PCI bus connects to the Northbridge chip through the PCI
expansion bus.
✓PCI cannot handle the greater video requirements of today’s
graphically intense games.
✓PCI slots
❖ Types of Expansion Slots:
5. PCI :
❖ Types of Expansion Slots:
6. AGP :
✓AGP = Accelerated Graphics Port
✓Data width = 32 bits
✓Speed = 66 MHz and above
✓Throughput = 528 MB/sec
✓Designed to provide fast access to video
✓Directly connected to the motherboard.
✓AGP Slot
AGP PCI
AGP is a port PCI is a bus

AGP normally has a clock PCI bus normally has a clock

speed of 66 MHz speed of 33 MHz

AGP normally has a transfer PCI normally has a transfer

rate of 2, 133 MB/s rate of 132 MB/s

AGP has a non local memory PCI has a local memory and
and is able to access the system relies solely on the memory of
memory directly. the video card.

AGP receives information

simultaneously which makes PCI receives information in
the graphics quicker and “groups” instead of all at once.
smoother.
❖ Types of Expansion Slots:
7. USB :
✓ USB = Universal Serial Bus
✓Data width = 1 bit
✓Speed = 3 MHz
✓Throughput:
✓USB 1.1 = 12 MB/sec
✓USB 2.0 = 60 MB/sec
✓USB 3.0 = 640 MB/sec
✓USB is hot swappable. Hot swappable means that devices can be
added and removed easily while the computer is still running without
having to reboot.
✓USB devices may be daisy chained. 127 devices can be connected
through a single USB port.
✓This is done by plugging a multi-port USB hub into a USB port on
the back of the computer. Then plug other USB devices into the hub.
✓USB Ports
❖ Types of Expansion Slots:
8. FireWire :
✓FireWire = IEEE 1394
✓Data width = 1 bit
✓Throughput = 50 MB/sec
✓FireWire is hot swappable and daisy-chain 63 devices.
✓FireWire was designed primarily for multimedia devices.
SMPS
❑ What is SMPS?
❑ A switched-mode power supply or in short SMPS is a
power supply circuit that converts mains power using
switching devices that are turned ON and OFF at high
frequencies, and storage components such as capacitors
to supply power efficiently for the load.

How SMPS Works??

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9AfJkUqqn0
WHAT IS POWER SUPPLY?
❑ A power supply or power supply unit is an electrical device that
takes the power from the source and supplies it to the load.
Sometimes people use the terms, power source and power supply
interchangeably. So, is that correct?
❑ Obviously not. A power source is an entity that stores the power
for the purpose of supplying it to various units when needed like
a battery. However, a power supply is a device that converts the
obtained energy from any power source into a form that can be
used for the operation of electrical or electronic circuits. Thus, it
forms a connection between the source and the load.
❑ Majorly power supply is classified into two categories namely,
❑ Linear power supply
❑ Switched mode power supply
LINEAR POWER SUPPLY (LPS)
❑ A linear power supply is the one that is used to convert the
unregulated ac or dc input signal into regulated dc output.
❑ But the principle of operation of LPS and SMPS is different. Also,
it is considered to be a less efficient approach in which continuous
heat generation causes wastage of power. It incorporates a voltage
regulator in series that suits low output power applications.
LINEAR POWER SUPPLY (LPS) ..
❑ In a linear power supply, the applied ac input voltage is
❑ (1) initially stepped down using a transformer.
❑ (2) Further rectifier is used to perform the rectification of the ac
signal. After rectification,
❑ (3) the signal is filtered using a capacitor filter.
❑ (4) Though filtered, the unregulated dc signal is then given to the
linear voltage regulator circuit that produces a regulated dc signal
as its output.
❑ Basically, SMPS was invented to overcome the drawback of LPS
as it is highly efficient. Also, unlike linear power supply, it is
suitable for applications where higher output current or voltage is
required as it incorporates switching regulators.
SMPS
❑ Various electrical and electronic loads are provided power using
batteries. But batteries do not provide regulated power as they
offer voltages of value either very high or very low. So, to obtain
regulated dc output, SMPS is used.
❑ Unlike linear power supply, which uses the standard linear
method of voltage regulation, a switch mode power supply is a
device that performs voltage regulation of unregulated signal by
using semiconductor switching methods.
❑ It is considered to be highly efficient because it lesser power
consumption thereby showing a decrease in the amount of heat
dissipated. Thus, has replaced traditional linear power supply
units.
❑ SMPS includes a switching transistor (power MOSFET) for the
purpose of voltage regulation.
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING OF SMPS
❑ The major components that constitute SMPS are as
follows:
1. Input rectifier and Filter (Diode rectifier and capacitor
filter)
2. High-frequency switch (Power transistor or MOSFET)
3. Power transformer
4. Output rectifier and Filter (Diode rectifier and capacitor
filter)
5. Control circuit (comparator and pulse width modulator)
❑ Initially, the unregulated ac input signal from the source is
provided to the input rectifier and filter circuit.
❑ Here the ac input signal is rectified to generate a dc signal and
further smoothened to remove high-frequency noise component
from it.
❑ The dc output (still in unregulated form) is fed to the power
transformer that acts as a high-frequency switch.
❑ Here the dc signal undergoes chopping (switching). This circuit
acts as an ideal switch i.e., when the power transistor (chopper
circuit) is in ON state, current passes through it with negligible
voltage drop, and dc signal is obtained at the output terminal of the
transistor. However, under the OFF state of the power transistor,
no current passes through it and leading to cause maximal voltage
drop within it. Thus, at the output side, no voltage will be present.
❑ Hence, according to the switching action of the power transistor dc
voltage will be obtained at its output side. (The chopping
frequency plays a crucial role in maintaining the desired dc
voltage level.)
❑ The obtained dc signal at the output of the chopper circuit is then
fed to the primary winding of the high-frequency power
transformer.
❑ Here the step-down transformer converts the high voltage signal
into a low voltage level which is further provided as input to the
output rectifier and filter unit. (This simply filters out the
unwanted residuals from the signal in order to provide a regulated
dc signal as the output.)
❑ The control circuitry present here acts as the feedback circuit for
the complete unit.
❑ The dc output from the rectifier and filter is fed to the control
circuit where the error amplifier which acts as a comparator,
compares the obtained dc voltage with the reference value.
❑ If the dc output is greater than the reference value then the
chopping frequency is to be decreased. The decrease in chopping
frequency will reduce the output power and so the dc output
voltage.
❑ If the dc output is less than the reference value then the chopping
frequency is increased. When chopping frequency is raised then
the dc output voltage will get increased.
❑ Advantages
1. It is highly efficient than linear power supplies. Typically, the
efficiency of SMPS lies between 60% – 95%.
2. Due to the high-frequency operation of the device, the overall size
is small and less bulky. Thus, is compact.
3. It is inexpensive because heat dissipation is less.
4. The obtained output voltage can be more or less than the supply
input.
❑ Disadvantages
1. The transient spike generation due to switching action is one of the
major issues.
2. The circuit is complex. Also, voltage regulation (controlling) is
tricky.
3. Proper filtration is necessary to deal with noise and spikes.
APPLICATIONS OF SMPS
❑ It finds applications in various power amplifiers,
personal computers, security and railway systems,
television sets, motor drives, etc.
TYPES OF SMPS
• DC to DC Converter
• AC to DC Converter
• Fly back Converter
• The Fly back converter is used for Low power applications.
• Buck and Boost Converter
❑ Buck Converter and Boost converter in the SMPS types which
decrease or increase the output voltage depending upon the
requirements.
THANK YOU..

93
❖ Chipsets:-
✓“A chipset is a designated group of microchips that are designed to
work with one or more related functions.”
✓That were first introduced in 1986 when Chips and
Technologies introduced the 82C206.
✓The original 82C206 chipset included the 82284 Clock Generator
functions, 82288 Bus Controller, 8254 System Timer, dual 8259
Interrupt Controllers, dual 8237 DMA controllers, and the MC146818
Clock. Four of the 82C206 chips were later replaced by CS8221
or NEAT (New Enhanced AT) chipset that contained only three chips.
This was then replaced by the 82C836 SCAT (Single Chip AT) chipset
that combined all the chips in the set into a single chip.
✓Today, when referring to the motherboard chipset such as
an ALi, AMD, Intel, NVidia, SiS, or VIA chipset, these chipsets may
include instructions that help control the CPU,PCI, ISA, or USB and
are broken into a multitiered architecture referred to as North
bridge and South bridge, as well as a Super I/O chip. An example of a
recent Intel chipset is the i820 or the Intel 820 chipset.
❖ Chipsets:-
✓The chipset is the "glue" that connects the microprocessor to the rest
of the motherboard and therefore to the rest of the computer.
✓On a PC, it consists of two basic parts -- the Northbridge and
the Southbridge.
✓All of the various components of the computer communicate with
the CPU through the chipset.
✓The Northbridge connects directly to the processor via the front side
bus (FSB).
✓A memory controller is located on the Northbridge, which gives the
CPU fast access to the memory.
✓The Northbridge also connects to the AGP or PCI Express bus and to
the memory itself.
✓The Southbridge is slower than the Northbridge, and information
from the CPU has to go through the Northbridge before reaching the
Southbridge.
✓Other busses connect the Southbridge to the PCI bus, the USB ports
and the IDE or SATA hard disk connections.
❖ Chipsets:-
✓Chipset selection and CPU selection go hand in hand, because
manufacturers optimize chipsets to work with specific CPUs.
✓The chipset is an integrated part of the motherboard, so it cannot be
removed or upgraded.
✓This means that not only must the motherboard's socket fit the CPU,
the motherboard's chipset must work optimally with the CPU.