For instructional purposes only • 1st Semester SY 2020-2021

LABORATORY MANUAL

ANIMAL SCIENCE 21
(Principles of Animal Science)

Prepared by:

WARREN D. COME MSc.

Assistant Professor

EUGENIO B. CAGOL III

PART- TIME INSTRUCTOR

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Department of Animal Science

College of Agriculture and Food Science
Visayas State University
VISCA, Baybay City, Leyte

January 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Exercise Number Title

1 THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY AND BODY

MEASUREMENTS OF FARM ANIMALS

2 VITAL SIGNS: PULSE, RESPIRATION, AND BODY

TEMPERATURE OF FARM ANIMALS

3 THE MUSCULATORY SYSTEM OF FARM ANIMALS

4 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OF FARM ANIMALS

5 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF FARM ANIMALS

6 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF FARM ANIMALS

7 METHODS OF LIVESTOCK BREEDING AND GENETIC

IMPROVEMENT

8 IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FEED

RESOURCES

9 METHODS OF FEED EVALUATION AND QUALITY

CONTROL

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Animal Science 21
PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

POLICIES AND LABORATORY EXERCISES

A. Policies

1. In rating the students, the passing score is 50 percent (50%); the distribution of
the grade is 60:40 for lecture and laboratory. The 40% allocated for laboratory
will be obtained from the following criteria:

Category Rating (%)

Laboratory report 50
Written examinations 50
TOTAL 100

2. Laboratory exercise will be graded according to the content and quality of what
is being needed and will be submitted two weeks after the conduct or completion
of the exercise.
3. Laboratory reports will be compiled and submitted to the laboratory instructor on
or before the final examination or on the set date.
4. Laboratory examination will be given on scheduled basis. The coverage of the
exam will also be given in advance for the students to have enough time in
preparation.
5. Students are encouraged to read/study on the components of the laboratory
exercises using the references available or through surfing the internet for further
understanding and provide what is needed in the report.

B. Laboratory Exercises

1. External Anatomy and body Measurements of Farm Animals

2. Vital Signs: Pulse, Respiration and Body Temperature of Farm Animals
3. The Musculatory System of Farm Animals
4. The Skeletal System of Farm Animals
5. The Digestive System of Farm Animals
6. The Reproductive System of Farm Animals
7. Methods of Livestock Genetic Improvement
8. Identification and Classification of Feed Resources
9. Methods of Feed Evaluation and Quality Control

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Department of Animal Science

College of Agriculture and Food Science
Visayas State University
Visca, Baybay, Leyte

Exercise No. 1
THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY AND BODY MEASUREMENTS OF FARM ANIMALS

Introduction

Efficient animal husbandry always starts on understanding the structural

organization of the animal itself. Here comes, the anatomy (a branch of biological
science that deals with the form and structure of an organism) describing the details on
animal’s distinguishing characteristics, conditions, and etc. It aims to understand life
better, that is, to elucidate processes that constitute life. It is therefore in close correlation
with physiology (which treats the function of the different parts of the body) that is
commonly pursued more or less independently. Anatomy and physiology, however, are
both facets of the total study of the animal body. Thorough knowledge of the structure
imparts much information about its function. However, a mere description of structure
without describing function would be a little practical value. Conversely, it is impossible
to gain a thorough understanding of function without basic knowledge of the surface
involved.

The external parts of an animal body come to refer the outward declaration and/ or
appearance of the animal. Thus, a practical application of the knowledge of external
anatomy (emphasis on surface form and structure) is fundamental for efficient animal
production systems. It is very important for a student in animal science to be familiar
with distinguishing external features of the different species of farm animals.

Knowledge of these parts is an important foundation for further studies in animal

science. For some, the external part is used in the identification of the sex, breed, class,
type, or species of the animal; basis for selection, judging and culling; basis for buying
and marketing stocks; and serves as basis on the determination of the animal’s condition
(whether it is healthy or not).

Learning Outcomes

1. To acquaint and familiarize students with the different terms that refers to
the specific external parts of the animal’s body.
2. To comparatively evaluate and give the different external parts of the
animal.
3. To apply the knowledge of the external anatomy in estimating the live
weight of some livestock.

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Materials
Calculator
Tape measure
Live animals
Other resources

Procedure
______________________________________________________________________

1. The students should locate and identify the different external parts of the body in
live animals, note the similarities and/ or differences between species, breeds, sex
and age of the different farm animals that can be found within their vicinity and/ or
on internet resources.

2. In body weight estimation of farm animals, students are allowed to choose what
animal species they are going to estimate (swine, goat, sheep, and buffalo).
Students should estimate at least two animals (either same or different species) and
fill the information necessary on the table. Formulas on how to estimate the body
weight of pigs and cattle will be provided.

2.1 For Pigs

a. Body Measurement. Using a tape measure, take the heartgirth (inches)
and body length (cm) of the pig. Based on the data obtained, get the estimated body
weight (kg) of the pig using the following formulas:

W = X2 x L
400

where: W = Liveweight (lbs)

L = Body length (inches)
X = Heart girth (inches)

Note: Heartgirth = circumference of the body at the chest immediately behind the point
of the elbow.
Body Length = measured along the arc of the back from the poll (point midway
between the ears) to the base of the tail.

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2.2 For large animal (cattle or carabao)

a. Body Measurement. Take measurement (cm) of heartgirth. Compute for
the estimated weight in kg

W = X2 x L
300

where: W = Liveweight (lbs)

L = Body length (inches)
X = Heart girth (inches)

Guide questions and instructions on how to prepare and submit the

laboratory.
______________________________________________________________________

The student concerned is required to submit their answers via email through document
file and pdf accomplished Grammarly and plagiarism reports. This is my email for your
guidance eugenio.cagol@vsu.edu.ph
______________________________________________________________________

1. In establishing a herd and in selecting and judging, what primary

differences exist in swine as compared to beef cattle and sheep?

2. State the major differences between mature male and female of the
following animals based on their external anatomy.

Table1. List of farm animal species with its morphological differences

Morphological Difference
Species
Male Female
a. Chicken

b. Pig

c. Cattle

d. Duck

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e. Turkey

f. Ostrich

3. Select at least two animal species that can be seen in your vicinity (swine,
sheep, goat, cattle, and buffalo), estimate the body weight (either same or
different species), and fill the information on the table provided below.

Table 2. Estimated body weight of farm animals

Estimated Actual Body
Animal Body Heart Girth Body Weight Weight* (kg
Species Length (in.) (in) (kg & lbs) & lbs)

4. Label the external parts of the following farm animals.

EXTERNAL BODY PARTS OF POULTRY SPECIES (Gallinaceous)

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EXTERNAL BODY PARTS OF PIG (Porcine)

EXTERNAL BODY PARTS OF CATTLE (Bovine)

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EXTERNAL BODY PARTS OF GOAT (Caprine)

References:

Akers, R., and Denbow,D., 2013. Anatomy and physiology of domestic animals.2nd ed.
New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Frandson, R.D., 2010. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals Animals. 7th edition.
Philadelphia: Lea & Fibiger.

FRANDSON, R.D. 1986. Anatomy and physiology of Domestic Animals.5th edition. W.

B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia. 2095 pp.

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Department of Animal Science

College of Agriculture and Food Science
Visayas State University
Visca, Baybay, Leyte

Exercise No. 2
VITAL SIGNS: PULSE, RESPIRATION,
AND BODY TEMPERATURE OF FARM ANIMALS

Introduction
Knowledge on the pulse rate, respiration rate, and body temperature (PRT) and
the methods of measuring them are indispensable especially in determining the health
status of an animal. Any changes from normal in one or more of these vital signs are a
result of the body’s response to an infection, and often to non-infectious problems. Thus,
by noting these changes along with other symptoms is functionally essential because
the problem can be identified early and appropriate treatment can be started to prevent
severe losses.

Students in basic animal science courses, are therefore, expected to learn the
basic theoretical background comprising these terms and apply it in the actual field
activities specifically to measure the PRT of farm animals.

Learning Outcomes

1. To have a working knowledge of the methods in determining the PRT’s of

the different farm animals.

2. To learn the normal PRT ranges and averages in the majority of farm
animals.

Materials

Live animals
Rectal thermometer
Stop watch or wristwatch with “second” hand
Other resources

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Procedure
______________________________________________________________________

1. To complete this lab exercise, student must know the importance of determining the
vital sign of farm animals in relation to the animal’s physiological through having an
experience of taking the animal’s temperature, pulse, and respiration rate.

2.Students are allowed to choose at least (2) two farm animals (different species) as to
what animal is available within their vicinity or community.

A. Pulse rate determination (by hand or by the use of a stethoscope)

Goat/ Sheep. Heartbeat can be felt using your fingertips by placing them
between the tibs behind the elbow. The goat pulse can be measured using
the femoral artery inside the near leg roughly one-third of the way down
the thigh. Pulse can also be detected by placing the index and middle
fingers on the artery located below; and slightly inside the jaw roughly two-
third to the rear of the muzzle.

Pig. The pig’s heartbeat can be measured by auscultation using a

stethoscope held in place at the chest area. Pulse can also be felt in the
femoral artery of the animal Count and record the heartbeat for 1 minute.
Get two readings and compute for the average.

Horse. The tree points to locate and use to take the horse’s pulse are: first,
the external maxillary artery that connect the lower border of the jawbone,
second, the radial artery at the back inside of the knee, third, the digital
artery, located below the fetlock at the inside of the ankle.

Chicken. Locate and feel the expansion of a wing vein for the chicken.
Count and record the pulse rate for 1 minute. Get two readings and
compute for the average.

Cattle. Locate the facial or external maxillary artery, median artery, or

ventral on the lateral side of the jaw. The cattle’s coccygeal artery on the
underside of the tail about a hand’s breadth below the level of the nus is
an alternate site. the tail is the site suited for nervous or vicious animals.

Note: To calculate beat per minute (bpm), you can count pulse for
one full minute, or you can count the pulse for 15 seconds and multiply by
four, or for 30 seconds, multiply the number of pulses by 2. Get two

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readings and compute for the verge. if you don’t have a stethoscope, use
your fingertips by placing it to where pulses can be found

B. Respiration rate determination.

Without disturbing the animal, observe and count the number of breaths per
minute by watching the flank movements, nostril flares, or inhalation/ expansion of
the chest wall. A stethoscope (optional) may be used for a more accurate reading.
Get two readings and compute for the average.

C. Body temperature determination.

Shake vigorously the thermometer to lower the mercury level. Apply a lubricant
on the thermometer’s bulb end (you can use mercury or digital thermometer). Gently
insert it with a rotary actin through the anal sphincter into the rectum (cloaca for
poultry). Ensure that the bulb is inserted to a relatively constant depth of 2.5cm = 1
inch in each species and that it makes contact with the mucous membrane of the
rectum. Get two readings and compute for the average. Clean and disinfect before
storage and uses for the next patient. Get two readings and compute for the average.

Record your results in the table below:

Table 3. Different animal species with their pulse rate, respiration rate, and body temperature
Species Pulse Respiration Rate Rectal
Rate Temperature

1st 2nd Average 1st 2nd Average 1st 2nd Average

Guide questions and instructions on how to prepare and submit the laboratory

______________________________________________________________________

The student concerned is required to submit their answers via email through document
file and pdf accomplished Grammarly and plagiarism reports. This is my email for your
guidance eugenio.cagol@vsu.edu.ph
______________________________________________________________________

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1) What are the factors affecting the pulse rate, respiration rate, and body
temperature of farm animals?

2) What are the organs/parts of respiratory system? What is the role of

respiration in thermo-regulation of farm animals?

3) Why is pulse rate faster in small and young animals compared to that in
large and older animals?

4) Fill up the table by writing the normal average ranges of PRT’s in different
farm animals.

Table 4. Average range of PRT’s of different farm animals

Species Pulse Rate Respiration Rate Temperature

Cattle
Chicken
Goat
Pig
Sheep
Horse

References:
Blood, D.C. 2007. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary. 3rd Ed. WB.
Saunders Company. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Jackson, P.G. and Cockroft, P.D (2002) Clinical Examination of Farm Animals.
University of Cambridge UK. www.blackwell-science.com

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