PRELIMS

TEST SERIES 2023

PT MAXIMA
TEST: 36
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY - 4
(SUB-SECTIONAL)
 IT, Electronics and rights
Communications
 Miscellaneous
 AI and Robotics
 Recent Developments
 Intellectual property

8448496262 iasscore.in
 DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36

Test No.
GENERAL STUDIES

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY - 4 36

Time Allowed: One Hour Maximum Marks: 100

INSTRUCTIONS

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1. IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXAMINATION, YOU SHOULD CHECK THAT
THIS TEST BOOKLET DOES NOT HAVE ANY UNPRINTED OR TORN OR MISSING PAGES OR ITEMS,
ETC. IF SO, GET IT REPLACED BY A COMPLETE TEST BOOKLET.
2. Please note that it is the candidate’s responsibility to encode and fill in the Roll Number carefully
without any omission or discrepancy at the appropriate places in the OMR Answer Sheet. Any
omission/discrepancy will render the Answer Sheet liable for rejection.
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3. You have to enter your Roll Number on the test booklet in the Box provided
alongside. DO NOT write anything else on the Test Booklet.
4. This Test Booklet contains 50 items (questions). Each item is printed in English. Each item comprises four
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responses (answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the Answer Sheet. In case you
feel that there is more than one correct response, mark the response which you consider the best. In any case,
choose ONLY ONE response for each item.
5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate Answer Sheet provided. See directions in the
Answer Sheet.
6. All items carry equal marks.
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7. Before you proceed to mark in the Answer Sheet in response to various items in the Test Booklet, you have to
fill in some particulars in the Answer Sheet as per instructions sent to you with your Admission Certificate.
8. After you have completed filling in all your responses on the Answer Sheet and the examination has concluded,
you should hand over to the Invigilator only the Answer Sheet. You are permitted to take away with you the
Test Booklet.
9. Sheets for rough work are appended in the Test Booklet at the end.
10. Penalty for wrong answers:
THERE WILL BE PENALTY FOR WRONG ANSWERS MARKED BY A CANDIDATE IN THE OBJECTIVE
TYPE QUESTION PAPERS.
(i) There are four alternatives for the answer to every question. For each question for which a wrong answer
has been given by the candidate, one-third of the marks assigned to that question will be deducted as
penalty.
(ii) If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of the given
answers happens to be correct and there will be same penalty as above to that question.
(iii) If a question is left blank, i.e., no answer is given by the candidate, there will be no penalty for that
question.

DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

1 PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36

PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36
1. tIn which of the following field Internet of 1. It uses the same ink as the traditional
Things (IoT) can be used to create smart printing industry.
infrastructure? 2. It can function with extremely low power
1. Traffic monitoring input due to its bi-stable nature.
2. Hospitality Which of the above statements is/are
3. Agriculture incorrect?
4. Electrical grid and energy saving (a) 1 only
Select the correct answer using the code given (b) 2 only
below:
(c) Both 1 and 2
(a) 2 and 3 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 4 only 5. Consider the following statements regarding
LCD and LED display:
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
1. All LED monitors are LCD monitors but
not all LCD monitors are LEDs.

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2. Consider the following statements regarding
display technology: 2. LCD has a superior picture quality than
LED.
1. Unlike QLED, OLED panels don’t need
a backlight because each OLED pixel Which of the above statements is/are correct?
produces its own light.
(a) 1 only
2. OLED panels have high flexibility
and higher response time than QLED (b) 2 only
panels.
O (c) Both 1 and 2
Which of the above statements is/are correct? (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 1 only
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6. Consider the following statements regarding
(b) 2 only
beam forming technology:
(c) Both 1 and 2
1. The technology enables spreading of
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 signal in all direction.
2. It results in faster and more reliable
3. Which of the following statements regarding communication.
edge computing are correct?
3. It diminishes as receiver moves farther
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1. Edge computing generally cost lower than away from transmitter.

cloud computing due to its usage of the
Which of the above statements are correct?
local area network for data processing.
2. Edge computing is preferred over cloud (a) 1 and 2 only
computing in AI based models due to its (b) 2 and 3 only
lower data processing latency.
(c) 1 and 3 only
3. Data sovereignty is an advantage of cloud
computing over edge computing. (d) 1, 2 and 3

Select the correct answer using the code given

below: 7. Which of the following statements regarding
the BLUE, recently seen in news, is correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(a) It is a human-friendly robot conceived
(b) 2 and 3 only and built by a team of researchers at the
(c) 1 and 3 only Massachusetts institute of technology.
(d) 1, 2 and 3 (b) It is an AI derived programme for deep
sea exploration.
4. Consider the following statements regarding (c) It is a robot especially designed to remove
electronic paper display (EPD) technology: oil spills from the oceans.

PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36 2
 (d) It is a human friendly, low cost robot to use concepts, inventions, industrial models,
recent advances in artificial intelligence trademarks, songs, literature, symbols,
to master intricate human tasks. names, and brands.
2. The IPR allow their owner to completely
8. Consider the following statements: benefit from his/her product which was
1. Extended reality (XR) includes in itself initially an idea that developed and
augmented reality (AR), virtual reality crystallized.
(VR), and mixed reality (MR).
Which of the statements given above is/are
2. XR involves consumption of huge volume correct?
of personal data.
(a) 1 only
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(b) 2 only
(a) 1 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 12. Consider the following conventions:

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1. Marrakesh Treaty
9. Consider the following statements regarding
the semiconductor device fabrication: 2. Madrid Protocol
1. It is a multiple-step sequence of 3. Phonograms Convention
photolithographic and chemical 4. Basel Convention
processing steps.
Which of the above conventions/treaties
2. Fabrication process consumes huge
amount of liquid nitrogen.
3. India has a large unit of fabrication
facility in Bengaluru.
O are related to Intellectual Property Rights
(IPRs)?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
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Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 only

(b) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 3 and 4 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

13. Consider the following statements regarding
(d) 1, 2 and 3 IPR Ecosystem in India:
1. The Customs Act prohibits importation
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10. Consider the following statements regarding or exportation of goods that, inter-alia,
Wafers: violate patents, trademarks, copyrights,
1. Semiconductor wafer can be made by designs and geographical indications.
combination of crystal materials.
2. The indemnity bond protects the Customs
2. Only silicon can be used to make wafers. authorities against all liabilities and
3. While the wafer serves as a base for the expenses they may incur as a result of
chip, the chip is implanted in the wafer. having detained the goods.
Which of the above statements is/are correct? 3. The Europe-India IP Facilitation Forum
Facilitates technology commercialisation
(a) 1 and 2 only
and the management of IPR issues
(b) 3 only related to India.
(c) 1 and 3 only Which of the statements given above is/are
(d) 1, 2 and 3 correct?
(a) 1 only
11. Consider the following statements regarding (b) 2 and 3 only
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR):
(c) 2 only
1. Intellectual property is the product of
the human intellect including creativity (d) 1, 2 and 3

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14. Consider the following statements regarding Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB): correct?
1. It is a quasi-judicial body which hears (a) 1 only
the appeals against the decisions of the
(b) 2 only
Registrar under the Trade Marks Act,
1999 (c) Both 1 and 2

2. It is entrusted with the task of (d) Neither 1 nor 2

adjudication of disputes pertaining to
jurisdiction over trademarks, patents 17. Consider the following statements:
and geographical indications. 1. The TRIPS Agreement is a minimum
Which of the statements given above is/are standards agreement, which allows
incorrect? Members to provide more extensive
protection of intellectual property if they
(a) 1 only so wish.
(b) 2 only 2. India is a signatory of the Berne
Convention.
(c) Both 1 and 2

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Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
correct?
(a) 1 only
15. Consider the following pairs:
1. Copyright – It is an exclusive right (b) 2 only
granted for an invention. (c) Both 1 and 2
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2. Patent – It is a legal term used to describe (d) Neither 1 nor 2
the rights that creators have over their
literary and artistic works. 18. Consider the following statements regarding
3. Trademark – It is a sign capable of Geographical Indication (GI) in India:
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distinguishing the goods or services 1. The TRIPS Agreement defines GI as
of one enterprise from those of other an indication which identifies a good as
enterprises. originating in the territory of a Member,
or a region or locality in that territory,
Which of the pair(s) given above is/are matched
where a given quality, reputation or other
incorrectly?
characteristic of the good is essentially
(a) 1 only attributable to its geographical origin.
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(b) 1 and 2 only 2. The registered proprietor or authorised

users of a registered geographical
(c) 2 and 3 only indication can initiate an infringement
(d) 3 only action.
3. Once the GI tag is granted under
16. Which of the following statements regarding Geographical Indications of Goods
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is/are (Registration and Protection) Act 1999, it
correct? is valid for lifetime.

1. Counterfeiting of a trademark means a Which of the statements given above is/are

complete transfer being identical from correct?
the unique brand or transferring the (a) 1 only
main parts.
(b) 1 and 2 only
2. Forgery a trademark means making a
(c) 2 and 3 only
brand similar in total to the original
one in a manner that might mislead the (d) 1 only
public in connection with the source of
goods that are marked by the brand in 19. Consider the following statements regarding
question. Information Technology:

PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36 4
 1. Facsimile transmission is the transmission (c) 2 and 3 only
of a source document that encodes a
(d) 1 and 2 only
document into optical or electrical signals,
transmits and reconstructs the signals to
print a duplicate of the source document 22. Consider the following statements regarding
at the receiving end. telecom sector in India:
2. Electronic Mail is the electronic 1. India is the world’s largest
transmission and receiving of messages, telecommunications market with a
information, data files, letters or subscriber base of 1.16 billion.
documents by means of point-to-point 2. The government of India has raised
systems or computer-based messages the FDI limit in telecom sector through
system. automatic route from 49% to 100%.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are Which of the statements given above is/are
correct? correct?
(a) 1 only (a) 1 only
(b) 2 only (b) 2 only

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(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

20. Consider the following e-governance 23. Consider the following statements:
initiatives: 1. The India Internet Governance Forum
1. E-Panchayat O (IIGF) was launched by the National
Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) as
2. National Testing Agency
a policy discussion platform to bring
3. E-Court Mission Mode Project representatives together from various
4. E-Biz Mission Mode Project groups to discuss public policy issues
related to the Internet.
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Which of the e-governance initiatives are
examples of Government to Citizen (G2C) 2. The Biotech Promotion of Research and
interaction? Innovation through Data Exchange
(Biotech-PRIDE) aims to facilitate and
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only enable sharing and exchange of biological
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only knowledge, information and data.

(c) 1, 2 and 4 only Which of the statements given above is/are

correct?
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(d) 1, 3 and 4 only

(a) 1 only

21. Consider the following statements regarding (b) 2 only

Net Neutrality: (c) Both 1 and 2
1. It requires all internet service providers (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(ISPs) to provide the same level of data
access and speed to all traffic.
24. Consider the following statements regarding
2. The Telecom regulatory Authority of Information Technology Enabled Services
India (TRAI) is responsible for making (ITeS):
rules associated to Net Neutrality.
1. It provides a range of IT-intensive
3. The Net Neutrality recommendation has processes and services, which includes
exempted Content Delivery Networks business process outsourcing (BPO) and
(CDNs) from the scope of any restrictions knowledge process outsourcing (KPO),
on non-discriminatory treatment. provided from a distant location and
Which of the statements given above are delivered over telecom networks.
correct? 2. The India BPO Promotion Scheme (IBPS)
has been approved under Digital India
(a) 1 and 3 only
Programme to incentivize BPO/ITES
(b) 1, 2 and 3 Operations across the country.

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 Which of the statement(s) given above is/are (c) Both 1 and 2
correct?
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only 28. Consider the following statements:

(c) Both 1 and 2 1. An IP address is a numerical label that

identifies a device on the internet.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
2. IPv6 technology has a limit of
approximately 4 billion users and thus
25. Arrange the following stages into the a new IP address technology is under
chronological order for a country’s evolution research.
towards becoming an information society, as
Which of the statements given above is/are
per the ICT Development Index (IDI): correct?
1. ICT readiness
(a) 1 only
2. ICT intensity
(b) 2 only
3. ICT impact
(c) Both 1 and 2

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Select the correct answer using codes given
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
below:
(a) 1-3-2 29. With reference to Supercomputers, which of
(b) 2-1-3 the statements given below is incorrect?
(c) 1-2-3 (a) Quantum Computer uses properties of
quantum states, such as superposition,
(d) 1-3-2
O interference, and entanglement, to
perform calculations.
26. Which of the following pairs based on (b) The performance of Supercomputers is
characteristics of Computers are correctly measured in million instructions per
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matched? second (MIPS) instead of floating-point
1. Third Generation - Microprocessor operations per second (FLOPS).
2. Fifth Generation - Artificial Intelligence (c) The large amount of heat generated by
3. Second Generation - Transistor a supercomputer may reduce the lifetime
of its other components.
Select the correct answer using codes given
(d) Japan’s Fugaku supercomputer is the
below:
fastest supercomputer in the world.
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(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only 30. Consider the following:

(c) 1 and 3 only 1. Cryptology

2. Study of cosmos
(d) 1, 2 and 3
3. Market research
27. Consider the following statements: 4. Training artificial intelligence models
1. While ROM memory is erased when the In which of the following areas is/are
computer is shut down, RAM memory is supercomputer used?
not erased. (a) 1 and 2 only
2. Increasing the processing speed of ROM (b) 2 and 3 only
will increase the processing speed of the
computer. (c) 1, 2 and 3 only

Which of the statements given above is/are (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

incorrect?
31. With the present state of development,
(a) 1 only
Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which
(b) 2 only of the following?

PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36 6
 1. Create meaningful short stories and (c) 1, 2, 3 and 6 only
songs
(d) 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 only
2. Educational processes are automated
such as grading, rewarding marks etc
34. With the present state of development, Robots
3. Text-to-speech conversion can effectively do which of the following?
4. Personal finance applications 1. Tasks such as welding, spray painting
5. Wireless transmission of electrical 2. performing surgery
energy
3. personal assistance
6. Predict advisories for sowing, pest
control, input control 4. human guidance
5. Play chess with human
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below: Select the correct answer using the codes given
below:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
(b) 4 and 5 only
(c) 2, 3 and 5 only

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(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
32. Which of the following are the advantages of
Robots? 35. Consider the following:
1. Cost ineffectiveness 1. DRDO Daksh
2. Improved Quality Assurance 2. Elbit Hermes 450
3. Decreased Productivity
4. Work In Hazardous Environments
O 3. RQ-9 Predator B
4. IAIO Fotros
5. Robots don’t have the same environmental Which of the following is correct regarding the
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requirements that humans do above technological solutions?
6. They cannot be very accurate (a) They are anti-missile systems to protect
Select the correct answer using the codes given important facilities in the country.
below:
(b) They are upcoming 6th generation fighter
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only planes of different countries.
(b) 2, 4 and 5 only (c) They are advanced guns used by countries
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for military operations.

(c) 2, 3, 4, 5and 6 only
(d) They are military robots currently in
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
use.

33. Which of the following are the disadvantages

of Robots? 36. Which of the following are the advantages of
the Software as a service (SaaS)?
1. Potential Job Losses
1. Reduced time to benefit
2. Initial Investment Costs
2. Scalability and integration
3. Hiring Skilled Staff
3. Access app data from anywhere
4. they improvise themselves
4. Pay only for what you use
5. They are more dexterous than humans
Select the correct answer using the codes given
6. They need to be programmed to do the
below:
task
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below. (b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(b) 2, 4 and 5 only (d) 1 and 4 only

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37. Which of the following are the features of the Which of the statements given above is/are
Narrowband-Internet of Things? correct?
1. High power consumption (a) 1 and 2 only
2. Massive number of connections (b) 2 and 3 only
3. Excellent indoor coverage (c) 1 and 3 only
4. Optimized network architecture
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below: 41. Which of the following statements regarding
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 parts of robot are correct?

(b) 1, 2 and 3 only 1. Inclinometer sensor in robots is part of

its control system.
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
2. Manipulators are muscles and joints of
(d) 1 and 4 only robot to bring about motion in it.
3. Unlike the Body/frame and the Control
38. Which of the following triplets are the ‘three System, manipulators are not integral to

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Vs of big data’? a robot.
(a) Volume, Variety and Value Select the correct answer using the codes given
(b) Volume, Velocity and Variety below:

(c) Velocity, Value and Veracity (a) 1 and 2 only

(d) None of the above (b) 2 and 3 only

O (c) 1 and 3 only
39. Consider the following statements: (d) 1, 2 and 3
1. Speed of 5G Network will be nearly
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10000 Mbps whereas 4G network speed 42. Which of the following statements regarding
is nearly 100Mbps. classification of Robots are correct?
2. With latency of about 1millisecond 5G 1. Cartesian robot operates only across one
network is faster than 4G network which axis of the Cartesian coordinate system.
has latency of about 200millisecond.
2. Articulated robot is a robot whose arm
3. 5G will increase the battery life of low- has at least three rotary joints.
power IOT devices.
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3. Delta type robots are commonly used in

4. 5G will use radio waves whereas 4G food and pharmaceutical industry.
networks use microwaves for connection.
Select the correct answer using the codes given
Which of the above statements is/are correct? below:
(a) 1 and 2 only (a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 3

40. Consider the following statements: 43. Consider the following statements regarding
1. ‘HomoSEP’ is a Robot developed to differences between robots and automatic
eliminate manual scavenging in India. machines:
2. India’s first humanoid robot is known as 1. While the machines need human control
‘Manav’. from outside, robots only need instructions
3. ASIMO was the world’s first talking that detail how the job should be done.
humanoid robot astronaut sent by Japan 2. Robots have more complex software setup
to International Space Station in 2013. than machines.

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 Which of the above statements is/are Select the correct answer using the codes given
incorrect? below:
(a) 1 only (a) 1 only
(b) 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) 1 and 2 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) 1, 2 and 3

44. Consider the following statements regarding 47. Which of the following is correct about
Artificial Intelligence and Robots: quantum computers?
1. ‘Ask DISHA’ is a robot of IRCTC with 1. In quantum computing, operations
physical presence at Indian railway instead use the quantum state of an object
stations. to produce what’s known as a qubit.
2. Indian Railway Catering and Tourism
2. Sycamore is a quantum computer that
Corporation Ltd. (IRCTC) is a “Mini
solved a problem that is considered
Ratna (Category-I)” Central Public Sector
intractable for classical computers.

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Enterprise under Ministry of Railways.
Select the correct answer using the codes given
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
below:
(a) 1 only
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

45. Which of the following statements is/are

O (d) Neither 1 nor 2

incorrect? 48. Consider the following statements regarding

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Interconnect Usage Charges (IUC):
1. Near Field communication Technology
is a contactless communication that uses 1. IUC is termination charges paid by
radio waves for communication. a telecom service provider for a call
2. Bluetooth is a kind of wide area network originating on its network and ending on
that uses 2.4 GHz radio frequency for a different operator’s network.
communication. 2. IUC in India follows a receiving-party
pays regime (RPP).
GS

3. One of the disadvantages of Li-Fi is that

it is effective for short range only because Which of the above statements is/are correct?
of less penetrability in solids.
(a) 1 only
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below: (b) 2 only

(a) 1 only (c) Both 1 and 2

(b) 1 and 3 only (d) Neither 1 nor 2

(c) 2 only
49. Consider the following statements:
(d) 2 and 3 only
1. The 5G technology is less harmful than
the earlier wireless standard because the
46. Which of the following are the advantages of
radiofrequency electromagnetic fields of
AMOLED display screen over the OLEDs?
5G mobiles are spread out over a large
1. It consumes less power especially while area.
displaying dark screens.
2. Electromagnetic fields at higher
2. It is easy to produce and is made through frequencies produce relatively superficial
less expensive manufacturing process. exposure so that exposure does not cause
3. It does not get easily damaged by water. much harm.

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 Which of the above statements is/are 2. In comparison to alternative techniques
incorrect? such as X-rays and CT scans, MRI
does not involve exposure to ionizing
(a) 1 only
radiation.
(b) 2 only
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(c) Both 1 and 2
(a) 1 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(b) 2 only

50. Consider the following statements: (c) Both 1 and 2

1. The working principle of the Magnetic (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Resonance Imaging (MRI) depends on the
protons, which are like tiny magnets.

™™™™™

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O
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PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36 10
 Space for Rough Work

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11 PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36
 Test No.

IAS Prelims - 2023

36
PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36

GENERAL STUDIES

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY - 4
O
Answer Key
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Q. 1 (d) Q. 11 (c) Q. 21 (b) Q. 31 (d) Q. 41 (c)

Q. 2 (a) Q. 12 (a) Q. 22 (b) Q. 32 (b) Q. 42 (b)

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Q. 3 (a) Q. 13 (d) Q. 23 (c) Q. 33 (b) Q. 43 (d)

Q. 4 (d) Q. 14 (d) Q. 24 (c) Q. 34 (d) Q. 44 (b)

Q. 5 (d) Q. 15 (b) Q. 25 (c) Q. 35 (d) Q. 45 (c)

Q. 6 (b) Q. 16 (d) Q. 26 (b) Q. 36 (a) Q. 46 (a)

Q. 7 (d) Q. 17 (c) Q. 27 (a) Q. 37 (c) Q. 47 (c)

Q. 8 (c) Q. 18 (b) Q. 28 (a) Q. 38 (b) Q. 48 (a)

Q. 9 (a) Q. 19 (c) Q. 29 (b) Q. 39 (c) Q. 49 (a)

Q. 10 (b) Q. 20 (a) Q. 30 (d) Q. 40 (a) Q. 50 (c)

1
PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36
PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36
1. Correct Option: (d) the installation of sensors in different
strategic points that go from the
Explanation: production plants to the different
 Option (d) is correct distribution points, allows better
monitoring and control of the electrical
Internet of Things (IoT) network.
 In order to secure Consumer Internet of Topic: IT
Things (IoT) devices, Telecommunication
Subtopic: Internet of Things (IoT)
Engineering Centre (TEC), under
Department of Telecommunications,
Ministry of Communications, has released 2. Correct Option: (a)
a report “Code of Practice for Securing
Consumer Internet of Things (IoT)” as a Explanation:
baseline requirement aligned with global  Statement 2 is incorrect: OLED panels
standards and best practices. have lower response time than QLED
 These guidelines will help in securing panels.
consumer IoT devices & ecosystem as well
OLED and QLED
as managing vulnerabilities.

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 QLED stands for Quantum Light-
 Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing
Emitting Diode. QLED screen is just like
concept that describes the idea of everyday
a regular LED screen, except it uses tiny
physical objects being connected to
the internet and being able to identify nano-particles called quantum dots to
themselves to other devices. super-charge its brightness and color.

 It is being used to create smart infrastructure  However these quantum dots used in
in various verticals such as Power, current QLED panels do not in fact emit
O
Automotive, Safety & Surveillance, Remote their own light.
Health Management, Agriculture, Smart  Instead, they simply have the light from
Homes and Smart Cities etc, using connected a backlight passed through them, in just
devices. the same way that an LCD layer does on
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 As per the projections, there may be 26.4 standard LCD/LED panels.
billion IoT devices in service globally by  OLED stands for Organic Light-Emitting
2026. Diode. It is a type of display tech that consists
 The applications of IoT technologies are of a carbon-based film through which two
multiple such as: conductors pass a current, causing it to emit
light.
 In wearable like virtual
glasses, fitness bands to monitor for  Unlike QLED, OLED screen don’t need
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example calorie expenditure and heart a backlight because each OLED pixel
beats. produces its own light.
 In health like use of wearables or sensors  With no separate backlight or LCD
connected to patients, allows doctors to matrix, it’s also a lot easier to make an
monitor a patient’s condition outside the OLED screen flexible.
hospital and in real-time.
 Response time refers to the time it takes for
 Traffic monitoring a pixel to switch from one state to another.
The faster the response time, the crisper the
 Agriculture such as quality of soil is
image, especially during fast action scenes.
crucial to produce good crops, and the
Internet of Things offers farmers the  OLED panels have lower response time
possibility to access detailed knowledge than QLED panels.
and valuable information of their soil
condition.  However QLED technology is easier and
less expensive to produce at larger sizes.
 Hospitality with the implementation
of electronic keys, which are sent  Since OLED panels don’t require a super-
directly to the mobile devices of each bright backlight which consume a fair
guest, it is possible to automate various amount of power, OLED panels are
interactions. inherently more energy-efficient. They also
emit less heat than QLED panels.
 Smart grid and energy saving by
use of intelligent energy meters, or Topic: Display technology
meters equipped with sensors, and Subtopic: OLED and QLED

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3. Correct Option: (a) can accelerate insights for use cases with
complex AI models that require low latency,
Explanation: such as fully autonomous vehicles and
 Statement 3 is incorrect: In terms of Data augmented reality.
sovereignty, edge computing have more Topic: IT and Electronics
advantage of cloud computing as here data
Subtopic: Edge Computing
is processed at the location it is collected
instead of transferring it to other location for
processing as in cloud computing process. 4. Correct Option: (d)
Edge Computing Explanation:
 Edge computing is the practice of moving  Both statements are correct
compute power physically closer to where
data is generated, usually an Internet of Electronic paper display (EPD)
Things device or sensor. Named for the technology
way compute power is brought to the edge
of the network or device, edge computing  The ePaper displays or EPDs are equipped
allows for faster data processing, increased with tiny capsules filled with charged ink
bandwidth and ensured data sovereignty. particles that use the same inks as the

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traditional printing industry. EPDs create
 By processing data at a network’s edge, highly detailed images with the contrast
edge computing reduces the need for large ratio and readability of printed material
amounts of data to travel among servers, when the proper charge is applied.
the cloud and devices or edge locations to get
processed. This is particularly important for  EPD have a bi-stable nature. A bi-stable
modern applications such as data science display has a unique property that allows an
and AI. O image placed on display to stay indefinitely
without refreshing. EPD can function
 Cloud computing refers to the use of various with extremely low power input due to
services such as software development
its bi-stable nature. These displays don’t
platforms, storage, servers, and other
need extra power to maintain the image
software through internet connectivity.
displayed once the text and images of an
SC
 Edge Computing is an alternative approach EPD have been rendered. ePaper displays
to computing and storing data in the cloud operate on such low power that the extra
environment. energy can be harvested to make updates.
 There are certain advantages of edge This extra energy enables the use of RFID
computing over cloud computing. or NFC devices with the battery less EPDs.
Topic: Display technology
 Edge computing provides wider reach as
internet access is a must for traditional Subtopic: Electronic paper display (EPD)
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cloud computing, but edge computing can technology

process data locally, without the need for
internet access. This extends the range of
computing to previously inaccessible or 5. Correct Option: (d)
remote locations. Explanation:
 Data sovereignty is another benefit.  Statement 1 is incorrect: The basic
When data is processed at the location technology is the same in that both LCD
it is collected, edge computing allows and LED have two layers of polarized glass
organizations to keep all of their sensitive
through which the liquid crystals both block
data and compute inside the local area
and pass light. So really, LED TVs are a
network and company firewall. This results
subset of LCD TVs.
in reduced exposure to cybersecurity attacks
in the cloud, and better compliance with  Statement 2 is incorrect: LEDs have
strict and ever-changing data laws. better picture quality because they have
RGB colour wheels installed in them,
 It also reduces cost as using the local
area network for data processing which produce sharper and more realistic
grants organizations higher bandwidth images. Moreover, light-emitting diodes
and storage at lower costs compared to have a dimming property, which allows
cloud computing. them to display accurate colours by blocking
excessive light.
 Data processing at the edge results
in eliminated or reduced data travel, Topic: Display technology
hence reducing data latency. This Subtopic: LCDs vs LEDs

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6. Correct Option: (b)  It has been designed to use recent advances
in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep
Explanation: reinforcement learning to master intricate
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Beam forming human tasks, all while remaining affordable
focuses a wireless signal towards a specific and safe enough that every artificial
receiving device, rather than have the signal intelligence researcher — and eventually
spread in all directions. every home — could have one.

Beam forming Technology Topic: Electronics

Subtopic: BLUE
 Beam forming is a technique that focuses a
wireless signal towards a specific receiving
device, rather than have the signal spread 8. Correct Option: (c)
in all directions, like from a broadcast
antenna. Explanation:
 The nature of electromagnetic waves is  Both statements are correct
that signals radiate in all directions from
a single antenna, unless blocked by a Extended reality
physical object. In order to focus the signal  XR is an emerging umbrella term for all
in a specific direction, to form a targeted the immersive technologies. The ones we

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beam of electromagnetic energy, multiple already have today—augmented reality
antennas in close proximity broadcast the (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality
same signal at slightly different times. The (MR) plus those that are still to be created.
overlapping waves will produce interference, All immersive technologies extend the
which in some areas is constructive (making
reality we experience by either blending the
the signal stronger), and in other areas
virtual and “real” worlds or by creating a
destructive (making the signal weaker or
fully immersive experience. Recent research
undetectable). When executed correctly,
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this beamforming process focuses a signal
revealed that more than 60% of respondents
believed XR will be mainstream in the next
to a specific direction.
five years.
 Focusing a signal in a specific direction
lets it to deliver a higher signal quality  XR technologies collect and process huge
SC
to the receiver, which then means faster amounts of very detailed and personal data
information transfer and fewer errors, about what you do, what you look at, and
without having to boost the power of the even your emotions at any given time, which
broadcast. has to be protected.

 Beamforming requires the use of MIMO Topic: IT

(multiple input multiple output) technology Subtopic: Extended reality
in order to send out multiple overlapping
signals.
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9. Correct Option: (a)

 Limitations of beamforming mostly
involve the computing resources required; Explanation:
other scenarios exist where the time and
power resources needed by beamforming  Statement 3 is incorrect: India doesn’t
calculations end up negating its have any fabs, or semiconductor fabrication
advantages. plants.

 Another limitation is that beamforming’s Semiconductor device fabrication

benefits diminish the farther away a receiver  Semiconductor device fabrication is the
is from a transmitter. process used to manufacture semiconductor
Topic: Communication devices, typically integrated circuit (IC)
Subtopic: Beam forming Technology chips such as modern computer processors,
microcontrollers, and memory chips such as
NAND flash and DRAM that are present
7. Correct Option: (d) in everyday electrical and electronic
devices. It is a multiple-step sequence of
Explanation: photolithographic and chemical processing
 Option (d) is correct steps (such as surface passivation, thermal
oxidation, and planar diffusion and junction
BLUE isolation) during which electronic circuits
 BLUE is a human friendly robot is developed are gradually created on a wafer made of
by scientist at University of California, pure semiconducting material. Silicon is
Berkley. almost always used, but various compound

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 semiconductors are used for specialized material used. The thickness of the wafer
applications. must be enough to support its own weight
during handling.
 The entire manufacturing process takes
time, from start to packaged chips ready for  The difference between wafers and chips
shipment, at least six to eight weeks (tape- lies in the relationship between both
out only, not including the circuit design) components. While the wafer serves as a
and is performed in highly specialized base for the chip, the chip is implanted
semiconductor fabrication plants, also called in the wafer. Together, they make up a
foundries or fabs. vital unit that’s commonly used in the field
of electronics.
 All fabrication takes place inside a clean
room, which is the central part of a fab. Topic: Electronics
 Fabrication plants need large amounts of Subtopic: Wafers
liquid nitrogen to maintain the atmosphere
inside production machinery and FOUPs, 11. Correct Option: (c)
which is constantly purged with nitrogen.
 India doesn’t have any fabs, or semiconductor
Explanation:
fabrication plants, which manufacture  Both statements are correct
chips. However, the government has looked

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to woo foreign chipmakers. ISMC Digital, a Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
consortium of investors, is planning to build  Intellectual property rights are the rights
a $3 billion manufacturing facility in India. given to persons over the creations of
Topic: Electronics their minds. They usually give the creator
an exclusive right over the use of his/her
Subtopic: Semiconductor device
creation for a certain period of time.
fabrication
Intellectual property is the product of

10. Correct Option: (b)

Explanation:
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the human intellect including creativity
concepts, inventions, industrial models,
trademarks, songs, literature, symbols,
names, brands, etc.
SC
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Wafers are made
 Intellectual Property Rights do not differ
up of very pure single crystal material.
from other property rights. They allow
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Materials other their owner to completely benefit from
than silicon can also be used. his/her product which was initially an
idea that developed and crystallized.
Wafers
 They also entitle him/her to prevent others
 A semiconductor wafer is a thin slice of from using, dealing or tampering with his/
semiconductor substance, like crystalline her product without prior permission from
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silicon, used in electronics for the making of him/her.

integrated circuits. In the electronics jargon,
a thin slice of semiconductor material is  He/she can in fact legally sue them and
called as a wafer. It could be a silicon crystal force them to stop and compensate for any
which is used in the making of integrated damages.
circuits and other micro devices.  IPR is not a new concept. It is believed that
 Wafers are made up of very pure single IPR initially started in North Italy during
crystal material. In the czochralski the Renaissance era. In 1474, Venice issued
process a cylindrical ingot of highly pure a law regulating patents protection that
monocrystalline semiconductor like silicon granted an exclusive right for the owner.
or germanium is made by pulling of a Topic: Right to Property
seed crystal from a melt. Impurity atoms
which are donors are added to the molten Sub-topic: Intellectual Property Rights
intrinsic material in exact amounts to (IPR)
ensure doping of the crystal. Thus changing
the semiconductor into n type or p type 12. Correct Option: (a)
semiconductor. The ingot is then sliced to
form wafers. Explanation:
 Wafers that are grown by making use  Option (a) is correct: The overarching
of materials other than silicon will objective of the Basel Convention is to
have different thickness from a silicon protect human health and the environment
wafer. The thickness of the wafer is against the adverse effects of hazardous
measured by the mechanical strength of the wastes.

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 International Treaties and Conventions in the Intellectual Property Rights
related to Intellectual Property Rights (Imported Goods) Enforcement Rules,
(IPRs) 2007 (IP Rules).
 The conventions associated with IPRs are  The indemnity bond protects the Customs
Berne Convention, Marrakesh Treaty, authorities against all liabilities and
Phonogram Convention, Paris Convention, expenses they may incur as a result of
Rome Convention, Budapest Treaty, Madrid having detained the goods.
Protocol, Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
Indo-European IP Facilitation Forum
and WIPO Convention.
 The Indo-European IP Facilitation Forum
 The Paris Convention, adopted in 1883,
assists European organisations in the
applies to industrial property in the widest
protection, management, enforcement and
sense, including patents, trademarks,
industrial designs, utility models, service commercialisation of Intellectual Property
marks, trade names, geographical in India.
indications and the repression of unfair  The objectives of the Indo-European IP
competition. Facilitation Forum:
 The Berne Convention, adopted in 1886,  Facilitate and assist European
deals with the protection of works and the companies in protecting invention in

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rights of their authors. It provides creators India by offering patent filing in India (for
such as authors, musicians, poets, painters companies that do not have a presence
etc. with the means to control how their in India but are eager to capitalize on
works are used, by whom, and on what Indian opportunities).
terms.
 Identify issues related to market access,
 The Marrakesh Treaty was adopted on June public procurement, and competition
27, 2013 in Marrakesh and it forms part of law.
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the body of international copyright treaties
Coordinate with other European
administered by WIPO. 
organisations to build IPR capacity in
 The Madrid Protocol is an international India:
system for obtaining trade mark protection
Create awareness for EU SME’s on
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in a number of countries and/or regions 
using a single application. Indian laws, rules, regulations and
strategies to protect their IPR in India.
 The Phonograms or Geneva Convention
provides for the obligation of each  Monitor and disseminate information
Contracting State to protect a producer of on new developments such as polices,
phonograms who is a national of another case laws, regulation on IPR and market
Contracting State against the making of access issues to European stakeholders.
duplicates without that producer’s consent. Disseminate knowledge about Indian
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Topic: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) patent laws to European companies.
Sub-topic-Treaties related to IPR Topic: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
Subtopic: IPR Ecosystem in India
13. Correct Option: (d)
Explanation: 14. Correct Option: (d)
 All statements are correct Explanation:
Customs and Intellectual Property  Both statements are correct
Rights Intellectual Property Appellate Board
 Under Section 11 of the Customs Act, the (IPAB)
Central Government has the power to
 The Intellectual Property Appellate
prohibit importation or exportation of goods
Board, a quasi-judicial body, was
that, inter alia, violate patents, trademarks,
constituted in September 1958. The
copyrights, designs and geographical
jurisdiction of the Copyright Board extends
indications.
to the whole of India.
 The import of goods intended for sale
 The Board is entrusted with the task of
or use in India that are in violation of
adjudication of disputes pertaining to
specified provisions of the IP statutes.
copyright registration, assignment of
 The prohibition is subject to the copyright, grant of Licenses in respect of
conditions and procedures as specified works withheld from public, unpublished

PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36 6
 Indian works, production and publication of  In exchange for this right, the patent owner
translations and works for certain specified makes technical information about the
purposes. invention publicly available in the published
patent document.
 It also hears cases in other miscellaneous
matters instituted before it under the Trademarks
Copyright Act, 1957.
 A trademark is a sign capable of
 The Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 distinguishing the goods or services of one
which came into force w.e.f. June 21,2015 enterprise from those of other enterprises.
provides for a full time IPAB Under Section
 Trademarks date back to ancient times
11 with Chairman and two other members,
when artisans used to put their signature
with its headquarters in Delhi. The new full
or “mark” on their products.
time IPAB is expected to be reconstituted
shortly. Trade secrets
 It hears appeals against the decisions  Trade secrets are IP rights on confidential
of the Registrar under the Trade information which may be sold or licensed.
Marks Act, 1999 and the Geographical
 The unauthorized acquisition, use or
Indications of Goods Act (Registration
disclosure of such secret information in
and Protection), 1999.

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a manner contrary to honest commercial
 IPAB was created with an objective to practices by others is regarded as an unfair
bring together the best set of expertise in practice and a violation of the trade secret
the IP regime through technical members protection.
possessing technical and scientific Topic: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
knowledge due to which it has delivered
Sub-topic: Type of IPR
various landmark judgments.
Topic: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
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Sub-topic: Intellectual Property Appellate
Board (IPAB)
16. Correct Option: (d)
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Forgery of
SC
15. Correct Option: (b) a trademark means a complete transfer
being identical from the unique brand or
Explanation: transferring the main parts thereof making
 Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Copyright the forged brand greatly identical to the
is a legal term used to describe the rights original one.
that creators have over their literary and  Statement 2 is incorrect: Counterfeiting
artistic works. a trademark means making a brand similar
in total to the original one in a manner that
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 Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: A patent is

might mislead the public in connection with
an exclusive right granted for an invention.
the source of goods that are marked by the
Types of Intellectual Property Rights brand in question.
(IPRs)
What is the difference between Forgery
Copyright and Counterfeiting?
 Copyright is a legal term used to describe  Forgery of a trademark means a complete
the rights that creators have over their transfer being identical from the unique
literary and artistic works. brand or transferring the main parts thereof
making the forged brand greatly identical
 Works covered by copyright range from to the original one.
books, music, paintings, sculpture and
films, to computer programs, databases,  Counterfeiting a trademark means making
advertisements, maps and technical a brand similar in total to the original one
drawings. in a manner that might mislead the public
in connection with the source of goods that
Patents are marked by the brand in question.
 A patent is an exclusive right granted for an  Intellectual property refers to creations of
invention. the mind: inventions, literary and artistic
works, symbols, names, pictures, models
 Generally speaking, a patent provides the
and industrial designs.
patent owner with the right to decide how
- or whether - the invention can be used by  Intellectual property is divided into two
others. categories:

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  Industrial Property, which includes: 18. Correct Option: (b)
inventions (patents), trademarks,
industrial designs and models and Explanation:
geographic indications of source.  Statement 3 is incorrect: The registration
 Copyright, which includes: literary of a geographical indication is valid for a
and artistic works, namely novels, period of 10 years.
poems, plays, films, musicals, cartoons, Geographical Indication (GI) in India
paintings, photographs, statues and
architectural designs.  Article 22 of the TRIPS Agreements defines
Geographical Indication as “indications
 Related Rights is a term in copyright law, which identify a good as originating in
used to include the rights of performers in the territory of a member, or a region or
their performances, the rights of producers locality in that territory, where a given
of phonograms in their recordings and the quality, reputation or other characteristic
rights of broadcasting organizations in the of the good is essentially attributable to its
radio and television programs they air. geographical origin”.
Topic: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)  A Geographical Indication (GI) is primarily
Sub-topic: TRIPS an agricultural, natural or a manufactured
product (Handicrafts and industrial goods)

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originating from a definite geographical
17. Correct Option: (c) territory.

Explanation:  In December 1999, the Parliament had

passed the Geographical Indications of
 Both statements are correct Goods (Registration and Protection) Act,
TRIPS Agreement 1999.
This Act seeks to provide for the registration
 The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects
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and better protection of geographical
of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is
indications relating to goods in India.
an international legal agreement between
all the member nations of the World Trade  The Act would be administered by the
Organization (WTO). Controller General of Patents, Designs
SC
and Trade Marks- who is the Registrar of
 It establishes minimum standards for Geographical Indications.
the regulation by national governments
of different forms of intellectual  When an unauthorised user uses a
property (IP) as applied to nationals of geographical indication that indicates or
other WTO member nations. suggests that such goods originate in a
geographical area other than the true place
 TRIPS was negotiated at the end of the of origin of such goods in a manner which
Uruguay Round of the General Agreement mislead the public as to the geographical
GS

on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) between 1989 origin of such goods.

and 1990 and is administered by the WTO.
 When the use of geographical indication
 The TRIPS agreement introduced intellectual result in an unfair competition including
property law into the multilateral trading passing off in respect of registered
system for the first time and remains the geographical indication.
most comprehensive multilateral agreement
 When the use of another geographical
on intellectual property to date.
indication results in false representation to
India and Berne Convention the public that goods originate in a territory
in respect of which a registered geographical
 Copyright protection on the international indication relates.
level took its first step in the middle of the
nineteenth century on the basis of bilateral  The registered proprietor or authorised
treaties. users of a registered geographical
indication can initiate an infringement
 India became a signatory of the Berne action.
Convention on April 1, 1928.
 The registration of a geographical
 A number of such treaties providing for indication is valid for a period of 10
mutual recognition of rights were concluded years. It can be renewed from time
but they were neither comprehensive to time for further period of 10 years
enough nor of a uniform pattern. each.
Topic: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Topic: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
Sub-topic: TRIPS Sub-topic: GI

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19. Correct Option: (c)  In this situation, an interface is generated
between the government and people, which
Explanation: enable the citizens to benefit from efficient
 Both statements are correct delivery of array of public services.

Facsimile transmission  This expands the availability and

accessibility of public services on the one
 Facsimile transmission has been boosted by hand and improves the quality of services
the adoption of methods of data compression on the other.
made possible by compact, reliable and
inexpensive electronics.  In G2C model, clienteles have instant
and convenient access to government
 Facsimile transmission means the information and services from everywhere
transmission of a source document by a anytime, via the use of multiple channels.
facsimile machine that encodes a document
into optical or electrical signals, transmits  The examples of G2C e-governance
and reconstructs the signals to print a are Common Service Centres (CSCs),
duplicate of the source document at the Bharat Bill Pay, Passport Seva Kendra,
receiving end. PAN, e-district, IRCTC, e-Panchayat,
e-Court Mission Mode Project, National
 Facsimile or fax, as it is known for short,
Testing Agency (NTA), National
is the technique for transmitting a copy of

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Agricultural Market (eNAM).
an original page or document to a remote
location. Topic: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
Electronic Mail Sub-topic: e-governance

 E-mail is the electronic transmission and

receiving of messages, information, data 21. Correct Option: (b)
files, letters or documents by means of
O
point-to-point systems or computer-based Explanation:
messages system.  All statements are correct
 The basic components of an email system Net Neutrality
are User Agent (UA), Message Transfer
SC
Agent (MTA), Mail Box, and Spool file.  Network (Net) neutrality is the concept that
all data on the internet should be treated
 Electronic mail (e-mail) is a computer-based equally by corporations, such as internet
application for the exchange of messages
service providers (ISPs) and governments,
between users.
regardless of content, user, platform,
Topic: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) application, or device.
Sub-topic: IT (Information Technology)  Net neutrality requires all internet service
providers (ISPs) to provide the same level of
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20. Correct Option: (a) data access and speed to all traffic, and that
traffic to one service or website cannot be
Explanation: blocked or degraded.
 Option (a) is correct: E-Biz Mission Mode  Net neutrality also states that ISPs are not
Project is an example of Government to to create special arrangements with services
Business (G2B) e-governance. or websites, in which companies providing
them are given improved network access or
Government to Citizen (G2C) interaction
speed.
 The goal of government-to-citizen (G2C)
 Net neutrality advocates suggest that by
e-governance is to offer a variety of ICT
services to citizens in an efficient and not allowing ISPs to determine the speed
economic manner. at which consumers can access specific
websites or services, smaller companies
 It aims to strengthen the relationship will be more likely to enter the market and
between government and citizens using create new services.
technology.
Net Neutrality in India
 It allows citizens to access government
information and services promptly,  In November 2017, the Telecom regulatory
conveniently, from everywhere, by use of Authority of India (TRAI) has released its
multiple channels. recommendations on Net Neutrality. The
key recommendations were:
 Government-to-Citizens (G2C) model have
been designed to facilitate citizen interaction  Discriminatory treatment of content is
with the government. prohibited. Internet access services should

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 be governed by a principle that restricts any  The Government has enabled easy market
form of discrimination or interference in the access to telecom equipment and a fair and
treatment of content, including practices proactive regulatory framework that has
like blocking, degrading, slowing down or ensured availability of telecom services to
granting preferential speeds or treatment consumer at affordable prices.
to any content.
 The deregulation of Foreign Direct
 TRAI has kept content delivery networks Investment (FDI) norms have made the
(CDN) out of the regulation. CDNs enable sector one of the fastest growing and the top
telecom deliver content within their network five employment opportunity generator in
without going through the public internet in the country.
order to create a content ecosystem to drive
user traction. Telecom firms such as Airtel,  India is also the world’s second-largest
Reliance Jio stand to gain. telecommunications market. The total
subscriber base in the country stood at
 International treaties, court orders, 1,198.50 million in May 2021.
government order on blocking certain sites
are exempted from these guidelines.  The government has raised foreign direct
investment limit in telecom sector through
 Internet of Things (IoT), as a class of
the automatic route to 100% from 49%
services, is not excluded from the scope
earlier with riders.

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of the restriction on non-discriminatory
treatment. However, critical IoT services, Topic: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
which may be identified by department of Sub-topic: telecom sector in India
telecom as specialized services which could
include telemedicine, B2B services will be
automatically excluded. 23. Correct options: (c)
 TRAI has also recommended a watchdog Explanation:
O
along the lines of BARC India for enforcing
Net Neutrality and proposed reasonable  Both statements are correct
measures of traffic management, in line
India Internet Governance Forum (IIGF)
with Trai guidelines.
Topic: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)  The National Internet Exchange of
SC
India (NIXI), Ministry of Electronics &
Sub-topic: Net Neutrality in India Information Technology (MeitY) and the
Chairman of Coordination Committee,
22. Correct Option: (b) India Internet Governance Forum 2021
(IGF), announced today the launch of India
Explanation: Internet Governance Forum (IIGF) -2021.
 Statement 1 is incorrect: India is the  The India Internet Governance Forum
world’s second-largest telecommunications
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(IIGF) was launched as a policy discussion

market with a subscriber base of 1.16 platform to bring representatives together
billion. from various groups to discuss public policy
Telecom Sector in India issues related to the Internet.

 Currently, India is the world’s second-  This mode of engagement is referred to as

largest telecommunications market the multi-stakeholder model of Internet
with a subscriber base of 1.16 billion Governance, which has been the key feature
and has registered strong growth in for the Internet’s success.
the last decade.
 The multi-stakeholder concept is well
 The Indian mobile economy is growing adopted by IGF (Internet Governance
rapidly and will contribute substantially Forum) under UN and by the Internet
to India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Corporation for Assigned Names and
according to a report prepared by GSM Numbers (ICANN).
Association (GSMA) in collaboration with
Boston Consulting Group (BCG).  IIGF 2021 is adopting the multi-stakeholder
concept in organizing the event as per the
 In 2019, India surpassed the US to become true spirit of global IGF.
the second largest market in terms of
number of app downloads. Biotech-PRIDE
 The liberal and reformist policies of the  The “Biotech-PRIDE (Promotion of
Government of India have been instrumental Research and Innovation through Data
along with strong consumer demand in the Exchange) Guidelines” has been developed
rapid growth in the Indian telecom sector. by Department of Biotechnology (DBT).

PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36 10
  The Biotech PRIDE Guidelines will facilitate are creating an increasingly competitive
this and enable exchange of information to environment. The role of technology has
promote research and innovation in different evolved from supporting corporations to
research groups across the country. transforming them.
 The Biotech-PRIDE (Biotech Promotion India BPO Promotion Scheme (IBPS)
of Research and Innovation through Data
Exchange) guidelines aim at providing  The India BPO Promotion Scheme (IBPS)
a well-defined framework and guiding has been approved under Digital India
principle to facilitate and enable sharing Programme, to incentivize BPO/ITES
and exchange of biological knowledge, Operations across the country.
information and data and is specifically
 Financial Support: Up to 50% of expenditure
applicable to high-throughput, high-volume
incurred on BPO/ITES operations towards
data generated by research groups across
capital expenditure (CAPEX) and/
the country.
or operational expenditure (OPEX) on
 The PRIDE Guidelines will be helpful to admissible items, subject to an upper ceiling
harmonize, synergize and encourage the of Rs. 1 Lakh/Seat.
data sharing for research and analysis in
the country and to promote scientific work  Incentive for wider dispersal within State
and foster progress by building on previous including rural areas: Special Incentive (5%

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work. of eligible financial support) for units setting
up BPO/ITES operations at locations other
 These guidelines will also be advantageous than the State Capital.
in avoiding duplication and wasteful
expenditure of resources on research.  Special Package for Hilly Region (Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Jammu
Topic: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
& Kashmir): The eligible entities can
Sub-topic: telecom sector in India O participate in the scheme with minimum 50
seats with average annual turnover of last 3
FYs as Rs. 1 Crore instead of minimum 100
24. Correct options: (c) seats with average annual turnover of last
Explanation: 3 FYs as Rs. 2 Crore.
Topic: Information Technology
SC
 Both statements are correct
Information Technology Enabled Sub-Topic: Important term in IT
Services (ITeS)
 IT enabled Services (ITeS), also called 25. Correct Option: (c)
web enabled services or remote services
Explanation:
or Tele-working, covers the entire gamut
of operations which exploit information  Option (c) is correct
technology for improving efficiency of an
GS

organization. ICT Development Index (IDI)

 These services provide a wide range of  The ICT Development Index (IDI), which
career options that include opportunities has been published annually since 2009,
in call Centre, medical transcription, is a composite index that until 2017,
medical billing and coding, back-office combined 11 indicators into one benchmark
operations, revenue claims processing, legal measure. It is used to monitor and
databases, content development, payrolls, compare developments in information and
logistics management, GIS (Geographical communication technology (ICT) between
Information System), HR services, web countries and over time.
services etc.
The main objectives of the IDI are to
 ITeS provide a range of IT-intensive measure:
processes and services, which includes
business process outsourcing (BPO) and  the level and evolution over time of ICT
knowledge process outsourcing (KPO), developments within countries and the
provided from a distant location and experience of those countries relative to
delivered over telecom networks. others;
 ITeS focus on verticals such as content  progress in ICT development in both
management, finance and accounts, developed and developing countries;
research and analytics segment.
 the digital divide, i.e. differences between
 The changing economic and business countries in terms of their levels of ICT
conditions, rapid technological innovation, development; and the development potential
proliferation of the internet and globalization of ICTs and the extent to which countries

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 can make use of them to enhance growth Computer Terminology - RAM and ROM
and development in the context of available
 Random access memory (RAM) is the type
capabilities and skills.
of storage that changes; when the computer
 The Index is designed to be global and is turned off, the RAM memory is erased
reflect changes taking place in countries  Read-only memory (ROM) is the type of
at different levels of ICT development. storage that is not changed even when the
It therefore relies on a limited set of data computer is turned off.
which can be established with reasonable
confidence in countries at all levels of  If you think of your computer as a factory
development. assembly line, then RAM is like the
workbench full of parts, ROM (Read Only
 The ICT development process, and a Memory) is warehouse storage, while
country’s evolution towards becoming an the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the
information society, can be depicted using worker tasked with turning the parts into a
the three-stage model: finished product.
 Stage 1: ICT readiness – reflecting the  RAM, ROM and CPU function as a team,
level of networked infrastructure and and if one is slow, the whole computer will
access to ICTs; become slow.

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 Stage 2: ICT intensity – reflecting the Topic: Awareness in different field
level of use of ICTs in the society; and
Sub-topic: IT & Computers
 Stage 3: ICT impact – reflecting the
results/outcomes of more efficient and
effective ICT use. 28. Correct Option: (a)
Topic: Information Technology Explanation:
Statement 2 is incorrect: IPv4 technology
Sub-topic: ICT
O 
has a limit of approximately 3 billion users
and thus there is a shift from IPv4 to IPv6
26. Correct Option: (b) technology.
Explanation: Computer terminology - Internet
SC
 Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Third Protocol
Generation Computers are Integrated  An IP address is a unique address that
Circuit based identifies a device on the internet or a local
network. IP stands for “Internet Protocol,”
Generation of computers
which is the set of rules governing the
 The evolution of computer technology is format of data sent via the internet or local
often divided into five generations. network.
GS

Generations Generations Evolving  IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol version 4.

of computers timeline hardware It is the underlying technology that makes
First Vacuum tube it possible for us to connect our devices to
1940s-1950s the web.
generation based
Second  IPv6 is the sixth revision to the Internet
1950s-1960s Transistor based
generation Protocol and the successor to IPv4.
Third Integrated circuit
1960s-1970s  IPv4 uses 32 bits for its Internet addresses.
generation based
That means it can support 2^32 IP addresses
Fourth Microprocessor in total -- around 4.29 billion.
1970s-present
generation based
Fifth The present Artificial  IPv6 utilizes 128-bit Internet addresses.
generation and the future intelligence based Therefore, it can support 2^128 Internet
addresses
Topic: Awareness in different field
 The Department of Telecom has fixed
Sub-topic: IT & Computers
December 2022 as the deadline for internet
service providers to customise their network
27. Correct Option: (a) as well as change modem and routers at
customer premises for the services as per
Explanation: the internet protocol address, IPv6.
 Statement 1 is incorrect: RAM memory  The DoT has set June 30, 2022, as the
is erased when the computer is shut down, last date for government organisation for
ROM memory is not erased. complete transition to IPv6

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 Topic: Information Technology 30. Correct Option: (d)
Sub-topic: Important term in IT Explanation:
 Option (d) is correct
29. Correct Option: (b)
Applications of Supercomputers
Explanation:
 Common applications for supercomputers
 Option (b) is correct include testing mathematical models for
complex physical phenomena or designs,
Supercomputers such as climate and weather, evolution of
 A supercomputer is a computer with a the cosmos, nuclear weapons and reactors,
new chemical compounds (especially for
high level of performance as compared to a
pharmaceutical purposes), and cryptology.
general-purpose computer.
 As the cost of supercomputing declined in
 Quantum Computer uses properties of the 1990s, more businesses began to use
quantum states, such as superposition, supercomputers for market research and
interference, and entanglement, to perform other business-related models. As the cost of
calculations. supercomputers declined, their use spread
to the world of online gaming.

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 The performance of a supercomputer is
commonly measured in floating-point  A less traditional application can be seen
operations per second (FLOPS) instead of in training models for artificial intelligence,
million instructions per second (MIPS). where supercomputers are used to assemble
sequenced genomes in a matter of hours as
 There are supercomputers which can opposed to days.
perform over 1017 FLOPS (a hundred
quadrillion FLOPS, 100 peta FLOPS or 100
O  In early 2020, COVID-19 was front and
PFLOPS) center in the world. Supercomputers used
different simulations to find compounds
 Since November 2017, all of the world’s that could potentially stop the spread.
fastest 500 supercomputers run Linux- These computers run for tens of hours using
based operating systems. multiple paralleled running CPUs to model
SC
different processes
 Supercomputers play an important role in
the field of computational science, and are  In Military and Defense Operations: With
used for a wide range of computationally the increasing population, there is hardly
intensive tasks in various fields, including any privilege to test weapons in the open.
The other way around, supercomputers
 quantum mechanics, have even replaced the need for such
outdoor stuff. Almost every defense in the
 weather forecasting, climate research,
world has one of these supercomputers
GS

 oil and gas exploration, which can simulate nuclear explosion and
weapon ballistics.
 molecular modelling (computing the
structures and properties of chemical Topic: Awareness in different field
compounds, biological macromolecules, Sub-topic: IT & Computers
polymers, and crystals), and
 Physical simulations (such as simulations 31. Correct Option: (d)
of the early moments of the universe,
Explanation:
airplane and spacecraft aerodynamics,
the detonation of nuclear weapons, and  Option (d) is correct
nuclear fusion).
Artificial Intelligence
 According to the fresh top 500 list of  AI is the science of building computers that
supercomputers across the globe, by top500. can solve problems the way humans do.
org, there are three supercomputers residing With intelligent machines enabling high
in India. The three computers are PARAM level cognitive processes like thinking,
Siddhi-AI, Pratyush, and Mihir. Only perceiving, learning, problem solving and
PARAM Siddhi-AI ranks in the top 100 list, decision making, coupled with advances in
and the rest of the two are in the top 200 data collection and aggregation, analytics
list. and computer processing power, AI
presents opportunities to complement and
Topic: Awareness in different field
supplement human intelligence and enrich
Sub-topic: IT & Computers the way people live and work.

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  The term was coined in 1956 by John disease identification, produce harvesting
McCarthy at the Dartmouth conference, and grading.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
 Business Sector: To take care of highly
Applications of Artificial Intelligence repetitive tasks Robotic process automation
(AI) is applied which perform faster and
effortlessly than humans. Further, Machine
 Self-driving Cars: Advances in artificial learning algorithms are being integrated
intelligence have brought us very close into analytics and CRM platforms to
to making the decades-long dream of provide better customer service. Chatbots
autonomous driving a reality. AI algorithms being used in websites to provide immediate
are one of the main components that enable service to customers. Automation of job
self-driving cars to make sense of their positions has also become a talking point
surroundings, taking in feeds from cameras among academics and IT consultancies such
installed around the vehicle and detecting as Gartner and Forrester.
objects such as roads, traffic signs, other
cars, and people.  Education Sector: AI can make some of
the educational processes automated such
 Digital assistants and smart speakers: as grading, rewarding marks etc. therefore
Siri, Alexa, Cortana, and Google Assistant giving educators more time. Further, it can
use artificial intelligence to transform assess students and adapt to their needs,

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spoken words to text and map the text helping them work at their own pace. AI
to specific commands. AI helps digital may change where and how students learn,
assistants make sense of different nuances perhaps even replacing some teachers.
in spoken language and synthesize human-
like voices.  Financial Sector: It can be applied to
personal finance applications and could
 Translation: For many decades, translating collect personal data and provide financial
text between different languages was a
advice. In fact, today software trades more
O
pain point for computers. But deep learning
has helped create a revolution in services
than humans on Wall Street.
such as Google Translate. To be clear, AI  Legal Sector: Automation can lead to
still has a long way to go before it masters faster resolution of already pending cases
human language, but so far, advances are by reducing the time taken while analyzing
SC
spectacular. cases thus better use of time and more
efficient processes.
 Facial recognition: Facial recognition
is one of the most popular applications of  Manufacturing sector: Robots have been
artificial intelligence. It has many uses, used for manufacturing since a long time
including unlocking your phone, paying now, however, more advanced exponential
with your face, and detecting intruders in technologies have emerged such as additive
your home. But the increasing availability manufacturing (3D Printing) which with
of facial-recognition technology has also the help of AI can revolutionize the entire
GS

given rise to concerns regarding privacy, manufacturing supply chain ecosystem.

security, and civil liberties. Topic: Artificial Intelligence
 Medicine: From detecting skin cancer and Sub-topic: Application of Artificial
analyzing X-rays and MRI scans to providing Intelligence
personalized health tips and managing entire
healthcare systems, artificial intelligence is
becoming a key enabler in healthcare and 32. Correct Option: (b)
medicine. AI won’t replace your doctor, but
it could help to bring about better health Explanation:
services, especially in underprivileged  Option (b) is correct
areas, where AI-powered health assistants
can take some of the load off the shoulders Advantages of Robots
of the few general practitioners who have to Cost Effectiveness
serve large populations.
 For robotic automation, there will be no
 Agriculture Sector: AI can be used to lunch breaks, holidays, sick days, or shift
predict advisories for sowing, pest control, time. It can be programmed to repeat a cycle,
input control can help in ensuring increased
and as long as it’s maintained properly, it’ll
income and providing stability for the
keep doing so until it’s told differently. This
agricultural community. Image classification
avoids the possibility of RSI.
tools combined with remote and local
sensed data can bring a revolutionary  Any manufacturer will profit from an
change in utilization and efficiency of farm increase in output at a cheaper cost. The
machinery, in areas of weed removal, early initial cost may be recouped in a pretty short

PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36 14
 period of time, and the profits from then on Disadvantages of Robot
are, to put it mildly, exponential.
Potential Job Losses
Improved Quality Assurance
 One of the most significant worries about
 Few workers enjoy completing repeated the adoption of robotic automation is the
activities, and concentration levels will impact on employees’ jobs. The danger is
gradually deteriorate over time. This break that if a robot can execute at a quicker, more
in attention is referred to as vigilance consistent rate, humans would be obsolete.
decrement, and it can result in costly These concerns are understandable, but
blunders for the company as well as they are not entirely correct.
significant damage to the employee. Initial Investment Costs
 Robotic automation removes these risks by  This is usually the most significant
consistently creating and inspecting goods impediment to a company’s decision to engage
to ensure they fit the needed quality. More in robotic automation or postpone it until
goods going out the door that is created later. When contemplating the installation
to a higher level opens up a slew of new of this technology, a thorough business
commercial opportunities for organisations. case must be developed. The rewards can
be enormous, and they frequently occur in
Increased Productivity
a short period of time. In the meanwhile,

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 It makes perfect sense to use robotic the cash flow must be sustainable, and the
automation to handle repetitive activities. company’s stability is not worth the risk if
Robots are made to do repetitive tasks. the rewards are merely minor. However,
Humans, by definition, are not. The benefits in most cases, a repayment schedule will
of incorporating automation into your be offered, making it much easier to afford
manufacturing process are numerous, some and manage expenses. Our free automation
of which are listed below. O payback calculator now includes a finance
scheme option, so you can figure out how
 Allowing employees to broaden their talents much money you’ll save.
and work in other sectors would result in
a better working environment, which will Hiring Skilled Staff
help the company as a whole. The product  Over the last decade, firms have found it
SC
can only improve with more energy and more difficult to find competent workers to
emphasis put into their labour, which will fill specialised positions in their operations.
also lead to incredibly delighted clientele. The emergence of automation adds to the
 There are various different calculators for problem by requiring programming and
assessing the productivity of your operations understanding on how to run the robots.
that you may download from our website’s In actuality, this provides additional
resources area. possibilities for current employees to be
taught and develop their skill sets. Staff
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Work In Hazardous Environments can learn and adapt to handle the robots in
the long run with the help of an automation
 Aside from possible occupational injuries, business, which can aid with the initial
employees in some sectors may be required installation and set-up procedure.
to operate in unstable or unsafe conditions.
If a high amount of chemicals is present, Other
for example, robotic automation is the  Robots can only perform what they’re told
appropriate answer since it will continue to - they can’t think for themselves. This
perform without causing harm. necessitates the use of safety standards to
 Due to the nature of the task, production safeguard people and other robots.
locations that demand extremely high or  Although robots are better to humans in
low temperatures generally have a high certain aspects, they are less dexterous, do
turnover of employees. Automated robots not have as strong minds, and cannot match
can help reduce waste and eliminate the with humans’ capacity to comprehend what
need for people to take excessive risks. they see.
Topic: Robotics Topic: Robotics
Sub-topic: Advantages of Robots Sub-topic: Disadvantages of Robots

33. Correct Option: (b) 34. Correct Option: (d)

Explanation: Explanation:
 Option (b) is correct  Option (d) is correct

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 Robotics Application Application of robots for education
Industrial applications  Educational robots are ones that are
intended to be used as a learning platform.
 Industrial robots are robots that are
There are several robots that are developed
employed in the manufacture of various
to educate pupils of various grades.
products and performing various activities
in industries. These are programmable,  Children’s robots have been created to aid
autonomous robots that can move on three students in the primary school curriculum.
or more axes. Robots are also created for secondary and
higher education, among other things.
 Welding, assembly, pick-and-place, painting,
packing and labelling, product inspection, Construction robots
and testing are just a few of the key uses of
robots in industry. All of these jobs need a  Even in the construction business, robots
lot of stamina, precision, and quickness. have found a place. Robotic automation has
been challenging to use in the construction
Agricultural applications industry due to the varying conditions.
 Agricultural robots are robots that are used Certain types of construction robots, on
for agricultural reasons and aid in a variety the other hand, are poised to disrupt the
of agricultural operations. construction industry.

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 Harvesting, cloud seeding, seed planting,  3D printing robots are likely to be employed
soil analysis and environmental monitoring, on a wide scale since they can manufacture
weed control drones, and other agricultural massive structures on demand. A 3D printer
robot applications are the most common. is controlled by the movable robotic arm
using programmed instructions to 3D print
Applications in medical science a structurally sound construction.
 A medical robot is a robot that is utilised in Humanoid robot applications
O
medical science for a variety of tasks such
as surgery and other procedures.  The term “humanoid robot” refers to a robot
with a body that resembles that of a human.
 Surgical robots, rehabilitation robots, These robots exhibit human traits such as
telepresence robots, biorobots, disinfection the capacity to walk in an upright stance,
SC
robots, companion robots, and pharmacy autonomous learning, self-maintenance,
automation are just a few examples of and safe contact with the environment,
medical robots. among others.
Robot combat  Personal assistants, the entertainment
 Robot combat is a sort of robot competition in sector, scientific research for demystifying
which custom-built robots compete against the kinematics of the human body and
each other by using various tactics to disable analysing human behaviour, and the
automotive manufacturing line are only
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and destroy their opponents’ robots.

some of the uses for humanoid robots.
 Rather than autonomous robots, most robots
used in Robot combat are remote controlled Topic: Robotics
vehicles. Sub-topic: Applications of Robotics
Swarm robotics applications
 The technique of coordinating a large number 35. Correct Option: (d)
of largely simple physical robots as a system Explanation:
is known as swarm robotics. It is predicated
on the concept that intended collective  Option (d) is correct
behaviour comes through interactions
Robot- Military applications
between robots as well as interactions
between robots and their surroundings.  Robots are computer-programmable devices
that can perform complex actions and tasks
 Swarm robots were inspired by scientific
without human intervention.
studies of insects, ants, and other organisms
that exhibit swarm behaviour.  Several armed forces throughout the world
are either developing or currently utilising
Outer space applications military robots in their troops. Military
 Robots have made a significant contribution robots are autonomous mobile robots
to space exploration. Space agencies such that are controlled remotely and meant
as NASA, ISRO, and others have utilised to perform military jobs and actions such
unmanned robotic spacecraft to explore as search and rescue, transportation, and
planets, stars, and other celestial bodies. enemy attack.

PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36 16
  DRDO Daksh (India), Elbit Hermes 450 automatically scales up and down according
(Israel), RQ-9 Predator B (US), IAIO Fotros to the level of usage.
(Iran), and other military robots are now
 Use free client software: Users can run most
in operation. Several more military robots,
SaaS apps directly from their web browser
such as the Atlas robot, are in the works.
without needing to download and install
 By removing service men from the battlefield, any software, although some apps require
autonomous robots might potentially save plugins. This means that you don’t need to
soldiers’ lives. purchase and install special software for
your users.
 However, if it falls into the hands of non-
state actors, it might be used for robotic  Mobilise your workforce easily: SaaS makes
warfare and abuse. it easy to “mobilise” your workforce because
users can access SaaS apps and data from
 Human rights organisations and non-
any Internet-connected computer or mobile
governmental organisations are pushing
device. You don’t need to worry about
for the development of lethal autonomous
developing apps to run on different types of
weapons systems to be prohibited.
computers and devices because the service
Topic: Robotics and AI provider has already done so. In addition,
Sub-topic: Applications of Robotics you don’t need to bring special expertise
on board to manage the security issues

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inherent in mobile computing. A carefully
36. Correct Option: (a) chosen service provider will ensure the
security of your data, regardless of the type
Explanation: of device consuming it.
 Option (a) is correct  Access app data from anywhere: With data
Software as a service (SaaS) stored in the cloud, users can access their
information from any Internet-connected

to connect to and use cloud-based apps
over the Internet. Common examples are
O
Software as a service (SaaS) allows users computer or mobile device. And when app
data is stored in the cloud, no data is lost if
a user’s computer or device fails.
email, calendaring and office tools (such as
Reduced time to benefit: Software as a
SC
Microsoft Office 365). 
service (SaaS) differs from the traditional
 SaaS provides a complete software solution model because the software (application) is
which you purchase on a pay-as-you-go basis already installed and configured. You can
from a cloud service provider. You rent the simply provision the server for an instance in
use of an app for your organisation and your cloud, and in a couple hours, you’ll have the
users connect to it over the Internet, usually application ready for use. This reduces the
with a web browser. All of the underlying time spent on installation and configuration
infrastructure, middleware, app software and can reduce the issues that get in the
GS

and app data are located in the service way of the software deployment.
provider’s data centre. The service provider
manages the hardware and software and  Lower costs: SaaS can provide beneficial
with the appropriate service agreement, will cost savings since it usually resides in a
ensure the availability and the security of shared or multi-tenant environment, where
the app and your data as well. SaaS allows the hardware and software license costs are
your organisation to get quickly up and low compared with the traditional model.
running with an app at minimal upfront  Scalability and integration: Usually, SaaS
cost. solutions reside in cloud environments that
are scalable and have integrations with
Advantages of SaaS
other SaaS offerings. Compared with the
 Gain access to sophisticated applications: traditional model, you don’t have to buy
To provide SaaS apps to users, you don’t another server or software. You only need to
need to purchase, install, update or enable a new SaaS offering and, in terms of
maintain any hardware, middleware or server capacity planning, the SaaS provider
software. SaaS makes even sophisticated will own that. Additionally, you’ll have the
enterprise applications, such as ERP and flexibility to be able to scale your SaaS use
CRM, affordable for organisations that lack up and down based on specific needs.
the resources to buy, deploy and manage
 New releases (upgrades): With SaaS, the
the required infrastructure and software
provider upgrades the solution and it
themselves.
becomes available for their customers. The
 Pay only for what you use: You also costs and effort associated with upgrades
save money because the SaaS service and new releases are lower than the

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 traditional model that usually forces you  support of a massive number of
to buy an upgrade package and install it connections
(or pay for specialized services to get the
 cost efficiency
environment upgraded).
Topic: Service Software  low device power consumption

Sub-topic: Advantages of the Software as a  Optimised network architecture

service (SaaS) Topic: Electronic and telecommunication
Sub-topic: IoT
37. Correct Option: (c)
Explanation: 38. Correct Option: (b)
 Option (c) is correct Explanation:
Narrowband-Internet of Things  Option (b) is correct
 NB-IoT (Narrowband-IoT) is a narrowband Big Data
radio technology for M2M and Internet
of Things (IoT) devices and applications  The definition of big data is data that
requiring wireless transmission over a more contains greater variety, arriving in

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extended range at a relatively low cost and increasing volumes and with more velocity.
using little power for long battery lives. IoT This is also known as the three Vs.
applications that require more frequent  Put simply, big data is larger, more complex
communications will be better served by data sets, especially from new data sources.
NB-IoT, which has no duty cycle limitations These data sets are so voluminous that
operating on the licensed spectrum. traditional data processing software just
can’t manage them. But these massive

volume amounts need to be infrequently
O
In NB-IoT applications, typically small data
volumes of data can be used to address
transmitted. NB-IoT became a standard business problems you wouldn’t have been
for this type of wireless communications in able to tackle before.
2016, and in recent years mobile operators The three Vs. of big data
SC
have been, and many still are deploying
network capabilities enabling narrowband-  Volume: The amount of data matters. With
IoT coverage for their customers. big data, you’ll have to process high volumes
of low-density, unstructured data. This can
 NB-IoT is, among others, also referred to
be data of unknown value, such as Twitter
as LTE Cat-NB. Other terms such as LTE
data feeds, clickstreams on a web page or
Cat-NB1 and Cat N1 apply to the NB-IoT
a mobile app, or sensor-enabled equipment.
specification released in 2016. Today, there
For some organizations, this might be tens
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are also Cat N2 or Cat NB2 devices that use

of terabytes of data. For others, it may be
the enhanced NB-IoT specifications that
hundreds of petabytes.
came later and are currently on the road
towards commercialization.  Velocity: Velocity is the fast rate at which
data is received and (perhaps) acted on.
 NB-IoT falls under the category of LPWA
Normally, the highest velocity of data
network standards and protocols (LPWAN).
streams directly into memory versus being
That’s the name used for many types of
written to disk. Some internet-enabled
wireless IoT communication standards in
smart products operate in real time or
the IoT stack that enable to use devices with
near real time and will require real-time
batteries for transmission over a wide area
(wide area network or WAN, in this case evaluation and action.
WWAN or wireless WAN) with relatively  Variety: Variety refers to the many types
low power (hence the ‘LP’) for infrequent, of data that are available. Traditional data
mainly small data volume, transmissions. types were structured and fit neatly in a
 According to ABI Research, by 2026, NB- relational database. With the rise of big
IoT and LTE-M will capture over 60% of the data, data comes in new unstructured data
3.6 billion LPWA network connections. Of types. Unstructured and semi-structured
the remaining 40% share, LoRa and Sigfox data types, such as text, audio, and video,
will account for over 80% of the non-cellular require additional preprocessing to derive
LPWA network connections. NB-IoT is meaning and support metadata.
characterised by: Topic: Electronic and telecommunication
 excellent indoor coverage Sub-topic: Big data initiative and Privacy

PTS2023/PPP-01/122022/36 18
39. Correct Option: (c) Rajagopal, Center for Non-destructive
Evaluation, IIT Madras, and Faculty,
Explanation: Department of Mechanical Engineering,
 Statement 4 is incorrect: 5G and IIT Madras together with IIT Madras-
4G networks both use radio waves for incubated start-up Solinas Integrity Private
connection. Limited. The team has been in close touch
with Sanitation Workers, and supported
5G vs 4G by the NGO, Safai Karamchari Andolan
(SKA) dedicated to elimination of manual
 5G is the fifth-generation technology
scavenging in India.
standard for broadband cellular networks,
which cellular phone companies began  At present, first two HomoSEP units have
deploying worldwide in 2019, and is the been distributed to self-help groups led by
planned successor to the 4G networks which Ms. Nagamma and Ms. Ruth Mary whose
provide connectivity to most current cell husbands died tragically during sanitation
phones. First rolled out in South Korea. work, through the support of the NGO,
SKA.
 All 5G wireless devices are connected to the
Internet and telephone network by radio  In the unique model being pioneered,
waves through a local antenna in the cell. IIT Madras is empowering enterprises
established by such self-help groups, whose

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 Difference between 5G and 4G
key stakeholders will be women impacted
 Speed of 5G Network will be nearly by the tragic consequences of manual
10000Mbps whereas 4G network speed is scavenging. The task of further distribution
nearly 100Mbps. of 9 more units, several of which have
already been fabricated as per the project
 With latency of about 1millisecond 5G
plans, is ongoing.
network is faster than 4G network which
has latency of about 200 milliseconds. Robotics

IOT devices
O
5G will increase the battery life of low-power  Robotics is the branch of technology
that deals with the design, construction,
operation, structural disposition,
 5G will use a smaller antenna then 4G
manufacture and application of
SC
network.
robots and computer systems for their
 5G will support 1 million users per sq km control, sensory feedback, and information
whereas 4G supports 4000 devices per sq processing.
km.
 The word ‘robotics’ was used for the first
 In 5G there will be 100 x improvements over time in print by Isaac Asimov.
data rate then 4G.
 Asimov suggested three principles to guide
Topic: Contemporary issues the behavior of autonomous robots and
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Sub-topic: 5G countdown smart machines which include:

 Robots must never harm human beings.
40. Correct Option: (a)  Robots must follow instructions from
humans without violating rule 1.
Explanation:
 Robots must protect themselves without
 Statement 3 is incorrect: KIROBO was
violating the other rules.
the world’s first talking humanoid robot
astronaut sent by Japan to International  The first digitally operated and
Space Station in 2013. programmable robot, the Unimate, was
installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal
 Indian Institute of Technology Madras’
from a die casting machine and stack them.
‘HomoSEP,’ a robot developed by the
Institute’s Researchers to eliminate manual  Today, commercial and industrial robots
scavenging in India, is all set for field are in widespread use performing jobs more
deployment. cheaply and with greater accuracy and
reliability than humans.
 A total of ten units are planned to be deployed
across Tamil Nadu with the Researchers  India’s first industrial indigenous robot
already in touch with Sanitation Workers to was made by Tata Motors named as ‘Brabo
identify locations. Locations in Gujarat and Robot’ or BRAVO.
Maharashtra are also being considered.
 Sophia is a social humanoid robot developed
 This robot has been developed over the last by Hong Kong-based Company, Hanson
several years by a team led by Prof. Prabhu Robotics in 2016.

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  Manav is India’s first humanoid  Actuators are muscles and joints of
robot which was developed in the robot to bring about motion in it. These
laboratory of A-SET Training and include electric motors for low and high-
Research Institutes in December 2014. speed movement, Hydraulic actuators which
enable robot to lift heavy load. Drivetrains
 ASIMO was the 1st humanoid robot designed consist of a powered method of mobility.
by Honda Motors, Japan. Humanoid style robots use legs, while most
 KIROBO was the world’s first talking other robots will use some sort of wheeled
humanoid robot astronaut sent by solution.
Japan to International Space Station Topic: Robotics and AI
in 2013. Sub-topic: Robotics
Topic: Robotics and AI
Sub-topic: Robotics 42. Correct Option: (b)
Explanation:
41. Correct Option: (c)
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Cartesian robot
Explanation: has three linear joints to operate across all
3 axis of Cartesian coordinate system (X, Y,

RE
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Actuators are and Z).
muscles and joints of robot to bring about
motion in it. Classification of Robots

Parts of a Robot  Robots are mostly classified into five major

configurations based on their mechanical
 The components of a robot are the body/ structure. They are:
frame, control system, manipulators, and
 Cartesian robot: These are also called
drivetrain.
O rectilinear or gantry robots. Cartesian
 Body/frame can be of any shape and size robots have three linear joints that use
and essentially provides the structure of the Cartesian coordinate system (X, Y,
the robot. Most people are comfortable and Z). They also may have an attached
wrist to allow for rotational movement.
SC
with human-sized and shaped robots that
they have seen in movies, but the majority The three prismatic joints deliver a linear
of actual robots look nothing like humans. motion along the axis.
Typically, robots are designed more for  SCARA robot: SCARA (Selective
function than appearance. Compliance Assembly Robot Arm) robots are
commonly used in assembly applications;
 Control System of a robot is equivalent to
this selectively compliant arm for robotic
the central nervous system of a human. It
assembly is primarily cylindrical in design.
coordinates and controls all aspects of the
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It features two parallel joints that provide

robot. Sensors provide feedback based on compliance in one selected plane.
the robot’s surroundings, which is then sent
to the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The  Articulated robot: Articulated robot is
CPU filters this information through the a robot whose arm has at least three
robot’s programming and makes decisions rotary joints. Industrial robots commonly
have four or six axes.
based on logic. The same can be done with
a variety of inputs or human commands.  Cylindrical - The robot has at least one
Examples of sensors include Accelerometer rotary joint at the base and at least one
which increases/decreases its speed; prismatic joint to connect the links. The
Inclinometer which is basically senses the rotary joint uses a rotational motion along
angle/tilt requirement. the joint axis, while the prismatic joint
moves in a linear motion. Cylindrical robots
 Manipulators are basically the arms of operate within a cylindrical-shaped work
the robot. To fulfil their purposes, many envelope.
robots are required to interact with their
environment, and the world around them.  Delta - These spider-like robots are built
from jointed parallelograms connected to
Sometimes they are required to move or
a common base. Heavily used in the food,
reorient objects from their environments
pharmaceutical, and electronic industries,
without direct contact by human operators.
this robot configuration is capable of delicate,
Unlike the Body/frame and the Control precise movement.
System, manipulators are not integral
to a robot, i.e., a robot can exist without Topic: Robotics and AI
a manipulator. Sub-topic: Robotics

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43. Correct Option: (d) Railways to upgrade, professionalize and
manage the catering and hospitality services
Explanation: at stations, on trains and other locations
 Both statements are correct and to promote domestic and international
tourism through development of budget
Robots and Automated Machines hotels, special tour packages, information &
 A machine is a simple device that might be commercial publicity and global reservation
designed to complete the given command. systems. The authorized capital of the
These help producers in bringing the desired company is 250 crores and paid-up capital
result and outcome. is 160 crores. It’s registered and Corporate
Office is situated at New Delhi.
 On the other hand robot is a single
combination of many machines. Artificial Intelligence and Robots
 There are many differences between a robot  Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a sub section
and a machine. of computer science that deals with the
development of programs that perform
 Anatomy: The difference is that
actions similar to human intelligence.
machines need human control from
outside while robots only need  AI is developed with extensive studies
instructions that detail how the job of psychology, mathematics, philosophy,

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should be done and are ready to go. sociology, neuron science, computer science,
and biology.
 Sensory input: From cameras that aid in
machine vision to orientation and motion  John McCarthy is known as the father of
sensors, these robots use sensory data that Artificial Intelligence.
help in managing their performance. And
this is absent in ordinary machines.  On the other hand, Robots are programmable
O machines that can perform actions
 Design and development: Designing independently or semi-autonomously. The
work in the robot is more complicated than main aim behind creating robots is to ease
the robot as compared to simple machines. the work load on people.
Regular machines are characterized by a
degree of rigidity in their function.  The basic difference between robotics and
SC
artificial intelligence is that a robot has a
 Software: Software plays an important physical form and it may or may not require
role in differentiating between robots intelligence to perform specific tasks.
and machines. Machines have simple
software whereas robots are built with  Whereas an AI is a program so it doesn’t
advanced software. The main reason is need to be physical.
that machines needed humans most of the
 Chat bots are an example of AI as they do
time to complete a task.
use AI to function effectively and has the
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 Performing changing task: Versatility ability to learn and execute tasks on their
makes robots essential for the industry as own.
they can do a different job.
 Example includes Ask DISHA Chatbot
Topic: Robotics and AI of IRCTC helps in answering the
Sub-topic: Robotics general queries related to the services
provided by it.

44. Correct Option: (b) Topic: Robotics and AI

Sub-topic: Robotics
Explanation:
 Statement 1 is incorrect: Ask DISHA
is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) chatbot of
45. Correct Option: (c)
IRCTC and not a robot. While Robots have Explanation:
physical form, AI is programme of its own.
 Statement 2 is incorrect: Bluetooth is a
 Statement 2 is correct: Indian Railway kind of personal area network that uses 2.4
Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd. GHz radio frequency for communication.
(IRCTC) is a “Mini Ratna (Category-I)”
Central Public Sector Enterprise under Near Field Communication (NFC)
Ministry of Railways, Government of India.
 It is a contactless communication that uses
Artificial Intelligence used in railways radio waves for communication.
 IRCTC was incorporated on 27th September,  It’s a new standard of wireless
1999 as an extended arm of the Indian communication.

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  It enables users to transmit radio frequency  Since light can’t pass through obstacles like
wave over a very short distance just about walls and barriers, Li-Fi can’t work beyond
few centimeters it. It limited to visible range of light.
 Since it’s a very short-range communication,  It provides one point solution to signal
power consumption is very negligible or no solution. In offices a merely LED bulb can
power consumption. work as network generator.

 It can transfer low amount of data between Topic: Information Technology

devices enabled with NFC. Sub-topic: Application of IT
 No need of pairing the devices, its ready to
use at just a click or swipe. 46. Correct Option: (a)
Bluetooth technology Explanation:
 Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless  Statement 2 is incorrect: It is higher
technology standard for exchanging data in cost due to expensive manufacturing
over short distances (using short wavelength process.
radio transmissions in the ISM band from
 Statement 3 is incorrect: It gets easily
2400-2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile
damaged by water

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devices, creating Personal Area Networks
(PANs) with high levels of security.  Active-Matrix Organic Light Emitting
Diode
List of applications of Bluetooth:
 AMOLED is the short form of Active-
 Wireless control of and communication Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode. This
between a mobile phone and a hands-free technology adds TFT (Thin Film Transistor)
headset layer to provide greater control over the

O
Wireless Bluetooth headset and Intercom. light emitted by OLEDs. AMOLED display
screen emits colors directly from the organic
 Wireless networking between PCs in a diodes. Hence it does not require polarizing
confined space and where little bandwidth filters, crystals or any LED backlights as
is required. required in LCD display screens. This helps
SC
 Wireless communication with PC input and in saving power and slimming of the display
output devices, the most common being the screen size to considerable extent.
mouse, keyboard and printer.  AMOLED display screen: It consists of
four layers viz. anode layer, organic middle
 Transfer of files, contact details, calendar
layer, cathode layer and Substrate layer.
appointments, and reminders between
devices with OBEX.  Anode layer: It is called layer of positive
pole. It creates electron hole in order to
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Li-Fi dump electrons when electrified.

 Li-Fi means light fidelity  Organic layer: It is made of polymers
 Li-Fi is a wireless communication, high or organic molecules. Here each pixel is
speed and bidirectional. activated directly. This layer is stimulated
by the circuit which delivers voltage to both
 It’s similar to WiFi but not a radio frequency cathode and anode materials. The pixels in
wave communication. AMOLED gets turned ON and OFF about
 It’s a visual light communication where three times faster than speed of traditional
visible light has the capacity to transmit motion picture film.
the data.  Cathode layer: Based on OLED type, this
 A dedicated LED light so developed emits a layer is either opaque or transparent in
visible range light. The reach of light is the nature. It serves to inject electrons when
electrified.
range of Li-Fi communication.
 Substrate layer: It is also called bottom
 Internet connectivity would become
layer. It serves as base for OLED display
simpler and higher bandwidth of Li-Fi
screen. It is made of plastic, glass or foil. It
can render cost effective and efficient data
contains circuitry.
communication.
Benefits or advantages of AMOLED
 Most importantly Li-Fi is high security
display screen
benefits. Light communication can’t be
intercepted unlike electromagnetic waves.  It offers more colours and true colour re-
Hence its secure mode of communication. production due to direct pixel to pixel

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 illumination control. Moreover, it offers What is quantum computing?
greater contrast ratios.
 Quantum computing takes advantage of
 It consumes less power especially while the strange ability of subatomic particles to
displaying dark screens. exist in more than one state at any time.
 AMOLED display screens are lighter and  Due to the way the tiniest of particles
thinner than ordinary display screens. behave, operations can be done much more
quickly and use less energy than classical
 It offers wider viewing angles which is about
computers.
170 degrees.
 It offers super flexibility.
How is Quantum computer different from
a traditional computer?
 These screens are brighter than LED
screens.  What differentiates a quantum computer
from a traditional computer is the way the
 It is easy to produce and can be made in big two-store information.
sizes for example, laptop and PC monitor
screens.  Quantum computers perform calculations
based on the probability of an object’s state
 It resists instant pressure and it is brakeless before it is measured – instead of just 1s or
when it falls from certain height. 0s – which means they have the potential to

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process exponentially more data compared
Drawbacks or disadvantages of AMOLED
to classical computers.
display screen
 Classical computers carry out logical
 It is higher in cost due to expensive operations using the definite position of a
manufacturing process. physical state.
 It offers short lifespan than LED-LCD  These are usually binary, meaning its
screens.

O
Due to direct pixel by pixel illumination
some OLEDs are used for more duration and
hence their performance degrades faster
operations are based on one of two positions.
A single state – such as on or off, up or down,
1 or 0 – is called a bit.
 In quantum computing, operations instead
over time. This results into “burn-in effect”
SC
use the quantum state of an object to
in which very brighter screen elements produce what’s known as a qubit.
never disappear completely. To alleviate
this issue, AMOLED manufacturers are  These states are the undefined properties of
introducing “Auto-Dim” feature for parts of an object before they’ve been detected, such
the screen in which long duration brightness as the spin of an electron or the polarisation
are detected. of a photon.

 It gets easily damaged by water.  In their research paper published in the

GS

journal Nature, scientists have announced

Topic: Electronics and Telecommunication that their Sycamore computer has solved a
Sub-topic: Display technology problem that is considered intractable for
classical computers.

47. Correct Option: (c)  This was achieved by developing architecture

of what is known as “qubits”.
Explanation:
 “Qubits” is short for “quantum bits”, which
 Both statements are correct are to quantum computers what bits are to
traditional computers.
Quantum supremacy
 The more the number of qubits, the higher
 It refers to a quantum computer solving
the amount of information, which increases
a problem that cannot be expected of a
exponentially compared to the information
classical computer in a normal lifetime.
stored in the same number of bits.
 The phrase “quantum supremacy” was Topic: Electronics and Telecommunication
coined in 2011 by John Preskill, Professor
of Theoretical Physics at the California Sub-topic: Computers
Institute of Technology in a speech.
 According to reports, the quantum processor 48. Correct Option: (a)
took 200 seconds to perform a calculation
Explanation:
that the world’s fastest supercomputer
Summit would have taken 10,000 years to  Statement 2 is incorrect: IUC in India
accomplish. follows a calling-party pays regime (CPP).

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 Interconnect Usage Charges (IUC) 5G technologies
 Reliance Jio recently announced it would  Mobile telecommunication technologies
start charging customers Interconnect (e.g. mobile phones) transmit and receive
Usage Charge (IUC), which is currently at 6 radiofrequency electromagnetic fields
paisa per minute, on all outgoing calls made (RF EMFs) in defined ways that allow
to Airtel and Vodafone-Idea’s networks. communication to occur. The specific
Reliance Jio has announced some IUC top- method of utilising the RF EMFs is referred
up vouchers, which will give customers to as a “wireless standard”. For example,
certain minutes to make outgoing calls. the wireless standard used for the First
Generation of mobile telecommunication is
 The term ‘interconnection’ refers to an
referred to as “1G”.
arrangement under which telecom players
connect their equipment, networks and  As technology develops, these standards
services with other Telecom Services are updated, and there can be a family
Providers. The regulator, TRAI, addresses of different wireless protocols that are
the various issues related to interconnection collectively referred to as “1G”. For example,
arrangements. It also regulates the IUC. “UMTS” is a well-known protocol within
the 3G family, and “LTE” is a well-known
 IUC are termination charges paid by a protocol within the 4G family. However,
telecom service provider for a call originating

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where a particularly large or important
on its network and ending on a different change is introduced to the standard, the
operator’s network. overarching label for the wireless standard
 In a calling-party pays regime (CPP), if you is updated accordingly.
originate a call, you pay your access provider,  For example, where large changes were
who in turn pays termination charges to the made to the 1G wireless standard, the new
network you placed the call. standard was then referred to as the second

O
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India generation wireless standard, or “2G”.
Similarly, “2G” was replaced with “3G”,
(TRAI) has fixed the IUC rates at 6 paise
per minute, though it used be a little higher “3G” with “4G”, and now that substantial
at 14 paise per minute. developments are being implemented
relative to 4G, a fifth generation of wireless
SC
 TRAI wants to bring IUC to zero from standard has emerged that is known as
January 1, 2020.TRAI is ending IUC “5G”.
because it was assumed all networks would
move to VoLTEor voice over LTE (Long Characteristics of the application and its
Term Evolution). use
 IUC is one of the main sources of income for  There are a number of differences between
telecom companies. 5G and previous wireless standards. One
of these is that, in addition to the EMF
GS

 The incumbent players such as Airtel, Idea frequencies that are used for 3G and
and Vodafone would prefer a hike in IUC 4G standards, some 5G communication
or a status quo because a significant part of technologies utilise higher EMF frequencies
their network is still on 2G for which network (e.g. 28 GHz is currently used in the USA).
costs are higher. But the new entrant, Jio,
would prefer lower or even nil termination  EMFs at higher frequencies produce
charges as the number of calls originated by relatively superficial exposure, with less
it are more than the calls terminated. power penetrating deep into the body; so
that exposure does not cause harm.
Topic: Contemporary issues
 Different EMF frequencies also behave
Sub-topic: TRAI
differently in the environment, and as a
result additional antennas are required to
49. Correct Option: (a) utilise the higher frequencies. These are
not expected to affect the exposure scenario
Explanation: appreciably, and initial measurement
 Statement 1 is incorrect: 5G wireless studies suggest that exposure from 5G
standard uses beam-forming technology, antennas will be approximately similar to
which allows for the RF EMFs to be focused that from 3G and 4G antennas.
to the region where it is needed (e.g. to  A key feature of the 5G wireless
a person using a mobile phone), rather standard is that it uses beam-forming
than being spread out over a large area. technology, which allows for the RF
This reduces exposure in regions where EMFs to be focused to the region
communication is not needed. where it is needed (e.g. to a person

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 using a mobile phone), rather than  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a type
being spread out over a large area. This of scan that uses strong magnetic fields and
will allow, for example, the same RF EMF radio waves to produce detailed images of
frequencies to be sent to different users the inside of the body. An MRI scanner is a
concurrently without interfering with one large tube that contains powerful magnets.
another, which increases communication An MRI scan can be used to examine almost
rates because the frequency band does not any part of the body, including the brain and
need to be ‘shared ‘between the users. This spinal cord, bones and joints, breasts, heart
also reduces exposure in regions where and blood vessels, internal organs, such as
communication is not needed. the liver, womb or prostate gland.
RF effects on the body and health  The results of an MRI scan can be used to
implications help diagnose conditions, plan treatments
and assess how effective previous treatment
 RF EMFs have the ability to penetrate the has been.
human body, with the main effect of this
being a rise in temperature in the exposed Working principle
tissue.
 Most of the human body is made up of water
 The human body can adjust to small molecules, which consist of hydrogen and
temperature increases in the same way oxygen atoms.

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as it does when undertake exercise and
 At the centre of each hydrogen atom is
performing sporting activities. This is
an even smaller particle called a proton.
because the body can regulate its internal
Protons are like tiny magnets and are very
temperature. However, above a certain level
sensitive to magnetic fields.
(referred to as the threshold), RF exposure
and the accompanying temperature rise  When one lies under the powerful scanner
can provoke serious health effects, such as magnets, the protons in the body line up in
the same direction, in the same way that a

heatstroke and tissue damage (burns).
Another general characteristic of RF
O
EMFs is that the higher the frequency,
the lower the depth of penetration of the

magnet can pull the needle of a compass.
Short bursts of radio waves are then sent
to certain areas of the body, knocking the
EMFs into the body. As 5G technologies protons out of alignment.
SC
can utilise higher EMF frequencies
 When the radio waves are turned off, the
(>24 GHz) in addition to those currently
protons realign. This sends out radio signals,
used (<4 GHz), power from those higher
which are picked up by receivers.
frequencies will be primarily absorbed
more superficially than that from previous  These signals provide information about the
mobile telecommunications technologies. exact location of the protons in the body.
However, although the proportion of power
 They also help to distinguish between the
that is absorbed superficially (as opposed to
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various types of tissue in the body, because

deeper in the body) is larger for the higher
the protons in different types of tissue
frequencies, the ICNIRP (2020) restrictions
realign at different speeds and produce
have been set to ensure that the resultant
distinct signals.
peak spatial power will remain far lower
than that required to adversely affect  In the same way that millions of pixels
health. Accordingly, 5G exposures will not on a computer screen can create complex
cause any harm providing that they adhere pictures, the signals from the millions of
to the ICNIRP (2020) guidelines. protons in the body are combined to create a
detailed image of the inside of the body.
Topic: contemporary issues
Sub-topic: 5G  In comparison to alternative techniques
such as X-rays and CT scans, MRI does
not involve exposure to ionizing radiation,
50. Correct Option: (c) and thus avoids the associated carcinogenic
risk.
Explanation:
Topic: Science and technology
 Both statements are correct
Sub-topic: science and technology as a
Magnetic resonance imaging source of human development

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