PRELIMS TEST SERIES (PTS)

Civil Services Examination 2025

Test Code: 01121011 DATE : 10/11/2024

A
GENERAL STUDIES
Test Booklet Series

(Paper-I)
M1T12 : Science & Technology, General Science
and Current Affairs (July 2024 -Till Date)

Time Allowed: Two Hours Maximum Marks: 200

Before attempting paper please read the instructions given on page no. 2 carefully and follow
them.

DELHI CENTRE:
Old Rajinder Nagar: 27-B, Pusa Road, Metro Pillar no. 118, Near Karol Bagh Metro, New Delhi-110060 | Phone: 8081300200
Mukherjee Nagar: 1422, Main Mukherjee Nagar Road, Near Batra Cinema, New Delhi-110009 | Phone: 8081300200
BHOPAL CENTRE: Plot No. 46 Zone - 2, M.P Nagar, Bhopal - 462011 | Phone: 8827664612, 8081300200
JAIPUR CENTRE: Plot No. 6 & 7, 3rd Floor, Sree Gopal Nagar, Gopalpura Bypass, Jaipur - 302015 | Phone: 9358200511
PRAYAGRAJ CENTRE: IInd Floor 31/31, Sardar Patel Marg, Civil Lines Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh-211001 | Ph. 9958857757

(1 – A)
 DO NOT OP EN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

INSTRUCTIONS
1. IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXAMINATION, YOU SHOULD CHECK
THAT THIS TEST BOOKLET DOES Not HAVE ANY UNPRINTED OR TORN OR MISSING PAGES OR
ITEMS, ETC. IF SO, GET IT REPLACED BY A COMPLETE TEST BOOKLET.

2. Please note that it is the candidate’s responsibility to encode and fill in the Roll Number and Test Booklet
Series A or B carefully and without any omission or discrepancy at the appropriate places in the OMR
Answer Sheet. Any omissionèkdiscrepancy will render the Answer Sheet liable for rejection.

3. You have to enter your Roll Number on the Test Booklet

in the box provided alongside.

4. This Test Booklet contains 100 items (Questions). Each item is printed in English only. Each item comprises four
responses (Answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the Answer Sheet. In case you feel
that there is more than one correct response, mark the response which you consider the best. In any case, choose
ONLY ONE response for each item.

5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate answer sheet provided. See directions in the Answer Sheet.

6. All items carry equal marks.

7. Before you proceed to mark in the Answer Sheet the response to various items in the Test Booklet, you have to
fill in some particulars in the Answer Sheet as per instructions sent to you with your Admission Certificate.

8. After you have completed filling in all your responses on the Answer Sheet and the examination has concluded, you
should hand over to the invigilator only the Answer Sheet. You are permitted to take away with you the Test Booklet.

9. Sheets for rough work are appended in the Test Booklet at the end.

10. Penalty for wrong answers:

THERE WILL BE PENALTY FOR WRONG ANSWERS MARKED BY A CANDIDATE IN THE

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTION PAPERS.

(i) There are four alternatives for the answer to every question. For each question for which a wrong answer has
been given by the candidate, one-third of the marks assigned to that question will be deducted as penalty.

(ii) If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of the given
answers happens to be correct and there will be same penalty as above to that question.

(iii) If question is left blank, i.e., no answer is given by the candidate, there will be no penalty for that question.

11. CHALLENGE THE QUESTION: If students feel that either the question(s)/answer(s) needs to be modified
or require clarification, they can email at pts@nextias.com

DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

 Science & Technology, General Science and Current Affairs: M1T12

1. With reference to Artificial General How many of the statements given above
Intelligence (AGI), consider the following are correct?
statements: (a) Only one
1. AGI can handle simple, specific tasks (b) Only two
like image recognition but cannot (c) All three
emulate human cognition abilities. (d) None
2. High energy use and e-waste generation
4. “This elementary particle is known to impart
are key environmental concerns
mass to every other elementary particle, and
regarding AGI development.
its discovery completed the Standard Model
Which of the statements given above is/are of Particle Physics.”
correct?
Which of the following particles is described
(a) 1 only
above?
(b) 2 only
(a) Gluon
(c) Both 1 and 2
(b) Graviton
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) Neutrino
2. Consider the following statements: (d) Higgs Boson
Statement-I: 5. Consider the following statements:
Light from distant galaxies appears ‘shifted’ Statement-I:
towards the red part of the spectrum.
The Sun’s photosphere is much hotter than
Statement-II: the Sun’s corona.
The Universe is undergoing expansion. Statement-II:
Which of the following is correct in respect The Sun generates heat at its core.
of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are Which of the following is correct with
correct and Statement-II is the correct respect to the above statements?
explanation for Statement-I. (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II correct and Statement-II is the correct
are correct, but Statement-II is not the explanation for Statement-I.
correct explanation for Statement-I. (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II is not the
is incorrect. correct explanation for Statement-I.
(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement- (c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II
II is correct. is incorrect.
(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-
3. With reference to Radio Frequency
II is correct.
Identification (RFID), consider the
following statements: 6. Consider the following statements regarding
1. It is a short-range communication the difference between Non-Fungible
technology. Tokens (NFTs) and Cryptocurrencies:
2. RFID tags can carry encrypted 1. Cryptocurrencies are built on
information, serial numbers and short Blockchain, while NFTs are built using
descriptions. Holochain.
3. Like barcodes, RFIDs also require a 2. Cryptocurrencies are interchangeable,
direct line of sight to function properly. while NFTs are non-interchangeable.

© Copyright: (3 – A) www.nextias.com
PTS (GS): CSE 2025

3. Cryptocurrencies are non-tokenized, (b) Digital contracts stored on a blockchain

while NFTs are tokenized. that are automatically executed when
predetermined terms and conditions
How many of the statements given above
are met.
are correct?
(c) Contracts that are used for transactions
(a) Only one
involving cryptocurrencies and virtual
(b) Only two
assets.
(c) All three
(d) Contracts that possess artificial
(d) None
intelligence, allowing them to learn
7. With respect to Geostationary orbits and adapt their terms based on user
(GSO) and Sun-synchronous orbits (SSO), behavior.
consider the following statements:
10. Consider the following statements:
1. Satellites in SSO pass over the same
spot at the same local time, while those Statement-I:
in GSO remain fixed over a specific Far side of the moon is never directly visible
point on Earth. from any point on the Earth.
2. Satellites in SSO are synchronized to
Statement-II:
stay in constant dawn or dusk, while
those in GSO are synchronized with Moon spins on its axis in exactly the same
Earth’s rotation. time as it takes to orbit around Earth.
Which of the statements given above is/are Which one of the following is correct in
correct? respect of the above statements?
(a) 1 only (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
(b) 2 only correct and Statement-II is the correct
(c) Both 1 and 2 explanation for Statement-I.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
are correct, but Statement-II is not the
8. Consider the following statements regarding correct explanation for Statement-I.
‘Edge Computing’: (c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II
1. In Edge computing, data is stored at is incorrect.
centralized data centres. (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-
2. Edge computing generally enables II is correct.
faster data processing and content
11. Consider the following statements
delivery than cloud computing.
regarding the difference between Quantum
Which of the statements given above is/are Computing (QC) and Classical Computing
correct? (CC):
(a) 1 only 1. QC utilizes qubits, whereas CC relies
(b) 2 only on binary bits.
(c) Both 1 and 2 2. QC has low error rates, whereas CC
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 has high error rates.
9. Which of the following statements correctly Which of the statements given above is/are
describes the term ‘Smart Contract’, correct?
sometimes seen in the news? (a) 1 only
(a) Agreements that enable payment (b) 2 only
processing between two parties without (c) Both 1 and 2
any extra conditions. (d) Neither 1 nor 2

© Copyright: (4 – A) www.nextias.com
 Science & Technology, General Science and Current Affairs: M1T12

12. Consider the following statements: (c) Rani Gaidinliu

(d) Jhalkari Bai
Statement-I:
15. With reference to ‘4D Printing’, consider
MicroRNAs regulate the production of
the following statements:
proteins.
1. It involves the creation of 3D objects
Statement-II: that can change shape by themselves.
MicroRNAs provide the code for protein 2. In 4D printing, objects alter their shape
synthesis. due to a predefined computer code.

Which one of the following is correct in Which of the statements given above is/are
respect of the above statements? correct?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are (a) 1 only
correct and Statement-II is the correct (b) 2 only
explanation for Statement-I. (c) Both 1 and 2
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II (d) Neither 1 nor 2
are correct, but Statement-II is not the 16. Which one of the following best describes
correct explanation for Statement-I. the term “bluewashing”, sometimes seen in
(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II news?
is incorrect. (a) A strategy used by companies to mislead
(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement- consumers about the environmental
II is correct. impact of their products.
(b) A fraudulent scheme involving the
13. With reference to eSIM technology,
misuse of digital technology for
consider the following statements:
financial gain.
1. It is embedded directly into a mobile’s
(c) A tactic used by companies to
hardware.
misrepresent their digital ethics and
2. It is re-programmable allowing users
security measures.
to switch network operators without
(d) Restoration of coastal regions using
replacing SIM cards.
natural blue carbon ecosystems, such
3. It allows devices to connect to multiple
as mangroves and seagrasses.
networks simultaneously, enhancing
global connectivity. 17. Which of the following languages were
accorded the Classical Language Status in
How many of the statements given above
India recently?
are correct? 1. Pali
(a) Only one 2. Assamese
(b) Only two 3. Marathi
(c) All three 4. Prakrit
(d) None 5. Gujarati
14. Who among the following led the Kittur Select the correct answer using the code
Rebellion, which was one of the earliest given below:
anti-colonial struggles led by women in (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
India? (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
(a) Rani Channamma (c) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
(b) Velu Nachiyar (d) 1, 2 and 4 only

© Copyright: (5 – A) www.nextias.com
PTS (GS): CSE 2025

18. Consider the following statements regarding Select the correct answer using the code
the European Union’s Carbon Border given below:
Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): (a) 2 and 3 only
1. It aims to prevent carbon leakage by (b) 1, 2 and 4 only
taxing imports based on the carbon (c) 1, 2 and 3 only
emissions associated with their (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
production.
2. It provides an exemption for developing 21. Recently, CERN has proposed the Future
countries to address disparities in Circular Collider that will replace the Large
historical emissions responsibility. Hadron Collider as the world’s largest
particle collider. Which of the following
Which of the above statements is/are
best describes the purpose of particle
correct?
(a) 1 only colliders?
(b) 2 only (a) Studying the behavior of fundamental
(c) Both 1 and 2 particles under high gravity conditions
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (b) Analyzing gravitational waves to
understand lesser-known parts of the
19. Consider the following statements:
universe
Statement-I: (c) Speeding up charged particles close to
Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) the speed of light
are generally considered beneficial for (d) Testing theories of space-time
individuals with type 2 diabetes. curvature and effects of gravitational
Statement-II: lensing

AGEs are formed by the reaction of sugar 22. Which of the following are advantages of
with fats or proteins. optical fiber cables?
1. They offer high bandwidth, enabling
Which one of the following is correct in
respect of the above statements? the transmission of large volumes of
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are data.
correct and Statement-II is the correct 2. They have low signal loss, ensuring
explanation for Statement-I. efficient data transmission over long
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II distances.
are correct, but Statement-II is not the 3. They provide high immunity to
correct explanation for Statement-I. electromagnetic interference.
(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II
Select the correct answer using the code
is incorrect.
(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement- given below:
II is correct. (a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
20. The Coral Triangle, often referred to as
(c) 2 and 3 only
the “Amazon of the Seas” due to its rich
(d) 1, 2 and 3
marine biodiversity, includes which of the
following countries? 23. Consider the following statements:
1. Indonesia Statement-I:
2. Malaysia
3. Singapore Satellites in geostationary orbit appear to be
4. The Philippines stationary with respect to earth’s surface.

© Copyright: (6 – A) www.nextias.com
 Science & Technology, General Science and Current Affairs: M1T12

Statement-II: 26. Consider the following statements:

Speed of satellites in geostationary orbit is Statement-I:
the same as that of earth’s speed of rotation.
Gravitational waves travel through the
Which one of the following is correct in universe with minimal obstruction, carrying
respect of the above statements? information about their origins without
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are distortion.
correct and Statement-II is the correct
Statement-II:
explanation for Statement-I.
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II Gravitational waves interact very weakly
are correct, but Statement-II is not the with matter.
correct explanation for Statement-I. Which one of the following is correct in
(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II
respect of the above statements?
is incorrect.
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-
correct and Statement-II is the correct
II is correct.
explanation for Statement-I.
24. The Bletchley Declaration, recently in the (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
news, is related to: are correct, but Statement-II is not the
(a) Addressing the risks and responsibilities correct explanation for Statement-I.
involved in Artificial intelligence by (c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II
fostering scientific cooperation is incorrect.
(b) Promoting global cooperation in (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-
nuclear safety standards and the secure II is correct.
handling of nuclear materials.
27. Consider the following statements regarding
(c) Setting international guidelines for
the neutrinos:
environmental sustainability and
establishing protocols for biodiversity Statement-I:
protection. They are tiny subatomic particles often
(d) Creating a framework for cybersecurity called ‘ghost particles’.
and digital infrastructure development
among member nations. Statement-II:

25. Consider the following statements: Their zero charge and almost non-existent
1. The Kuiper Belt is a doughnut-shaped mass makes it very difficult to detect them.
region of icy bodies that extends from Which one of the following is correct in
Neptune to the outer edges of the solar respect of the above statements?
system. (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
2. NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft correct and Statement-II is the correct
is designed to explore objects in the explanation for Statement-I.
Kuiper Belt. (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
Which of the statements given above is/are are correct, but Statement-II is not the
correct? correct explanation for Statement-I.
(a) 1 only (c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II
(b) 2 only is incorrect.
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 II is correct.

© Copyright: (7 – A) www.nextias.com
PTS (GS): CSE 2025

28. Consider the following pairs: How many of the above statements are
List-I : List-II correct?
1. INS Jatayu : Destroyer class vessel (a) Only one
2. INS Arighat : Nuclear-powered (b) Only two
submarine (c) All three
3. INS Kolkata : Naval base (d) None

How many of the above pairs are correctly 31. Which of the following is not a key feature
matched? of High-Altitude Pseudo-Satellite (HAPS)
(a) Only one vehicles?
(a) HAPS offer more precise surveillance
(b) Only two
capabilities due to their lower altitude.
(c) All three.
(b) HAPS are easier to launch and retrieve
(d) None
compared to satellites.
29. Consider the following statements regarding (c) HAPS systems have a lower
the NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar environmental impact due to reliance
(NISAR) Mission: on solar power.
1. It is a Low Earth Orbit observatory (d) HAPS are located in troposphere and
primarily aimed at observing Earth’s can help in communication during
ecosystems and monitoring natural disaster
hazards. 32. Consider the following pairs:
2. It is the first satellite mission to collect Air defense system : Country
radar data in two microwave bandwidth 1. Iron Dome : Israel
regions. 2. Patriot : USA
3. VSHORAD : India
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct? How many of the above pairs are correctly
(a) 1 only matched?
(b) 2 only (a) Only one pair
(c) Both 1 and 2 (b) Only two pairs
(c) All three pairs
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) None
30. Consider the following statements regarding
33. The Kazan Declaration, aimed at
the ‘Near Field Communication (NFC)
strengthening multilateralism for equitable
Technology’:
global development and security, was
1. It is a wireless communication recently adopted during which of the
technology that primarily uses infrared following summits?
waves to enable communication (a) SCO Summit
between two devices. (b) G20 Summit
2. NFC-enabled devices must be either (c) BRICS Summit
physically touching or within a few (d) UNCCD Summit
centimetres from each other for data
34. Consider the following statements regarding
transfer to occur. the International Space Station (ISS):
3. It is less secure than other wireless 1. It is situated above the Earth’s
communication methods like exosphere.
Bluetooth. 2. It orbits the earth in Low Earth Orbit.

© Copyright: (8 – A) www.nextias.com
 Science & Technology, General Science and Current Affairs: M1T12

Which of the statements given above is/are Statement-II:

correct? It utilises special types of gases which can
(a) 1 only absorb radiowaves and microwaves.
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 Which one of the following is correct in
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
35. Consider the following pairs: correct and Statement-II is the correct
Celestial Objects : Description explanation for Statement-I.
1. Asteroid : Small celestial bodies (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
that orbit between are correct, but Statement-II is not the
Mars and Jupiter correct explanation for Statement-I.
2. Comet : Icy bodies that (c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II
develop a tail when is incorrect.
they approach the (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-
Sun II is correct.
3. Meteoroid : Space object that
38. In the context of Indian defence, which
lands on Earth’s
of the following best describes the term
surface after
“Zorawar,” which has recently been in the
passing through the
news?
atmosphere.
(a) A next-generation missile system
How many of the above pairs are correctly designed for precision strikes and
matched? enhanced range.
(a) Only one (b) An advanced surveillance drone
(b) Only two developed for intelligence gathering in
(c) All three border areas.
(d) None (c) A high-altitude, all-terrain light tank
36. With reference to satellite navigation developed by DRDO for the Indian
systems, consider the following pairs: Army.
Satellite Navigation System : Country (d) An operation conducted by the Border
1. Compass : China Security Force.
2. QZSS : Japan 39. Consider the following statements
3. GLONASS : Russia about the advantages of Tamil Nadu’s
How many pairs given above are correctly Kulasekarapattinam as the site for ISRO’s
matched? new rocket launchport:
(a) Only one pair 1. Its proximity to the equator enables
(b) Only two pairs launch with increased fuel efficiency
(c) All three pairs for missions in low-inclination orbits.
(d) None of the pairs 2. The location allows for a direct
southward trajectory for launches,
37. Consider the following statements regarding eliminating the need to divert around
Microwave Obscurant Chaff Rocket , which Sri Lanka.
was recently in the news:
Which of the statements given above is/are
Statement-I: correct?
It helps protect platforms and assets from (a) 1 only
getting detected by enemy radars. (b) 2 only

© Copyright: (9 – A) www.nextias.com
PTS (GS): CSE 2025

(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) All three

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) None
40. With reference to the Gaganyaan Project, 43. Consider the following:
consider the following statements: 1. Pressure sensors
1. It aims to demonstrate human 2. Accelerometers
spaceflight capability by launching 3. Acoustic devices
crew members to Medium Earth Orbit. 4. Quartz watches
2. The project’s launch vehicle, HLVM3, In how many of the equipments stated above,
is a two-stage rocket featuring does the phenomenon of Piezoelectricity
cryogenic and liquid stages. find its usage?
Which of the statements given above is/are (a) Only one
not correct? (b) Only two
(a) 1 only (c) Only three
(b) 2 only (d) All four
(c) Both 1 and 2 44. Consider the following statements with
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 reference to the Gram Nyayalayas Act,
41. Falkland Islands, often remain in the news, 2008, which has been in the news recently:
in the context of: 1. Criminal cases do not fall within the
(a) Ongoing territorial disputes between jurisdiction of Gram Nyayalayas.
the United Kingdom and Argentina. 2. Gram Nyayalayas are not bound by the
(b) Significant oil reserves discovered in Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
surrounding waters. Which of the statements given above is/are
(c) Their unique biodiversity and not correct?
conservation efforts. (a) 1 only
(d) Economic developments related to (b) 2 only
tourism and fishing industries. (c) Both 1 and 2
42. With reference to Indian Space Policy 2023, (d) Neither 1 nor 2
consider the following statements: 45. Consider the following statements regarding
1. Non-Governmental Entities will be the Artemis Accord:
allowed to undertake end-to-end 1. It provides principles and guidelines
activities in the space sector. for the civil exploration and use of
2. ISRO will transition out from the Mars.
manufacturing of operational space 2. It has been established by the UN Office
systems. for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA).
3. IN-SPACe will act as a single window 3. India is a signatory to the Accord.
clearance and authorisation agency for
Which of the statements given above is/are
space launches.
correct?
How many of the statements given above (a) 1 only
are correct? (b) 1 and 2 only
(a) Only one (c) 1 and 3 only
(b) Only two (d) 2 and 3 only

© Copyright: (10 – A) www.nextias.com

 Science & Technology, General Science and Current Affairs: M1T12

46. Consider the following pairs: 3. Roach Motel : Making it easy to

List-I : List-II sign up but creating
1. Vacuum Bombs : Carries fuel obstacles when
particles to users attempt to
weaponize and unsubscribe or
ignite atmospheric delete their account.
air
2. Dumb Bombs : Unguided free-fall How many of the pairs given above are
munitions correctly matched?
3. Dirty Bombs : Conventional (a) Only one
explosive device (b) Only two
laced with toxic (c) All three
nuclear material. (d) None

How many of the above pairs are correctly 49. Which of the following hormones is
matched? released by the body in response to stress?
(a) Only one (a) Cortisol
(b) Only two (b) Insulin
(c) All three (c) Dopamine
(d) None (d) Serotonin
47. “It is a three-stage launch vehicle equipped 50. The terms “Conti” and “Black Basta”
with two solid strap-on motors, one liquid recently seen in the news are related to
core stage, and a cryogenic upper stage. which of the following?
This vehicle is capable of placing satellites (a) Crypto currency
in the 4-tonne class of the GSAT series into (b) Malware
Geosynchronous Transfer Orbits.” (c) Asteroids
(d) Supercomputers
Which of the following ISRO launch
vehicles is described in the passage above? 51. Consider the following statements:
(a) Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Statement-I:
Vehicle Mk II
Graphene is a good conductor of electricity.
(b) Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
(c) LVM 3 Statement-II:
(d) Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle Graphene has a single layer of carbon atoms
48. Consider the following pairs regarding the arranged in a hexagonal lattice structure.
Dark patterns: Which of the following is correct in respect
of the above statements?
Dark Pattern : Description
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
1. Basket : Using persistent
correct and Statement-II is the correct
Sneaking messages to explanation for Statement-I.
pressure users into (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
a specific action. are correct, but Statement-II is not the
2. Nagging : Adding items correct explanation for Statement-I.
or services to a (c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II
user’s cart without is incorrect.
their consent or (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-
knowledge. II is correct.

© Copyright: (11 – A) www.nextias.com

PTS (GS): CSE 2025

52. How does soap remove grease and oil from (c) Both 1 and 2
dirty dishes? (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) By increasing the water temperature
56. With reference to the Forest Ecosystem
(b) By making the water less dense
Restoration Initiative (FERI), consider the
(c) By breaking down grease molecules
following statements:
(d) By acting as an emulsifier
1. It is an initiative led by the Government
53. Consider the following: of India in collaboration with the
1. Barak-8
Convention on Biological Diversity.
2. Spyder
2. It was launched to assist developing
3. S-400
countries in implementing plans
4. Helina
for ecosystem conservation and
5. Igla-S
restoration in alignment with the Aichi
Which of the defence technologies given Biodiversity Targets.
above form a part of India’s air defence
system? Which of the statements given above is/are
(a) 1, 3 and 5 only correct?
(b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only (a) 1 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only (b) 2 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (c) Both 1 and 2
54. Which of the following best describes the (d) Neither 1 nor 2
term “Cosmic Microwave Background 57. Which of the following statements
(CMB)”? accurately differentiates between dark
(a) The radiation emitted by stars and matter and dark energy?
galaxies throughout the universe. 1. Dark matter exerts a gravitational pull
(b) The leftover heat radiation from the that brings galaxies together, whereas
Big Bang that fills the entire universe.
dark energy causes the expansion of
(c) The collection of all radio waves
the universe.
emitted by quasars.
2. Dark matter constitutes a greater
(d) The light emitted by black holes as
portion of the universe’s total mass-
they consume surrounding matter.
energy content compared to dark
55. With reference to Outer Space Treaty, energy.
consider the following statements:
1. States are responsible for national Select the correct answer using the code
space activities whether carried out given below:
by governmental or non-governmental (a) 1 only
entities. (b) 2 only
2. The treaty bans nuclear weapons in (c) Both 1 and 2
space but is silent on other Weapons of (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Mass Destruction.
58. Carbon nanotubes may find application in
Which of the statements given above is/are which of the following?
correct? 1. Rechargeable batteries
(a) 1 only 2. Tissue regeneration
(b) 2 only 3. Searching exoplanets

© Copyright: (12 – A) www.nextias.com

 Science & Technology, General Science and Current Affairs: M1T12

Select the correct answer using the code (c) 2 and 3 only
given below: (d) 1, 2 and 3
(a) 1 and 2 only 62. Consider the following statements about the
(b) 1 and 3 only Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence
(c) 2 and 3 only (GPAI):
(d) 1, 2 and 3 1. GPAI was launched by G-20 countries
59. The satellites of the Indian Regional to support research on AI ethics and
societal impact.
Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) have
2. India is a founding member of the
been placed in which of the following
GPAI.
orbits?
1. Sun-synchronous polar orbit Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
2. Geosynchronous orbit
(a) 1 only
3. Geostationary orbit
(b) 2 only
Select the correct answer using the code (c) Both 1 and 2
given below: (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 1 and 2 only 63. Which of the following is the primary use of
(b) 2 and 3 only “Air Independent Propulsion” technology,
(c) 1 and 3 only sometimes seen in news?
(d) 1, 2 and 3 (a) Enhancing the speed of aircraft
60. What is the primary objective of ISRO’s (b) Enabling submarines to operate
without surfacing for extended periods
SPADEX mission?
(c) Increasing the fuel efficiency of surface
(a) To launch satellites for
vessels
telecommunication purposes.
(d) Improving the maneuverability of
(b) To demonstrate autonomous docking drones
technology in space
64. With reference to rocket propulsion
(c) To conduct lunar exploration missions.
technology, consider the following
(d) To create a permanent space station for
statements:
India
1. In a liquid rocket engine, the fuel and
61. Consider the following statements regarding the oxidiser are stored separately
the Moon treaty of 1979: 2. In a solid rocket engine, the fuel and
1. Its provisions apply to the moon as oxidiser are mixed together and packed
well as other celestial bodies in the into a solid cylinder
solar system. 3. Liquid engines provide higher thrust,
2. It prohibits the use of military personnel while solid engines provide better
maneuverability.
on the moon for all purposes.
3. India is a signatory to the agreement. Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
Which of the statements given above are (a) 1 and 2 only
correct? (b) 2 and 3 only
(a) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

© Copyright: (13 – A) www.nextias.com

PTS (GS): CSE 2025

65. Which of the following cell components are 2. Semi-cryogenic engines harness the
present only in plant cells? vehicle’s forward motion to compress
1. Plastids incoming air for combustion.
2. Centrioles
Which of the statements given above is/are
3. Ribosomes
correct?
4. Cell wall
(a) 1 only
Select the correct answer using the code (b) 2 only
given below: (c) Both 1 and 2
(a) 1 and 4 only (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only 69. The term ‘Hawking radiation,’ often
(d) 1, 2 and 3 only mentioned in the news, refers to:
(a) Charged particles emitted in the form
66. Which of the following statements about
of solar flares.
Type 1 diabetes is/are correct?
(b) Hypothetical particles formed at the
1. Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune
condition where the body’s immune event horizon of black holes.
system attacks and destroys insulin- (c) Terrestrial thermal radiation emitted
producing beta cells in the pancreas. from the Earth’s hot surface.
2. Insulin in Type 1 diabetes is primarily (d) Radiation emitted from spent nuclear
responsible for increasing blood fuel.
glucose levels. 70. With reference to Cruise and Ballistic
Select the correct answer using the code missile technologies, consider the following
given below: statements:
(a) 1 only
Statement-I:
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 Cruise missiles generally have higher
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 speeds than ballistic missiles.
67. Which of the following best describes the Statement-II:
term “antigen”? Ballistic missiles are powered only during
(a) A protein produced by the immune the initial phase, while cruise missiles are
system to neutralize pathogens.
powered throughout their trajectory.
(b) A substance that triggers an immune
response by being recognized as Which one of the following is correct in
foreign by the body. respect of the above statements?
(c) A type of white blood cell involved in (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
the adaptive immune response. correct and Statement-II is the correct
(d) A chemical messenger that regulates explanation for Statement-I.
immune functions. (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
68. Consider the following statements with are correct, but Statement-II is not the
reference to cryogenic and semi-cryogenic correct explanation for Statement-I.
propulsion engines: (c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II
1. Cryogenic engines utilize liquid is incorrect.
hydrogen, while semi-cryogenic (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-
engines use refined kerosene as fuel. II is correct.

© Copyright: (14 – A) www.nextias.com

 Science & Technology, General Science and Current Affairs: M1T12

71. Consider the following statements regarding 75. With reference to the Digital Personal Data
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs): Protection Act, 2023, consider the following
1. They are inspired by the biological statements:
nervous system in terms of their 1. The act applies to personal data
architectural format. processed by an individual for domestic
2. Google’s search algorithm is an purposes.
example of a neural network. 2. A Data Principal under the act shall
have the right to erasure of her personal
Which of the statements given above is/are
data.
correct?
3. The State Government may restrict
(a) 1 only
the transfer of personal data by a
(b) 2 only
Data Fiduciary for processing to other
(c) Both 1 and 2
countries.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
How many of the statements given above
72. The Square Kilometre Array Observatory are not correct?
(SKAO), which has frequently been in (a) Only one
the news, is classified as which type of (b) Only two
telescope? (c) All three
(a) X-ray telescope (d) None
(b) Radio telescope
76. Consider the following applications:
(c) Infrared telescope
1. Wireless Charging
(d) Optical telescope
2. Metal Melting
73. Recently, Chandrayaan-3 became the first 3. Metal Detectors
mission to make a soft landing on the 4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
moon’s south pole. What is the significance
How many of the above applications utilize
of the lunar south pole?
electromagnetic induction technology?
1. Highest known concentration of water
(a) Only one
ice on the moon is near its south pole.
(b) Only two
2. South pole has permanently shadowed
(c) Only three
regions containing a fossil record of
(d) All four
the early Solar System.
77. Arrange the following stages in the lifecycle
Select the correct answer using the code
of a giant star in chronological order,
given below: starting from the earliest stage:
(a) 1 only 1. Main Sequence Star
(b) 2 only 2. Red Supergiant
(c) Both 1 and 2 3. Supernova Explosion
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 4. Neutron Star or Black Hole
74. Which of the following sets of nutrients Select the correct sequence using the code
play a major role in blood clotting? given below:
(a) Vitamin C and iron (a) 1 - 2 - 3 - 4
(b) Vitamin K and calcium (b) 1 - 3 - 2 - 4
(c) Vitamin D and magnesium (c) 2 - 1 - 4 - 3
(d) Vitamin B12 and folate (d) 1 - 2 - 4 - 3

© Copyright: (15 – A) www.nextias.com

PTS (GS): CSE 2025

78. Consider the following statements: 80. Consider the following statements regarding
Statement-I: the recently notified Ecomark Rules, 2024:
1. It replaces the Ecomark scheme of
Terrestrial planets contain more gas and less
1991.
solid material compared to Jovian planets.
2. A product having a mandate of the
Statement-II: Quality Control Orders issued by the
Terrestrial planets are situated closer to the Central Government may be granted
Sun than Jovian planets. an Ecomark.
Which of the following is correct in respect 3. The reduction of non-renewable
to the above statements? resource usage is one of the criteria for
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are granting an Ecomark.
correct and Statement-II is the correct Which of the statements given above are
explanation for Statement-I. correct?
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
(a) 1 and 2 only
are correct, but Statement-II is not the
(b) 1 and 3 only
correct explanation for Statement-I.
(c) 2 and 3 only
(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II
is incorrect. (d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement- 81. Consider the following statements:
II is correct.
Statement-I:
79. Consider the following statements regarding
Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)
human blood transfusion:
can use natural uranium oxide as fuel,
Statement-I: without requiring the enrichment of
White Blood Cells (WBCs) form an uranium.
important component of the transfused
Statement-II:
blood.
PHWRs utilize heavy water as a moderator,
Statement-II:
which doesn’t absorb as many neutrons as
WBCs are primarily responsible for fighting the commonly used light water does.
infections.
Which one of the following is correct in
Which one of the following is correct in
respect of the above statements?
respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
correct and Statement-II is the correct
correct and Statement-II is the correct
explanation for Statement-I.
explanation for Statement-I.
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
are correct, but Statement-II is not the are correct, but Statement-II is not the
correct explanation for Statement-I. correct explanation for Statement-I.
(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II (c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II
is incorrect. is incorrect.
(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement- (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-
II is correct. II is correct.

© Copyright: (16 – A) www.nextias.com

 Science & Technology, General Science and Current Affairs: M1T12

82. With reference to the recently launched 2. The first stage in the launch vehicle is
Automated Permanent Academic Account reusable.
Registry ID (APAAR ID), consider the
Which of the statements given above is/are
following statements:
correct?
1. It is a unique 12-digit identification
(a) 1 only
system designed for all students in
(b) 2 only
India.
(c) Both 1 and 2
2. It is linked to DigiLocker where
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
students can store all their academic
degrees and certificates. 86. Consider the following statements regarding
3. Registration for creating an APAAR ID the Eri silk, which was recently in the news:
is voluntary. 1. It is known as the world's only vegan
silk, as the moth inside the cocoon is
How many of the statements given above
not killed.
are correct?
(a) Only one 2. It is a Geographical Indication (GI)
(b) Only two product of Assam.
(c) All three Which of the statements given above is/are
(d) None correct?
83. Pulsars, often referred to as cosmic clocks, (a) 1 only
are a type of: (b) 2 only
(a) Neutron star that emits beams of (c) Both 1 and 2
radiation. (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(b) Black hole that produces high-energy 87. Which of the following best describes the
gamma rays. concept of Bitcoin halving?
(c) Giant star that undergoes supernova (a) Process of splitting a Bitcoin into two
explosions. separate cryptocurrencies for better
(d) White dwarf that pulsates in brightness. scalability
84. Which of the following best describes the (b) An event when the reward for mining
term “ISROSENE,” which has recently new Bitcoin blocks is cut in half
been in the news? (c) A method used to double the Bitcoin
(a) A new satellite communication system supply in response to increasing
developed by ISRO. demand.
(b) A rocket-grade version of kerosene (d) Process of reducing transaction fees
developed by ISRO by half to encourage more Bitcoin
(c) A green propellant derived from transactions.
renewable sources for use in electric
88. Consider the following historical
propulsion systems.
monuments of India:
(d) An advanced rocket engine design
1. Hampi
intended for future space missions.
2. Sun Temple, Konark
85. With reference to Next Generation Launch 3. Brihadeshwara temple
Vehicle, consider the following statements: 4. Rani ki Vav
1. It will have nearly three times more 5. Ajanta caves
payload capacity than LVM3. 6. Dhamekh Stupa, Sarnath

© Copyright: (17 – A) www.nextias.com

PTS (GS): CSE 2025

How many of the above are depicted Which of the statements given above is/are
on Indian currency notes currently in correct?
circulation? (a) 1 only
(a) Only three (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(b) Only four
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) Only five
(d) All six 92. Consider the following statements regarding
Fast Radio Bursts:
89. Consider the following statements: 1. It is a pulse of radio-electromagnetic
1. Only ASEAN country that shares a radiation that can last from a few days
land boundary with India is Myanmar. to months in space.
2. Five northeastern states of India, 2. They are unique from other stellar
explosions in that they produce all
Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,
energy in radio waves.
Manipur, Mizoram, and Meghalaya,
share boundary with Myanmar. Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
3. Along with Myanmar, India shares
(a) 1 only
its maritime borders with Maldives, (b) 2 only
Mauritius, and Indonesia. (c) Both 1 and 2
How many of the statements given above is/ (d) Neither 1 nor 2
are correct? 93. Match List-I with List-II and select the
(a) Only one correct answer from the codes given below
(b) Only two the lists:
(c) All three List I List II
(d) None (Report / Index) (Organization
publishing the
90. Which of the following is the ISRO’s
report)
lead center responsible for the design and
A. Global 1. International
development of launch vehicle technology? Innovation Index Monetary Fund
(a) Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, B. Global Financial 2. World
Thiruvananthapuram Stability Report Economic
(b) Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Forum
Sriharikota C. Gender 3. United Nations
(c) U R Rao Satellite Centre, Bengaluru Inequality Index Development
(d) Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad Program
91. Consider the following statements regarding D. Global Risks 4. World
Report Intellectual
Business Ready Index, recently published
Property
by the World Bank Group:
Organization
1. It replaces the World Bank’s Doing
Business Index. Code:
A B C D
2. It includes data from the informal
(a) 4 1 2 3
sector of the economy to provide a
(b) 2 3 4 1
more comprehensive assessment of the
(c) 4 1 3 2
business climate.
(d) 3 2 4 1

© Copyright: (18 – A) www.nextias.com

 Science & Technology, General Science and Current Affairs: M1T12

94. Consider the following statements: (c) All three

Statement-I: (d) None

Auroras are most prominently observed at 97. Consider the following statements regarding
the poles of the Earth. ‘Wireless charging’ of the electronic
Statement-II: devices:
1. It uses radio waves to send energy
Earth’s magnetic field lines direct coronal
from the charger to the device without
mass ejections toward the poles.
any physical connection.
Which of the following is correct in respect
2. It usually offers faster charging than
of the above statements?
wired charging due to more efficient
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
correct and Statement-II is the correct energy transfer.
explanation for Statement-I. Which of the statements given above is/are
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II correct?
are correct, but Statement-II is not the
(a) 1 only
correct explanation for Statement-I.
(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II (b) 2 only
is incorrect. (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement- (d) Neither 1 nor 2
II is correct. 98. Consider the following statements:
95. Generative artificial intelligence tools
Statement-I:
are based on which of the following
technologies? Lagrange points in space can be utilized
1. Large Language Models by spacecraft to reduce fuel consumption
2. Artificial neural networks required to maintain their position.
3. Blockchain
4. Natural language processing Statement-II:

Select the correct answer using the code Lagrange points are positions in space
given below: where the gravitational forces of two large
(a) 2 and 3 only masses balance each other, resulting in a net
(b) 3 and 4 only zero gravitational force.
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Which of the following is correct in respect
of the above statements?
96. With reference to the 5G technology,
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are
consider the following statements:
correct and Statement-II is the correct
1. It will support massive machine to
machine communication. explanation for Statement-I.
2. It has lower latency than 4G. (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
3. It uses lesser frequency waves are correct, but Statement-II is not the
compared to 4G. correct explanation for Statement-I.
How many of the statements given above (c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II
are correct? is incorrect.
(a) Only one (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-
(b) Only two II is correct.

© Copyright: (19 – A) www.nextias.com

PTS (GS): CSE 2025

99. Consider the following statements regarding 100. Which of the following represents a primary
types of eclipses: advantage of the James Webb Space
1. During a lunar eclipse, the Earth’s Telescope being an infrared telescope?
shadow obscures the Moon. (a) It enables prolonged observations
2. During a solar eclipse, the Moon blocks of celestial objects without the
the Sun from view. interruptions caused by the Earth’s
3. Lunar eclipses occur during the full rotation.
moon phase, while solar eclipses (b) It can capture high-resolution images
happen only during the new moon of planets within our solar system.
phase. (c) It facilitates the study of galaxies
How many of the statements given above formed shortly after the Big Bang,
are correct? whose light has been redshifted into
(a) Only one the infrared spectrum.
(b) Only two (d) It can analyze the atmospheres of
(c) All three exoplanets for potential biosignatures.
(d) None

nnnn

© Copyright: (20 – A) www.nextias.com