Periodicity-Unit 13

Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm

Pages 162-173
 Topics
THE PERIODIC TABLEAlkali Metals-Group 1 elements
Hal gens-Group 7 elements
Noble gases-Group 8(0)
Periodic Trends
Transition elements
The Periodic
table
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
The elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of
Increasing atomic number,It is also arranged in a way that
elements with similar properties fall under each other in
vertical columns, said vertical columns are labeled as
groupsHOWEVER Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
The horizontal rows are called periods, Metals are located
on the most left hand side of the periodic table, whiles non
metals are located on the right hand side, as we move
across the period the metallic properties of an element
reduces, in terms of moving from the left hand side to the
right hand side
There are other trends in the periodic table as well such as;
Elements in the same group have similar chemical
properties, this is due to the fact that elements in the same
group have the same number if electrons in their outer
Presentation
shell of electrons, an example by: Nathan
being and elements
GroupII(2) Selorm
having 2 electrons in their outermost shell, etc. Within each
group we can identify trends in physical and chemical
properties down the group. In Group1 the elements get
more reactive going down the group, but in Group7 they
get less reactive going down the group
form ions by gaining electronsThis table shows the
electronic configuration and charge on the ions across a
standard period, in this case period 3
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
We have already discussed that across a period, the
metallic character of the elements decreases, but did we
ever learn the reason why? This is because it becomes
more difficult to form metal lattices as we go across a
Presentation
period. On the right hand sideby: Nathan
of the and
periodic Selorm
table, the
atoms of the elements accept electrons from other non-
metal atoms to form covalent bonds.
For Groups 1, 2, and 3 the ionic charge is positive and the
same as their group number, For groups 4 to 8 however the
charge is negative, and to get the exact number it is 8—
(group number)
It is important to note that; atoms of elements in the same
group have similar properties because they have the same
number of electrons in their outermost shell,metallic
property decreases across a period,
Metallic character decreases across a period because it
becomes more difficult to form positive ions
Lets see if you paid attention to the first chapter of this
presentation!
Describe how;a.metallic character varies across a period
b.ionic charge varies across a period
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
 Alkali Metals
Group 1
Group
Presentation I and Selorm
by: Nathan
The Group1 metals are called the alkali metals. They are a
family of metals with similar chemical properties. They are very
reactive because they all have 1 electron in their outershell
which is easily removed when they react. They are termed as
Presentation
unusual metals because they areby:
softNathan
and haveand Selorm
relatively low
melting points. The alkali metals are stored under oil to stop
them from reacting with oxygen in the air. When cut, they show
a silvery surface that oxidises very quickly, reactions also get
more vigorous down the group as well
The reaction of the alkali metals with water are very similar, it is
just the reactivity that is different, the bubbles and fizzing are
caused by hydrogen gas released in the reaction. We observe a
flame with potassium because the reaction is violent enough to
make the hydrogen catch fire. Sparks are often seen as well
When we add universal indicator to the container after the reaction,
the solution turnsPresentation by:that
purple. This shows Nathan and
an alkali hasSelorm
been
formed. Alkalis have OH- ions which have come from the metal
hydroxides formed. Thats why Group 1 metals are called alkali
metals, here are equations for some alkali metals reacting with
water
We have discussed the chemical properties of the alkali metals,
now lets talk about their physical properties, the table below
shows some physical properties of the first 3 elements in Group1

Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm

As you can see there are many trends as we move down the group,
Lets discuss them!
 The melting points and boiling points have a gradual
decrease down the group
The metals get softer down the group as well
And there is a general increase of density down the group.
At first sight it seems that the densities show no trend. But
if we include other Group 1 elements we can see that there
is a trend, but sodium and potassium upset the pattern,
with the pattern we can predict the properties of other
chemical and physical traits in an estimate!
Here are a few tips for reactions of alkali metals

Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm

Lets see if you understand this chapter of the
presentation!
Answer the questions
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
 Hal gens
Group 7
Group
Presentation VII and Selorm
by: Nathan
Halogens are the elements that
reside in group 7 of the periodic
table, they are non-metals
Presentation by: Nathan andthat
Selorm
have low melting and boiling
points. They all exist as diatomic
molecules, lets talk about their
physical properties! And of course
their chemical properties as well
The melting and boiling points of halogens decreases own
the group, which is a paradox to that of the alkali metals.
The state of the halogens at room temperature changes from
gas to liquid to solids down the group,
The density of halogens increases down the group
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm as well
With this said we can predict the trend of their physical
properties down the group, an example is fluorine having a
lower boiling point than chlorine
Now for the chemical properties!
The salts formed when metals react with halogens are
called halides. Chlorine bromine, and iodine all react with
sodium to form halides, for example:
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm

The reactivity of halogens with sodium decreases down

the group. This reactivity trend is very different to the
order of reactivity of the alkali metals
When an aqueous solution of chlorine reacts with aqueous
potassium bromide, potassium chloride and bromide are
formed

This is known as a displacement

reaction because an atom has
replaced another, in this case
chlorine has replaced bromine in the
potassium bromide, we label this as
chlorine has displaced bromine,
The following table shows the colour change when the halogens are
dded to different halides. A cross indicates no colour change

Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm

In these reactions the colour change shows that chlorine displaces the
most, and displacement reduces down the group, this shows that the more
reactive halogen displaces the less reactive halogen from a solution of its
halide. Chlorine is the most reactive and iodine is the least reactive as
shown in the table above. So aqueous iodine will not react with potassium
bromide, this is a result of iodine being less reactive than bromine, which
also means bromine can displace iodine from potassium iodide
This is shown in the reaction below
 Its review
Presentation time
by: Nathan and Selorm
again! Have you
been paying
attention? If so
answer these
questions!
Noble Gases!Group 8(0)
Elements
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
The Noble gases also known as
GroupVIII/Group8/Group0 elements are called noble
gases, this is mainly because all of these gases are
chemically un-reactive (inert) because they have a
full outer shell of electrons. They do not need
Presentation by: Nathan and Selormto
gain, lose, or share electrons to form compounds.
This s why they exist as single atoms—they are
monoatomic. infact many of the noble gases are
found in the compound air!
Hmm, we’ve talked so much about groups and little
about the periods! How about we talk about their
trends, and patterns so they dont get jealous!

Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm

The second period starts with lithium. As you go
across Period 2 each successive element has one
more electron in its outer shell until you reach neon
with the maximum number of 8 electrons. The third
period is similar. The fourth period is a tad bit
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
complicated thanks to the transition elements
which form a block of metals in the middle of the
periodic table
For Periods 2&3 the melting points increase up to
Group IV and then decrease again towards
GroupVIII. This is a reflection of the different
structures of the elements in each group.
So for Period2: on the left are the metallic
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
structures; in the middle we have the giant
covalent structure which is carbon in Group6; and
on the right we have the non metals with their
molecular structures
Chemical properties changes across a period as
well. There are the basic oxides on the left and the
acidic oxides on the right
As for predicting the properties;
We can predict the properties of elements in the
periodic table by looking at the trends down the
groups across the periods. For example we know
that phosphorous is in Group 5 and Period 3.
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm Since
the element above it —Nitrogen— has a simple
molecular structure, we can predict that
phosphorus also has a simple molecular structure.
So it has a relatively low melting point and does not
conduct electricity. Because it is on the right of the
Periodic Table, we can also predict that its oxide is
acidic
Funfact: Helium is the most stable lightweight gas
and is less dense than air so it is used to fill
balloons to make them float!
As for predicting the properties;
We can predict the properties of elements in the
periodic table by looking at the trends down the
groups across the periods. For example we know
that phosphorous is in Group 5 and Period 3.
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm Since
the element above it —Nitrogen— has a simple
molecular structure, we can predict that
phosphorus also has a simple molecular structure.
So it has a relatively low melting point and does not
conduct electricity. Because it is on the right of the
Periodic Table, we can also predict that its oxide is
acidic
Funfact: Helium is the most stable lightweight gas
and is less dense than air so it is used to fill
balloons to make them float!
Groups III to VI trends are often associated with a
change from non-metals to metals down the group
. Sometimes these trends are general with one
element spoiling it, otherwise a regular patterns is
shown Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
Sometimes the difference in chemical properties
within a group can be very marked. In Group 6 the
non-metal, oxygen, at the top of the group has
totally different properties fro the metal polonium
at the bottom of the group.
Group 2 metals have some trends similar to Group
1. For example, they show increased reactivty with
water going down the group. But they do not show
a very regular trend in density and melting points.
There are other trends such as; the solubility of the
hydroxides increases going down Group 2
ITS REVIEW TIME!! Can YOU, yes you! Answer these
questions?

Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm

Its time for the last chapter
of this presentation, are
you ready?!?!?!
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
Transition Elements
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
The transition elements form a block of elements in
the middle of the Periodic Table. They are all metals
with typical metallic properties. They all conduct
thermal energy and electricity, are malleable,
ductile, lustrous , and sonorous
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
Many of the properties of transition elemts are
similar but they are very different from the metals
in Groups 1, 2, and 3. We can see this by comparing
some of they physical and chemical properties, also
take cautious effort to note that Scandium and Zinc
are not true transition elements. They do not have
some the properties shown by transition elements,
for example they do not form compounds where
Sc/Zn have different oxidation numbers
What about the physical properties of transition
elements?
We use the following properties to distinguish
transition metals from metals location in groups1-3
Transition elements;
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
Have very high melting and boiling points
Have insanely high densities
Are way stronger, and harder than Group 1 metals
They form colourled compounds as well
The chemical properties of these transition
elements do not disappoint at all!
Many of their chemical properties of the transition
element oxides are good catalysts. Iron is a catalyst
for the haber Presentation
process and by:
Vanadium(V)oxide is
Nathan and Selorm the
catalyst used in the manufacturing of sulfuric acid!
They are also sadly less reactive than elements fro
other groups, and do not react with cold water, but
sometimes may react with steam.
They have more than one oxidation number in
compounds, such as Iron(II), iron(III),etc. They have
a wide range of oxidation numbers from +1 all the
way to +7!, however this does not mean thay you
can get ions with a 7+ charge. Infact the highest
charge on an ion has to be 3+!
Hey you made it to the end! Hopefuly
you learnt something new and
valuable c: lets quiz you to see how
much you
Presentation by:learnt!
Nathan and Selorm
Answer the following questions… or
else >:)
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
How about we answer YOUR questions
now!don’t be shy go ahead!!
Presentation by: Nathan and Selorm
 THE END!
Presented to you by:Nathan and Selorm
Have a good day
Thank you for staying compliant and quiet
Presentation by:
during thisNathan and Selorm
Hopefully you got some understanding of
this topic from our presentation!
PERIOD—icity—