ORAL COMMUNICATION Kinesics – The use of body language

in communication includes gestures,

Communication – The transmission of eye contact, and facial expressions.
ideas and emotions between or among
persons with the use of verbal and non- Chronemics – refers to the role of time
verbal cues. in the communication process.

Comes from the Latin word Haptics – the use of touch to convey
Communis, which means “common” meaning in a conversation.

Helps people adapt to or survive in the Paralanguage – The tone, speed, and
place they live in. volume of a speaker’s voice includes
sighs and gasps.
THE PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION CONCEPT/ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATION
Stimulus – an idea or concept that the
sender has and would like to convey. Participants – the communicators; can
be both senders and receivers.
Sender – encodes the message by
putting it into words and then expresses Sender – transmits the information to
the ideas in proper sequence. the receiver

Receiver - accepts and decodes the Receiver – decodes the message to

message; chooses whether to respond formulate a response.
or not. Context – refers to the interrelated
Feedback – given by the receiver when conditions that affect the message;
responding to the message. these include physical, psychological,
social and cultural factors.
Noise – causes breakdown in the
communication process; any barrier or Physical Context – refers to the place,
hindrance that obstructs the time, environment, and distance
understanding of the message. between communicators.

Verbal Communication – refers to the Social Context – refers to the

use of words or speech in sending relationship of the communicators.
messages and transmitting ideas or Psychological Context – refers to the
feelings. mood and feelings of the
Non-verbal Communication – refers communicators.
to the act of expressing ideas in ways Cultural Context – includes the beliefs
that do not involve, or go beyond using and norms of the participants.
words.
Message – the main point of having
TYPES OF NON-VERBAL communication. The main idea or
COMMUNICATION information that the sender would like to
Proxemics – how the space or convey to the receiver.
distance between the sender and the Channel – the means of delivering the
receiver affects their communication. message.
Feedback – the response of the UNIT 2: LESSON 2
receiver. Helps the sender of the
Gender – men and women differ in
message determine whether the
terms of their communication style.
message was understood the receiver.
Men-only conversations – some tend
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to dominate the conversation, and they
Culture - the system of knowledge that seldom talk about private lives.
is shared by a particular group
Women-only conversations – they
composed of a relatively larger number
usually allow everyone to participate,
of individuals.
and they often talk about their personal
Self-awareness - essential for better relationships.
communication with others, especially
with those who are different from you.
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION –
conceptual representation that is used
to explain the communication process.
Linear Communication Model –
presents communication as a one way
activity in which information flows from
the sender to the receiver.
SENDER → MESSAGE → RECEIVER
Interactive Communication Model –
shows communication as a two – way
activity; involves feedback Age – A person’s age or the generation
to which he or she belongs influences
the way he or she communicates with
others.
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Social Status – can influence the way
that person chooses his or her peers.
Individuals are more likely to interact
with others of the same social standing
Transactional Communication as them.
Model – presents communication a
simultaneous activity; senders and ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL CLASS:
receivers are capable of both sending Ascribes Social Class – determined at
and receiving messages anytime or at birth through characteristic such as
the same time. age, sex, race, and family background.
Achieved Social Class – acquired
through a person’s ability, talent, skill,
and perseverance.
Achieved Social Class - can be seen Information Overload – this happens
in one’s educational attainment or when one gives too much information at
occupation. a time.
Religion – Communication between Lack of Interest and Attention – this
persons belonging to different religions happens when a person gives
may be a common source of information that does not interest others
intercultural conflict. or a person does not give attention to
either the speaker or his or her
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message.
Communication Breakdown –
happens when the message is not
clearly understood by the receiver.
Jargon – words or phrases that are
used by members of a particular group
or trade and may not be understood by
outsiders.
Idioms – phrases or expressions that
convey meaning other than their literal
meaning.
Heritage – an object, tradition, or
identity handed down from one
generation to next.
BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATIONS
Language Barriers – These manifest
when two individuals do not have a • REGULATION OR CONTROL
common language, have an unfamiliar & SOCIAL INTERACTION
accent, or use unfamiliar words or • MOTIVATION
expressions, jargon, and idioms. • INFORMATION
• EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
Cultural Barriers - these are evident
when there is difficulty in
communication due to differing
principles, views, and beliefs.
Physical Barriers – these are
hindrances to better communication
caused by environmental factors such
as noise, lighting, and distance
between the receiver and speaker.
Prejudging - this happens when a
person believes he or she understood
what the speaker means even before
the message is completely expressed.