Report 042f3cc1
Report 042f3cc1
HAEMATOLOGY
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Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
Comment:
Interpretation: HbA1c%
≤5.6 Normal
5.7-6.4 At Risk For Diabetes
≥6.5 Diabetes
Comments:
A 3 to 6 monthly monitoring is recommended in diabetics. People with diabetes should get the test done more often if their blood
sugar stays too high or if their healthcare provider makes any change in the treatment plan. HbA1c concentration represent the
integrated values for blood glucose over the preceding 8-12 weeks and is not affected by daily glucose fluctuation, exercise &
recent food intake.
Please note, Glycemic goal should be individualized based on duration of diabetes, age/life expectancy, comorbid conditions,
known CVD or advanced microvascular complications, hypoglycemia unawareness, and individual patient considerations.
Factors that interfere with HbA1c Measurement: Hemoglobin variants, elevated fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and chemically modified
derivatives of hemoglobin (e.g. carbamylated Hb in patients with renal failure) can affect the accuracy of HbA1c measurements.
Factors that affect interpretation of HbA1c Measurement: Any condition that shortens erythrocyte survival or decrease mean
erythrocyte age (e. g., recovery from acute blood loss, hemolytic anemia, HbSS, HbCC, and HbSC) will falsely lower HbA1c test
results regardless of the assay method used. Iron deficiency anemia is associated with higher HbA1c.
Note: Presence of Hemoglobin variants and/or conditions that affect red cell turnover must be considered, particularly when the
HbA1c result does not correlate with the patient's blood glucose levels.
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Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
Complete hemogram
Hemoglobin 13.7 g/dL 13.0-17.0 Cyanide free SLS
RBC 4.93 mili/cu.mm 4.5 - 5.5 Impedence variation
HCT 41.0 % 40 - 50 Calculated
MCV 83.2 fl 83 - 101 RBC Pulse Measurement
MCH 27.9 pg 27 - 32 Calculated
MCHC 33.5 g/dL 31.5 - 34.5 Calculated
RDW-CV 16.0 % 11.6-14 Calculated
Total Leucocyte Count 4.63 10^3/µL 4 - 10 Flowcytometry DHSS/
Microscopy
Differential Leucocyte Count
Neutrophils 55 % 40-80 Double hydrodynamic
sequential
system/Microscopy
Lymphocytes 32 % 20-40 Double hydrodynamic
sequential
system/Microscopy
Monocytes 08 % 2-10 Flowcytometry DHSS/
Microscopy
Eosinophils 05 % 1-6 Double hydrodynamic
sequential
system/Microscopy
Basophils 00 % 0-2 Double hydrodynamic
sequential
system/Microscopy
Absolute Leucocyte Count
Absolute Neutrophil Count 2.55 10^3/µL 2-7 Calculated
Absolute Lymphocyte Count 1.48 10^3/µL 1-3 Calculated
Absolute Monocyte Count 0.37 10^3/µL 0.2-1 Calculated
Absolute Eosinophil Count 0.23 10^3/µL 0.02-0.5 Calculated
Absolute Basophil Count 0 10^3/µL 0.02-0.1 Calculated
Platelet Count 154 10^3/µL 150-410 Impedence Variation
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/Microscopy
MPV 11.9 fl 6.5 - 12 Calculated
PDW 24.2 fl 9 - 17 Calculated
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 7 mm/hr 0-10 Capillary Photometry
Comment:
ESR provides an index of progress of the disease and is widely used as an indicator of inflammation, infection, trauma, or
malignant diseases. Changes are more significant than a single abnormal test.
It is specifically indicated to monitor the course or response to the treatment of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis,
tuberculosis bacterial endocarditis ,acute rheumatic fever ,Hodgkins disease,temporal arthritis , and systemic lupus
erythematosis; and to diagnose and monitor giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.
An elevated ESR may also be associated with many other conditions, including autoimmune disease, anemia,
infection,malignancy,pregnancy, multiple myeloma, menstruation, and hypothyroidism.
Although a normal ESR cannot be taken to exclude the presence of organic disease, its rate is dependent on various
physiologic and pathologic factors
The most important component influencing ESR is the composition of plasma. High level of C-Reactive Protein, fibrinogen,
haptoglobin, alpha-1antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin and immunoglobulins causes the elevation of Erythrocyte Sedimentation
Rate.
Drugs that may cause increase ESR levels include: dextran, methyldopa, oral contraceptives, penicillamine, procainamide,
theophylline, and Vitamin A. Drugs that may cause decrease levels include: aspirin, cortisone, and quinine.
As per the recommendation of International council for Standardization in Hematology, the differential leucocyte counts
are additionally being reported as absolute numbers of each cell in per unit volume of blood.
Test conducted on EDTA whole blood.
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Glucose - Fasting
Glucose - Fasting 76 mg/dL 70-100 Hexokinase/G-6-PDH
Comment:
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) fasting, means a person has an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes but does not
have it yet. A level of 126 mg/dL or above, confirmed by repeating the test on another day, means a person has diabetes.
IGT (2 hrs Post meal ), means a person has an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes but does not have it yet. A 2-hour
glucose level of 200 mg/dL or above, confirmed by repeating the test on another day, means a person has diabetes
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Comment:
Iron is an essential trace mineral element which forms an important component of hemoglobin, metallocompounds and Vitamin
A. Deficiency of iron is seen in iron deficiency and anaemia of chronic disorders.
Increased iron concentration are seen in hemolytic anaemias, hemochromatosis and acute liver disease. Serum Iron alone is
unreliable due to considerable physiologic diurnal variation in the results with highest values in the morning and lowest values in
the evening as well as variation in response to iron therapy .
Total Iron Binding capacity (TIBC) is a direct measure of the protein Transferrin which transports iron from the gut to storage
sites in the bone marrow. Increased levels of TIBC suggest that total iron body stores are low, increased concentration may be
the sign of Iron deficiency anaemia, polycythemia vera ,and may occur during the third trimester of pregnancy. Decreased levels
may be seen in hemolytic anaemia, hemochromatosis, chronic liver disease, hypoproteinemia ,malnutrition.
Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity (UIBC) is increased in low iron state and decreased in high iron concentration such as
hemochromatosis. In case of anaemia of chronic disease the patient may be anaemic but has adequate iron reserve and a low
uIBC.
Transferrin Saturation occurs in Idiopathic hemochromatosis and Transfusional hemosiderosis where no unsaturated iron
binding capacity is available for iron mobilization. Similar condition is seen in congenital deficiency of Transferrin.
Lipid Profile
Cholesterol - Total 249 mg/dL Low (desirable): < 200 Enzymatic
Moderate (borderline)
200–239
High: >/= 240
Triglycerides 225 mg/dL Normal: <150, GPO, Trinder without
Borderline: 150 - 199, serum blank
High:200-499,
Very High>=500
Cholesterol - HDL 40 mg/dL Undesirable/high risk Elimination/catalase
<=40
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Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
Desirable/low risk>=60
Cholesterol - LDL 164 mg/dL Desirable: <100 Calculated
Above desirable: 100 -
129
Borderline high : 130 -
159
High : 160 - 189
Very high : >=190
Cholesterol- VLDL 45 mg/dL <30 Calculated
Cholesterol : HDL Cholesterol 6.2 Ratio Desirable : 3.5-4.5 Calculated
High Risk : >5
LDL : HDL Cholesterol 4.11 Ratio Desirable : 2.5-3.0 Calculated
High risk : >3.5
Non HDL Cholesterol 209 mg/dl Desirable:< 130, Calculated
Above Desirable:130 -
159,
Borderline High:160 -
189,
High:190 - 219,
Very High: >= 220
Comment:
•Lipid profile measurements in the same patient can show physiological & analytical variations. It is recommended that 3 serial
samples 1 week apart may be tested.
•Indians are at a high risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD); at a much earlier age and more severe
with high mortality. Dyslipidemia (abnormal lipid profile) is the major risk factor and found in almost 80% Indians.
•Total cholesterol is the total amount of cholesterol in blood comprising of HDL, LDL-C, and VLDL.
•LDL Cholesterol (LDL-C) or “bad”cholesterol contributes most significantly to atherosclerosis leading to heart disease or
stroke and is the primary target for reducing risk for cardiovascular disease.
•High-density lipoprotein (HDL) or “good” cholesterol can lower risk of heart disease and stroke.
•Triglyceride (TG) level also plays a major role in CVD. Indians are more prone to Atherogenic dyslipidemia, a condition
associated with high TG, low HDL-C and high LDL-C; this is associated with diabetes, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.
Hence high triglyceride levels also need to be treated.
•Non-HDL-Cholesterol (Non-HDLC) measures all plaque forming lipoproteins (e.g. remnants, LDL-C, VLDL, Lp(a), Apo-B).
Monitoring of Non-HDLC is important in patients with high TG (e.g. diabetics, obese persons) and those already on statin
therapy.
•Lipid Association of India (LAI-2020) recommends:-
Screening of all Indians above the age of 20 years for CVD risk factors, esp. lipid profile.
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Identification of Risk factors: Age (male ≥45 years, female ≥55 years); Family h/o heart disease at younger age (<55 yrs
in males, <65 yrs in female), Smoking/tobacco use, High blood pressure, Low HDL (males <40 mg/dl and females
<50mg/dl).
Fasting lipid profile is not mandatory for screening. Both fasting and non-fasting lipid profiles are equally important for
managing Indian patients.
Non-HDLC should be calculated in every subject. LAI recommends LDL-C as the primary target and Non-HDLC as the co-
primary target for initiating drug therapy.
Lifestyle modifications are of first and foremost importance for management and prevention of dyslipidemia. Among low
risk groups, treatment is started only after 3 months of lifestyle changes.
Testing for Apolipoprotein B, hsCRP, Lp(a ) should be considered for patients in moderate risk group.
Newer treatment goals based on Risk Groups and values of LDL-C and Non-HDLC
•As per NCEP Expert Panel (2011) guidelines, universal screening for dyslipidemia is recommended for children between 9
- 11 yrs (repeat at 17-21 yrs). Screening is not recommended before the age of 2yrs. Above the age of 2 yrs, selective screening
is done in children with family history of premature CVD or risk factors like obesity, diabetes, and hypertension.
Note: Reference Interval as per National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Report.
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A/G Ratio 1.59 Ratio 0.8 - 2.1 Calculated
Aspartate Transaminase (SGOT) 35 U/L <34 U/L Modified IFCC
Alanine Transaminase (SGPT) 45 U/L 10-49 Modified IFCC
SGOT/SGPT 0.78 Ratio <1 Calculated
Alkaline Phosphatase 96 U/L 45-129 IFCC Standardization
Gamma Glutamyltransferase (GGT) 31 U/L <73 Modified IFCC
Comment:
Useful for screening liver damage in suspected infections, digestive disorders, alcohol intake or certain drugs.
Raised ALT, AST indicate hepatocellular disease. ALT (more liver-specific) activity higher than AST in acute or chronic viral
hepatitis, autoimmune, hemochromatosis, medications/toxins etc, while higher AST activity in alcoholic hepatitis,
cirrhosis and non-hepatic causes like hemolysis, myopathy, thyroid disease, exercise etc. SGOT/SGPT ratio >1 seen in
alcoholic cirrhosis, metastasis; high ratio in cirrhosis correlates with the grade of fibrosis.
Mild isolated raised ALT, AST (<2 times normal) levels may require only repeat testing; usually resolve in 1/3rd cases. Most
common cause in asymptomatic cases is Fatty liver disease esp. in patients with metabolic syndrome (MASLD). Some
drugs (like paracetamol, statins), herbal supplements, energy drinks, and antibiotics may cause liver injury.
Elevated alkaline phosphatase and GGT indicate cholestatic disease like bile duct obstruction, primary biliary cirrhosis,
primary sclerosing cholangitis or infiltrating diseases of the liver. Also high in other causes like bone disease, pregnancy,
CRF, malignancies, congestive heart failure etc.
High bilirubin indicates jaundice either due to RBC breakdown, liver damage by infections, toxins; or cholestasis due to gall
stones, tumors etc.
High protein levels seen in dehydration (inadequate intake or excessive water loss) in severe vomiting, diarrhea, etc or
increased production seen in inflammation, some hematopoietic neoplasms. Low protein and albumin seen in impaired
synthesis (liver disease) or decreased intake, tissue damage, malabsorption and increased renal excretion.
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Chloride 104.0 mEq/L 99-109 Indirect ISE
BUN/Creatinine Ratio 17.7 Ratio 12:1 - 20:1 Calculated
Comment:
BUN is directly related to protein intake and nitrogen metabolism and inversely related to the rate of excretion of urea.Blood
urea nitrogen (BUN) levels reflect the balance between the production and excretion of urea. Increased levels are seen in renal
failure (acute or chronic), urinary tract obstruction, dehydration, shock, burns, CHF, GI bleeding, nephrotoxic drugs. Decreased
levels are seen in hepatic failure, nephrotic syndrome, cachexia (low-protein and high-carbohydrate diets).
Urea is a non-proteinous nitrogen compound formed in the liver from ammonia as an end product of protein metabolism. Urea
diffuses freely into extracellular and intracellular fluid and is ultimately excreted by the kidneys. Increased levels are found in
acute renal failure, chronic glomerulonephritis, congestive heart failure, decreased renal perfusion, diabetes, excessive protein
ingestion, gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, hyperalimentation, hypovolemia, ketoacidosis, muscle wasting from starvation,
neoplasms, pyelonephritis, shock, urinary tract obstruction, nephrotoxic drugs. Decreased levels are seen in inadequate dietary
protein, low-protein/high-carbohydrate diet, malabsorption syndromes, pregnancy, severe liver disease, certain drugs.
Creatinine is catabolic product of creatinine phosphate, which is excreted by filtration through the glomerulus and by tubular
secretion. Creatinine clearance is an acceptable clinical measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Increased levels are seen in
acute/chronic renal failure, urinary tract obstruction, hypothyroidism, nephrotoxic drugs, shock, dehydration, congestive heart
failure, diabetes. Decreased levels are found in muscular dystrophy.
BUN/Creatinine ratio (normally 12:1–20:1) is decreased in acute tubular necrosis, advanced liver disease, low protein intake,
and following hemodialysis. BUN/Creatinine ratio is increased in dehydration, GI bleeding, and increased catabolism.
Uric acid levels show diurnal variation. The level is usually higher in the morning and lower in the evening. Increased levels are
seen in starvation, strenuous exercise, malnutrition, or lead poisoning, gout, renal disorders, increased breakdown of body cells
in some cancers (including leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma) or cancer treatments, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell
anemia, or heart failure, pre-eclampsia, liver disease (cirrhosis), obesity, psoriasis, hypothyroidism, low blood levels of
parathyroid hormone (PTH), certain drugs, foods that are very high in purines - such as organ meats, red meats, some seafood
and beer. Decreased levels are seen in liver disease, Wilson's disease, Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH),
certain drugs.
Immunology
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Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
Comment:
Below mentioned are the guidelines for pregnancy related reference ranges for TSH, free T3 & free T4.
Pregnancy
TSH (μIU/mL) (As per
American Thyroid FT3 (pg/mL) FT4(ng/dL)
Association)
1st trimester 0.1-2.5 2.0 - 3.8 0.7- 2.0
2nd trimester 0.2-3.0 2.0 - 3.8 0.5-1.6
3rd trimester 0.3-3.0 2.0 - 3.8 0.5-1.6
TSH levels are subject to circadian variation, reaching peak levels between 2 - 4.a.m. and at a minimum between 6-10 pm
.
The variation is of the order of 50%, hence time of the day has influence on the measured serum TSH concentrations.
TSH is secreted in a dual fashion: Intermittent pulses constitute 60-70% of total amount, background continuous secretion
is 30-40%.These pulses occur regularly every 1-3 hrs.
Serum TSH level changes significantly in response to even minor changes in thyroid hormones.
The determination of free T3 & free T4 has the advantage of being independent of changes in the concentrations and
binding properties of the binding proteins.
For diagnostic purposes, results should be used in conjunction with other data; e.g., symptoms, results of other thyroid
tests, clinical impressions, etc.
Immunology
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Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
High High High Secondary Hyperthyroidism
Low High/Normal High/Normal Hyperthyroidism
Non thyroidal illness / Secondary
Low Low Low Hypothyroidism
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
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Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
Comment:
•Note: Pre-test condition to be observed while submitting the sample-first void, mid stream urine, collected in a clean, dry, sterile
container is recommended for routine urine analysis, avoid contamination with any discharge from vaginal, urethra, perineum,
Avoid prolonged transit time & undue exposure to sunlight.
•During interpretation, points to be considered are Negative nitrite test does not exclude the urinary tract infections. Trace
proteinuria can be seen with many physiological conditions like prolonged recumbency, exercise, high protein diet. False positive
reactions for bile pigments, proteins, glucose and nitrites can be caused by peroxidase like activity by disinfectants, therapeutic
dyes, ascorbic acid and certain drugs.• Urine microscopy is done in centrifuged urine specimens
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
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Test Name Result Unit Bio. Ref. Interval Method
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