Module No.

RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM
HYDRAULICS

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO

Department of Engineering & Architecture
HYDRAULICS/ Module 1: RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM 1
ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
This module or any portion thereof may not be reproduced, copied, transmitted or distributed in
any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the College or the Author.

HYDRAULICS/ Module 1: RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM 2

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 COURSE OUTLINE

Course Information

1. Course title : HYDRAULICS

2. Program : Civil Engineering
3. Course Code : Fluid 2
4. Credit Units : 3 units ; lec: 2 units ; lab: 1 unit
5. Prerequisite : Fluid Mechanics

Instructor Information

1. Name: Engr. Janet S. Crisostomo

Master in Structural Engineering, PLM - Manila Batch 2015
Dean, Department of Engineering & Architecture (DEA), BHC
Program Head, CE Department, BHC

2. Contact Information
a. Facebook page: facebook.com/bhc_civil
b. Email: janet.crisostomo@heroes1979.edu.ph

Course Purpose and Description

The Course deals with the Fundamental Principles of Fluid at Rest and in motion. This
includes:
Familiarization of the properties of common liquids.
Application of fundamental principles to solve problems involving liquid pressure and
corresponding forces resulting from this pressure.
Determination of Fluid flows through different devices such as Orifices and Pipes.

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
Intended Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course, students are expected to be able:

1. To identify the Fluid properties that are involved in the determination of pressure and
forces acting on a body.
2. To apply knowledge of Solid Geometry, Statics & Dynamics of Rigid Bodies and
Deformable Bodies in solving complex Civil Engineering problems related to Fluid
Mechanics.
3. To perform calculations related to fluid pressure and forces of the liquid at rest and in
motion.
4. To conduct laboratory experiments involving fluids, as well as to analyze and interpret its
results.
5. To describe and predict the conditions of bodies under the action of hydrostatic forces.
6. To calculate fluid flows through Orifices and Pipes.

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
Course Schedule
Module
Weeks Topic/Module ILO
No.
INTRODUCTION TO HYDRAULICS
1st 0 Review in Fluid Mechanics, Rectilinear and Curvilinear
Motion
RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM
2nd 1.0 A. HORIZONTAL MOTION
B. VERTICAL MOTION
3rd C. INCLINED PLANE/MOTION
2.0 ROTATION OF LIQUID MASS
4th
2.1 A. OPEN CYLINDER
5th PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
6th 2.2 B. CLOSED CYLINDER
7th 3.0 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
ENERGY AND HEAD
8th 4.0
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
VENTURI METER
9th 5.0
MIDTERM ASSESSMENT
10th 6.0 ORIFICE
PIPES
11th 7.0
HEADLOSSES
12th 8.0 PIPING SYSTEM
13th 9.0 THREE RESERVOIRS
WEIRS
14th 10.0
SEMI-FINAL ASSESSMENT
15th 11.0 OPEN CHANNEL
16th 11.1 MOST EFFICIENT SECTION OF OPEN CHANNEL
UNSTEADY FLOW/ DISCHARGE UNDER FALLING
17th 12.0
HEAD
18th FINAL ASSESSMENT

References: Hydraulics by King

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO HYDRAULICS

FLUID MECHANICS – represent that branch of applied mechanics dealing with the
behavior of fluids at rest and in motion.

HYDRAULICS - deals with the application of fluid mechanics to engineering devices

involving liquids usually water or oil. It deals with such problems as the flow of fluids
through pipes, or in open channels. Or with any other devices for the control or use of
liquids such as nozzles, valves, jets, and flow meters.

FLUIDS are substances capable of flowing. They have particles which easily move and
change their relative position without a separation of the mass. They have no resistance
to change of form.

Classification of Fluids:
1. LIQUIDS are incompressible fluids which occupy definite volumes and have free
surfaces (portion of a liquid that is not in contact with the confining walls of the
vessel/ reservoir).
2. GASES – are compressible fluids which for a given mass can also be expanded until it
occupies all portions of any containing vessel.

1.1 RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM

In this condition the liquid is equilibrium and at rest with respect to the vessel, but it is neither in
equilibrium nor at rest with respect to the earth.

Newton’s Third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite
reaction. In other words, if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B also exerts an equal
and opposite force on object A.

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 Newton's Second law of motion : The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is
directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object. In symbol, a = F/m

𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 → 𝒆𝒒𝒏. 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏

A. HORIZONTAL MOTION
REF
R
l.s.
REF w
θ R 𝑚 𝑓𝑡
θ 𝑔 = 9.81 ; 32.2
𝑠2 𝑠2
w

𝑅𝐸𝐹 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑎
a tan 𝜃 = = =
𝑤 𝑤 𝑚𝑔
𝒂
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = → 𝒆𝒒𝒏. 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐
𝒈
B. VERTICAL MOTION
𝑤
𝑅𝐸𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 ; 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔 ; 𝜕=
𝑉
i.l.s.
REF 𝑤 𝜕𝑉
1
𝐹2 = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑊 = 𝑎 + 𝜕𝑉 = 𝑎 + 𝜕 ℎ𝐴
r.l.s. a 𝑔 𝑔
h1-2 𝜕 ℎ𝐴 𝑎
2 𝐹2 = 𝑎 + 𝜕ℎ𝐴 = 𝜕ℎ𝐴 ( + 1)
P2 𝑔 𝑔
𝒂
b 𝑷𝟐 = 𝝏𝒉 (𝟏 ± ) → 𝒆𝒒𝒏. 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑
𝒈
↑ 𝑎 (+) , ↓ 𝑎 (−)
C. INCLINED PLANE

𝒂𝒉
aV 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = → 𝒆𝒒𝒏. 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒
f.l.s.
𝒈 ± 𝒂𝑽
p.l.s
θ
θ
a
. β
ah ↑ 𝑎 (+) , ↓ 𝑎 (−)

β a
p.l.s – preliminary liquid surface
f.l.s – final liquid surface

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS:

1. A rectangular tank 18 ft long by 5 ft deep by 6 ft wide, contains 3 ft of water. If the linear

acceleration horizontally in the direction of the tank’s length is 6.4 ft/s2, (a) Compute the total
force due to the water acting on each end of the tank and (b) show that the difference
between these forces equals the unbalanced force necessary to accelerate the liquid mass.

Given: a = 6.4 ft/s2

3.05 6 ft wide
6 ft wide
y/2 θ
θ
H = 5’ y/2
hR 3’ h = 3’
hR = 3’ + y/2 FR Ff hf hf = 3’ – y/2
18 ft

Required:
a. Ff, FR
b. ma = FR - Ff

Solution:
a. Total force due to the water acting on each end of the tank.
6.4 𝑓𝑡/𝑠2 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 2 = ; 𝑦 = 3.578 𝑓𝑡
32.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 18 𝑓𝑡
𝑦
𝑁𝑜 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∶ < (𝐻 − ℎ)
2
𝑦
= 1.789 𝑓𝑡 < (5 − 3) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑁𝑜 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙
2

Depth of water at the ends of the tank:

ℎ𝑅 = 3 𝑓𝑡 + 1.789 𝑓𝑡 = 4.789 𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝑓 = 3 𝑓𝑡 − 1.789 𝑓𝑡 = 1.211 𝑓𝑡

Total force acting on each end of the tank.

𝑙𝑏 4.789 𝑓𝑡
𝐹𝑅 = 𝜕ℎ̅𝐴 = 62.4 ( ) (4.789 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 6 𝑓𝑡) = 𝟒𝟐𝟗𝟑. 𝟑𝟒 𝒍𝒃
𝑓𝑡 3 2

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 𝑙𝑏 1.211 𝑓𝑡
𝐹𝑓 = 𝜕ℎ̅𝐴 = 62.4 ( ) (1.211 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 6 𝑓𝑡) = 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟓𝟑 𝒍𝒃
𝑓𝑡 3 2

b. Difference between these forces equals the unbalanced force

𝑊 𝜕𝑉
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑎= 𝑎
𝑔 𝑔
𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏 (6.4 2 )
𝑠
𝐹 = 62.4 3 (3𝑓𝑡 𝑥 6 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 18 𝑓𝑡) = 𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝟎 𝒍𝒃
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
32.2 2
𝑠
𝐹 = 𝐹𝑅 − 𝐹𝑓 = 4293.34 𝑙𝑏 − 274.53 𝑙𝑏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟖. 𝟒 𝒍𝒃

2. What maximum acceleration can be applied in the tank in problem 1 to prevent spilling of
water?
amax = ?
3.05 6 ft wide

y/2
θ
H = 5’ y/2
3’ VRemain θ h = 3’

18 ft

Solution:
𝑦
max 𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙: = 𝐻−ℎ
2
𝑦
= 5 𝑓𝑡 − 3 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝒇𝒕
2
𝑎 𝑦 4 𝑓𝑡
tan 𝜃 = = =
𝑔 𝐿 18 𝑓𝑡
𝑎 4 𝑓𝑡
=
𝑓𝑡 18 𝑓𝑡
32.2
𝑠2
𝒇𝒕
𝒂 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟓𝟔 max. 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙
𝒔𝟐

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 3. If the tank in problem 1 is accelerated in the direction of its length at the rate 9.5 ft/s2, how
many gallons of water are spilled?

a = 9.5 ft/s2 a = 9.5 ft/s2

? 3.05 6 ft wide ? 3.05 6 ft wide

y/2
θ θ

H = 5’ H = 5’
VRemain y/2 VRemain
3’ θ h = 3’ h = 3’
x θ

Case A 18 ft 18 ft
Case B

Boundary between case A and Case B: y=H

𝑎 𝐻
tan 𝜃 = =
𝑔 𝐿
𝑎 𝐻 5𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
= = 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎 = 8.944
𝑓𝑡 𝐿 18𝑓𝑡 𝑠2
32.2 2
𝑠
a > boundary a therefore Case B

Case B:
𝑉𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔 − 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥:
𝑎 𝐻
tan 𝜃 = =
𝑔 𝑥
𝑓𝑡
9.5
𝑠2 = 5 𝑓𝑡 ; 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟒𝟕 𝒇𝒕 < 18 𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑘
𝑓𝑡 𝑥
32.2 2
𝑠
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔 = 3 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 18 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 6 𝑓𝑡 = 324 𝑓𝑡 3
1
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐵𝐿 = (5𝑓𝑡)(16.947 𝑓𝑡)(6𝑓𝑡) = 254.205 𝑓𝑡 3
2
7.48 𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑉𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙 = 324 − 254.205 = 69.795 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑥
1 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑽𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒍 = 𝟓𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟕 𝒈𝒂𝒍.

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 4. An open tank of water accelerates down a 12° inclined plane at 18 ft/s2. What is the slope of
the water surface?

f.l.s.

θ p.l.s ah
θ . β
a
aV

β a

𝑎ℎ
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑔 ± 𝑎𝑉
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
𝑎ℎ = 18 2 cos 12° ; 𝑎𝑉 = 18 2 sin 12°
𝑠 𝑠
𝑓𝑡
18 2 cos 12°
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑠
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
32.2 2 − 18 2 sin 12°
𝑠 𝑠
𝜽 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟓° 𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅
𝜃 = 26.098° 𝑖𝑓 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 5. What is the force acting on one side of a 2 m cubicle tank moving upward with an acceleration
of 3.8 m/s2 when it is ¾ full of oil whose sp. gr. is 0.82.

i.l.s.
S = 0.82
REF
r.l.s.
ℎ̅ a = 3.8 m/s2
c.g.
1.5 m F
1.5/2

2m Pbot
2m

Solution:
𝑎
𝑃2 = 𝜕ℎ (1 ± )
𝑔
𝑚
𝑘𝑁 3.8 2
𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 0.82 (9.81 3 ) (1.5𝑚) (1 + 𝑠
𝑚 𝑚 ) = 16.74 𝑘𝑃𝑎
9.81 2
𝑠
𝑃
𝑃 = 𝜕ℎ ; ℎ =
𝜕
𝑘𝑁
16.74 2
ℎ= 𝑚 = 2.081 𝑚
𝑘𝑁
0.82 (9.81 3 )
𝑚
1.5
ℎ̅ = 2.081 − = 1.331 𝑚
2
𝑘𝑁
𝐹 = 𝜕ℎ̅𝐴 = 0.82 (9.81 3 ) (1.331𝑚) (1.5𝑚 𝑥 2.0𝑚)
𝑚
𝑭 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝑵

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
EXERCISES 1.1:

1. A rectangular tank 20ft long by 6ft deep by 7 ft wide, contains 3 ft of water. If the linear
acceleration horizontally in the direction of the tank’s length is 8.05 ft/s 2, (a) Compute the total
force due to the water acting on each end of the tank and (b) show that the difference between
these forces equals the unbalanced force necessary to accelerate the liquid mass.
6606.6 ; 54.6 ; 6552
2. If the tank in problem 1 is filled with water and accelerated in the direction of its length at the
rate 5 ft/s2, how many gallons of water are spilled? 1628.4

3. A cubical tank is filled with 5 ft of oil, sp. Gr. 0.752. Find the force acting on the side of the tank
(a) when the acceleration is 16.1 ft/s2 vertically upward and (b) when the acceleration is 16.1 ft/s 2
vertically downward. 5865.6 ; 1466.4
4. What is the force acting on one side of the tank moving upward with an acceleration of 4.7 m/s 2
when it is filled with oil whose sp. gr. is o.752 and a height of 1.3 m from the bottom of the tank?
18.66 kN
5. A truck mounted tank 2.8 m by 10 m by 2.5 m high is 3/5 full of water.
a. What greatest horizontal acceleration can be given on the truck without any amount
spilled? 1.96
b. Compute the force on the rear wall due to the computed acceleration. 85.81
c. Compute the force on the front wall due to the computed acceleration. 3.43
d. How much volume is spilled if the truck travels at a constant speed of 110 KPH? 0
e. Calculate the reversed effective force in the computed acceleration. 82.32
f. How much volume of water will spill if acceleration is 2.2 m/s2? 3.36

6. If the mercury U-tube shown in

figure is given an acceleration of 24”
16.1 ft/s2 toward the right, det. 8” A 6”

the gage pressure at A in psi. 24”

2.46
7. An open tank of water accelerates down a 15° inclined plane at 16.1 ft/s 2. What is the slope of
the water surface?

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO