Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) y Founder of modern nursing Background y Born on May 12, 1820 at Florence, Italy y Sister - Parthenope

y Father educated her more broadly than other girls of the time. Tutored her in mathematics, languages, religion and philosophy (influences her lifework) y 1837 she wrote her calling in her diary: God spoke to me and called me to his Service --- to become a nurse y 1851 she finished her nursing training at Kaiserwerthe, Germany a Protestant religious community with a hospital facility. She was there for 3 months. y 1853 became the superintendent of the Hospital for Invalid Gentlewomen in London. y Crimean War she received a request from Sidney Herbert (a family friend and the Secretary of War) to travel to Scutari, Turkey, with a group of nurses to care for wounded British soldiers. y November 1854 she arrived there with 34 newly recruited nurses who met her criteria for professional nursing young, middle-class women with a basic general education. y Environmental problems - Lack of sanitation - Presence of filth (few chamber pots, contaminated water, contaminated bed linens, and overflowing cesspools) y Lady of the Lamp in the poem Santa Filomena y Crimean Fever y Established schools - St. Thomas Hospital - King s College Hospital in London y Her writings Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency, and Hospital Administration of the British Army - Notes on Hospitals - Report on Measures Adopted for Sanitary Improvements in India from June 1869 to June 1870 y 80 years old wrote between 15,000 and 20,000 letters containing her beliefs, observations, and desire for change in healthcare and in society. y 80s she lost her vision y August 13, 1910 died in her sleep at the age of 90 y Sir John Hall she had a conflict with. Chief British army medical officer in Crimea y Mai- her aunt described her as having a great mind Theoretical Sources for theory development y y y y y Sairey Gamp a drunken, untrained nurse provided society with an image of the horrors of Victorian nursing practice Strong sources for her nursing theory - Religious affiliation and belief Unitarian her belief that action for the benefit of others is a primary way of serving God served as the foundation for defining her nursing work as a religious calling Nightingale s faith provided her with personal strength throughout her life Education - was a critical factor in establishing the profession of nursing

Major Concepts and Definitions y y His theory focused on the environment Components of surroundings that have come to be known as environment - Ventilation

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- Warmth - Light - Diet - Cleanliness - Noise Healthy surroundings necessary for proper nursing care Five essential components of environmental health - Pure air - Pure water - Efficient drainage - Cleanliness - Light Proper ventilation for patients seemed to be of greatest concern to Nightingale and to recognize this environmental component as a source of disease and recovery - Good fire - Opening windows - Properly positioning the patient in the room Concept of light direct sunlight as a particular need of patients, has quite as real and tangible effects upon the human body - Move and position patients to expose them to sunlight Cleanliness includes nurses, physical environment, patients. Dirty environment source if infection through the organic matter it contained Quiet and diet noise can harm patient - She instructed nurses to asses not only dietary intake, but also the meal schedule and its effect on the patient Petty management nurse was in control of the environment both physically and administratively

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Use of empirical evidence y Nursing system and organization her best-known work y British Royal Sanitary Commission her experiences and collected data was submitted there y Polar area diagram she created to represent dramatically the extent of needless death in British Military hospitals in the Crimea Major Assumptions Nursing being responsible for someone else s health y Notes on Nursing published last 1859 to provide women with guidelines for caring their loved ones at home and to give advice on how to think like a nurse Person patient - Nurses was in control of and responsible for the patient s environment and was in control of some personal choices and behaviors Health being well and using every power to the fullest extent in living life y Disease reparative process that nature instituted when a person did not attend to health concerns y Environmental control and social responsibility this way, we can maintain health Environment to assist nature in healing the patient y Mother visited and provided care to poor families y Firsthand observations led to his understanding of physical environments and their effect on health status Theoretical Assertions y Disease nature s effort to remedy a process of poisoning or decay or it was a reaction against the conditions in which a person was placed

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Nature synonymous with God Nursing practice in the Crimea evidence of caring behaviours Principle of confidentiality

Logical Form y Inductive Reasoning she used to extract laws of health, disease, and nursing y Childhood education contributed to her logical thinking and inductive reasoning abilities y As a superintendent in London she was able to make observations and establish principles for nursing traning & patient care