Scribd
Upload
5 views

Instrumentation system lecture 1

The document provides an overview of measurement systems, focusing on the components and performance terms associated with instrumentation systems, including sensors, signal processors, and data presentation. It discusses key performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and stability, along with common errors encountered in measurements. The content serves as an introduction to the fundamental concepts necessary for understanding and evaluating measurement systems in engineering.

Uploaded by

Nandan Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Instrumentation system lecture 1

The document provides an overview of measurement systems, focusing on the components and performance terms associated with instrumentation systems, including sensors, signal processors, and data presentation. It discusses key performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and stability, along with common errors encountered in measurements. The content serves as an introduction to the fundamental concepts necessary for understanding and evaluating measurement systems in engineering.

Uploaded by

Nandan Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Module 1

Measurement systems

By:
Pappu Kumar
Assistant Professor (TEQIP III)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Nalanda College of Engineering, Chandi 1
Introduction
• Motivation: Used for making measurements and deals with the basic elements of
such systems and the terminology used to describe their performance in use.
• With an engineering system an engineer is more interested in the inputs and
outputs of a system than the internal workings of the component elements of that
system.
• A system can be defined as an arrangement of parts within some boundary which
work together to provide some form of output from a specified input or
inputs(block diagram).
Instrumentation system
Eg: CD amplifier system

• An instrumentation system for making measurements has an input of the true


value of the variable being measured and an output of the measured value.
Thermometer,
Constituent elements of an instrumentation system
1. Sensor: This is the element of the system which is effectively in contact with
the process for which a variable is being measured and gives an output.eg.
Thermocouple , resistance thermometer.

2. Signal processor:
• This element takes the output from the sensor.
• It converts it into a form which is suitable for display or onward transmission in
some control system
Constituent elements of an instrumentation system

3. Data presentation:
• This presents the measured value in a form which enables an observer to recognize it. (via
display)
• A pointer moving across the scale of a meter or perhaps information on a visual display unit
(VDU).
Constituent elements of an instrumentation system
Transducer:
• Transducers are defined as an element that converts a change in some physical
variable into a related change in some other physical variable.
• It is generally used for an element that converts a change in some physical
variable into an electrical signal change.
Example: Resistance thermometer
Performance terms
(a) Accuracy and error
• Accuracy is the extent to which the value indicated by a measurement system or
element might be wrong.
• For example, a thermometer mayhave an accuracy of ±0.1C.
• Accuracy is often expressed as a percentage of the full range output or full-scale
deflection (f.s.d).
• The accuracy is a summation of all the possible errors that are likely to occur, as
well as the accuracy to which the system or element has been calibrated.
• error = measured value - true value
• Accuracy is the indicator of how close the value given by a measurement system
can be expected to be to the true value.
Performance terms
• Errors can arise in a number of ways and the following describes some of the
errors that are encountered in specifications of instrumentation systems.
1. Hysteresis error
• The term hysteresis error is used for the difference in outputs given from the same
value of quantity being measured according to whether that value has been
reached by a continuously increasing change or a continuously decreasing change.

2. Non-linearity error
• The term non-linearity error is used for the error that occurs as a result of
assuming a linear relationship between the input and output over the working
range
Performance terms

3. Insertion error
• When a cold thermometer is put in to a hot liquid to measure its temperature, the
presence of the cold thermometer in the hot liquid changes the temperature of the
liquid.
Performance terms
(b) Range:
• The range of variable of system is the limits between which the input can vary.

Dead space and dead band:


• The term dead band or dead space is used if there is a range of input
values for which there is no output.
Performance terms
(c ) Precision, repeatability and reproducibility
• The term precision is used to describe the degree of freedom of a measurement
system from random errors.
• Thus, a high precision measurement instrument will give only a small spread of
readings if repeated readings are taken of the same quantity.
• The terms repeatability and reproducibility are ways of talking about precision in
specific contexts.
• The term repeatability is used for the ability of a measurement system to give the
same value for repeated measurements of the same value of a variable.
• The error arising from repeatability is usually expressed as a percentage of the
full range output.
• For example, a pressure sensor might be quoted as having a repeatability of
±0.1% of full range. Thus with a range of 20 kPa this would be an error of ±20 Pa.
Performance terms
• The term reproducibility is used to describe the ability of a system to give the
same output when used with a constant input with the system or elements of the
system being disconnected from its input and then reinstalled.
Performance terms
(d) sensitivity:
• The sensitivity indicates how much the output of an instrument system or system
element changes when the quantity being measured changes by a given amount,
i.e. the ratio ouput/input.
Performance terms
(e) Stability:
• The stability of a system is its ability to give the same output when used to
measure a constant input over a period of time.
• The term drift is often used to describe the change in output that occurs over
time.
(f) Dynamic Characteristics:
• Figure shows how the reading of an
ammeter might change when the current
is switched on.
• The meter pointer oscillates before
settling down to give the steady-state
reading
Thank You

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy