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STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS (1)

The document provides a detailed overview of various experimental physiology instruments, including the kymograph, Dubois Raymond induction coil, Lucas muscle trough, myograph board, and others. Each instrument's components, functions, and applications in physiological experiments are described, highlighting their roles in recording movements, stimulating tissues, and conducting experiments on muscles and nerves. Additionally, it covers essential accessories and tools used in these experiments, such as electrodes, surgical instruments, and solutions.

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17 views

STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS (1)

The document provides a detailed overview of various experimental physiology instruments, including the kymograph, Dubois Raymond induction coil, Lucas muscle trough, myograph board, and others. Each instrument's components, functions, and applications in physiological experiments are described, highlighting their roles in recording movements, stimulating tissues, and conducting experiments on muscles and nerves. Additionally, it covers essential accessories and tools used in these experiments, such as electrodes, surgical instruments, and solutions.

Uploaded by

anshikagarg0202
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY

STUDY OF INSTRUMENTS
DR AHILYA
KYMOGRAPH :- Records movements on a moving surface.
It consists of:
Base , shaft , gears clutch , striker , contact button assembly terminals , leveling screws
• BASE :- base contains
✓electric motor (220Volts,AC)
✓Shaft
✓Gears
✓Clutch
✓Strikes
✓Contact button assembly
✓On/OFF switch
✓Two pairs of terminals
✓Leveling screw
✓Electric motor( runs on 220 Volts ,AC)
• SHAFT :-contains
✓Connected to the motor vertically
✓Can be rotated at different speeds (2.5 mm/sec……..640mm/sec.
✓A groove on one side extending 1/3rd of shaft.
✓Fitted in the groove a small rectangular plug, connected to the screw-lift present
on the top of the shaft.
✓The level of the drum can , therefore be adjusted by the top screw lift.
✓Cylindrical drum measuring 15cmx15 cm
✓A drum-grip latch present on the top of the drum fixes the drum to the shaft.
✓A pair of projecting strikes fixed at the base of the shaft.
• Gears :- used for changing the shaft speed.
• Clutch:- used to start or stop the drum.
• Striker:-
a) a pair of strikers fixed to the base of the shaft.
b) Can be kept close together or can be separated at a desired distance.
c) On contact with contact button, kymograph acts as a key in the primary
circuit- the circuit being “Made “ and “Broken “-when striker breaks
contact with the contact button.
• Contact button assembly
a) Key mounted on the base.
b) Gets closed momentarily when contacts with the rotating striker.
• Terminals
a) A pair of terminal below the gears are connected inside the base to a
base to a step down transformer to convert 220 volt AC to 4 volt DC
as a stimulus.
b) A pair of terminal on the contact button assembly.
• Leveling Screws
• used for proper leveling the kymograph in a horizontal plane.
DUBOIS RAYMOND INDUCTION COIL
• Used for converting the low voltage, high ampere, direct current into induced current of short
duration, high voltage and low ampere.
• It consists of
1. Primary coil
2. Secondary coil
3. Neef’s hammer
Primary Coil
Made of well insulated copper wire wound around a soft iron core.
A pair of terminal connects to the DC source.
Made of well insulated copper wire wound around a soft iron core.
Has a larger number of turns then the primary coil.
It slides on two horizontal graduated metal rods.the graduation (in cms) gives the distance between
the two coils.
A pair of terminal connects to the electrodes.
• Secondary coil:-
1. Made of well insulated copper wire wound round a soft iron core.
2. Has a larger numbers of turns than the primary coil.
3. It slides on two horizontal graduated metal rods.the graduation (in cms) gives the
distance between the two coils.
4. A pair of terminal connects to the electrodes.
WAGNER-Neef’s Hammer:-
1. Built in automatic interrupter connected in series with the primary coil.
2. Interrupts the primary circuit about 40 times/sec producing repeated induced currents of
the same frequency in the secondary circuit.
3. Use- genesis of tetanus,vagus nerve stimulation.
Factors affecting strength of induced current
• The number of turns of wire in the two coils.
• Strength of direct current fed into the primary coil.
• Distance between the primary and secondary coil.
• Angle between the two coils.
• Rate of change of current in the primary coil.
LUCAS MUSCLE TROUGH
• Plastic trough with an outlet at the bottom to which attached a drainage tube.
• It is filled with 0.6% Nacl solution (Frog’s saline) to keep the muscle moist.
• Base of the trough is covered with a cork sheet for pinning of tissues.
• Fixed to the walls of the trough.
• A pair of electrodes with two terminals.
• Isotonic muscle lever.
MYOGRAPH BOARD WITH STAND

• Cork sheet present on the myograph board for fixation of frog.


TAP KEY
• Used to make and break the primary circuit.
• Connected in primary circuit in series with the DC source.
SECONDARY KEY(SHORT CIRCUITING KEY)
• Connected in parallel in the secondary circuit.
• To stimulate the tissue , it is kept open.
MERCURY KEY
• It has two cups filled with mercury . Its two electrodes dip in the
mercury cups.it offers good performance due to better contact than the
metal key.
ISOTONIC MUSCLE LEVER
-The writing point of the lever is either a capillary pen ink writer or a
triangular piece of photographic film to write on un smoked glazed
paper or smoked glazed paper or smoked glazed paper wrapped on the
drum.
-Series of holes for hook and weights.
-A fulcrum to which the tendon of gastronomies muscle is tied with the
thread.
-An after load screw near the fulcrum to limit the download movement
of the fulcrum.
-Muscle trough is mounted on the myograph stand.
STARLING HEART LEVER
Used for recording isotonic contractions of isolated frog’s heart.
Tetanus Set
Used for genesis of tetanus. Mounted on the base are:-
• Vibrating read
• Scale with length adjusting screw.
• Mercury cup
• Pair of electrodes.
Vibrating read
• A thin steel plate is fixed to the wooden base by two vertical metal rods. A
thick horizontal rod joins the two vertical rods on which numbers are
engraved. A slider connect the horizontal rod and the thin steel plate. The
slider can be fixed at any engraved numbers with the help of a screw. This
point of engraved number where the slider is fixed, indicates the number of
vibrations per second by the thin steel plate. At one end the steel plate there
is a pin which can be adjusted up and down with the help of a screw. The tip
of the pin is dipped in the mercury cup when the primary circuit is complete.
COMMUTATOR
Commutator has a square piece of ebonite or any insulating material having six
grooves with binding screw for each groove. A rocking metallic cradle is fixed with
two middle grooves. Two pieces of copper wire join the grooves situated diagonally.
The grooves are filled with mercury.
USE
To reverse the direction of the current.
To study the velocity of nerve impulse.

ELECTRODE
It used to stimulate a tissue.it consists of two insulated copper wires held together by
a piece of Perspex. The ends of the wires are devoid of insulation. Tissues which can
be stimulated are:-
1. Heart
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Vagus nerve
4. White crescentic line
ELECTROMAGNETIC TIME MARKER :- used for time tracing in frog’s heart
experiments .
• Consist of:-
• Tuning fork with writing point.
• Electromagner
• Contact screw for the metallic strip.
• Pair of terminal.
TUNING FORK:- frequency 100 vibration/second
• Used for timing tracing.
HOOK &WEIGHTS
• The metallic hook weighing 10 gms ( dead weight applied to the lever to maintain a
minimum stretch to the muscle and base line.
• Set of weights each weighing 10 gms .
PITHING NEEDLE:-it used to paralyze the frog by destroying brain and spinal
cord.
ANEURYSM NEEDLE :- It is used to pass threads under a delicate structure.

SURGICAL INSTRUMENT:- Like scissors , forceps , bone cutter etc are required
for dissecting the frog.
THERMOMETER
• Graduations:
i. 0 to 10 0C
ii. 0 to 110 0C
• SMOKING UNIT:-This is used for smoking the graph paper fixed on to the
drum.
• INSULATED COPPER WIRE:- this is used for primary and secondary circuit
by connecting the instruments.

• GLASS RODS:- glass rods of 6” size bluntly tapered are used during isolation of
nerve muscle preparations.

• FROGS RINGER SOLUTION:- This isotonic solution is used fro all the
amphibian experiments.

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