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unit3_4

The document discusses analog pulse modulation methods, specifically Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). It explains how PAM varies pulse amplitudes based on the modulating signal, while PWM varies pulse widths, providing advantages in noise immunity and synchronization. Additionally, it outlines the demodulation processes for both methods and highlights their respective drawbacks and benefits.

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Ashish Goyal
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5 views

unit3_4

The document discusses analog pulse modulation methods, specifically Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). It explains how PAM varies pulse amplitudes based on the modulating signal, while PWM varies pulse widths, providing advantages in noise immunity and synchronization. Additionally, it outlines the demodulation processes for both methods and highlights their respective drawbacks and benefits.

Uploaded by

Ashish Goyal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANALOG PULSE MODULATION METHODS : PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND PULSE

WIDTH MODULATION
 In pulse modulation methods , the carrier is no longer a continuous signal but
consists of a pulse train, some parameter of which is varied according to the
instantaneous value of the modulating frequency
 (i)Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and
 (ii) Pulse time modulation (PTM). The PTM is again of two types
 (a) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and (b) Pulse position modulation (PPM

 If a modulating signal is limited to fm Hz,


the sampling frequency must be at least
2fm and hence the carrier pulse train
must also be at least 2fm Hz
 Because the modulating signal is analog in
nature PAM, PWM, and PPM are called
analog pulse modulation methods.
 PAM may be defined as that type of modulation in which the amplitudes of regularly
spaced rectangular pulses vary according to the instantaneous value of the message signal.
 The pulses in a PAM signal may be of flat top type /natural type/ideal type.
 All the methods discussed previously for sampling are basically PAM methods.
 The flat top PAM is most popular. This is because during the transmission, noise interferes
with top of the transmitted pulses and this noise can be easily removed with flat top pulses.
 The sampling switch is closed by a short duration pulse applied to the gate G1.

The capacitor will be charged to the


instantaneous sample value of x(t).
 The sampling switch is opened and C holds
the charge .
 A discharge pulse can be applied to the gate
G2 and the capacitor is discharged to
ground.
 In flat top PAM the duration of each of the samples is τwith a sampling rate of fs=1/Ts

From fig 10.24 we can write

 To obtain flat top samples we are not applying 10.59


directly here but we are applying a modified form of
Eq(10.59) which is Eq (10.58).
 In this modified equation we are taking s(t) ( varying
amplitude train of impulses ) in place of delta function.
 Thus g(t) is a pulse whose duration is equal to h(t) only
but the amplitude is defined by s(t)
The signal s(t) is obtained by multiplication of baseband signal x(t) and delta function δ (t)
The spectrum of the flat topped signal is given by the equation below.

 Here H(f) is the Fourier transform of the rectangular


pulse. And it is shown in Fig (b).
 Let the spectrum of s(t) be the rectangular pulse train
shown in Fig (a)
 Now we know that

 Thus according to the above equation we can


plot the spectrum G(f) as shown in the figure .
 It may be noted in the figure that the higher
frequencies in S(f) are attenuated due to the roll
off characteristic of the sinc pulse .
 This is called aperture effect.
This can be overcome by using an equalizer
Naturally sampled PAM:The natural sampling is basically PAM Hence the name naturally sampled
PAM signal.

Instantaneously Sampled PAM :The instantaneous sampling is basically PAM.


In PAM the pulse duration τ is less than the time Ts between any two samples i.e.,

 Now if the ON and OFF time of the PAM pulse is same as shown in fig on next slide then the maximum
frequency of PAM pulse will be :
Demodulation of PAM Signals :
 The PAM signal is allowed to pass through a holding circuit followed by a LPF as shown above
 In the next Fig (a) the switch ‘s’ is closed after the arrival of the pulse and opened at the end of
the pulse.
 In this way the capacitor holds the value of the charge acquired during the interval between the
two pulses
 If the PAM is to be transmitted through the space using an antenna they must be
first be amplitude / frequency / phase modulated and then only transmitted.

 At the receiving end AM or FM or PM detection is first employed to get the PAM


signal and then the message signal is recovered from it.
 Drawbacks of a PAM signals :

 (i) The BW required for the transmission of a PAM signal is very large in comparison
to the maximum frequency present in the modulating signal
(ii) Since the amplitude of the PAM pulses varies in accordance with the modulating
signal therefore the interference of noise is maximum in a PAM signal and this noise
can be removed easily
(iii) Since the amplitude of the PAM signal varies , this will also varies the peak power
required by the transmitter with modulating signal.
 Pulse Width Modulation :As observed from the
waveforms the amplitude and the frequency of the
PWM wave remain constant but only the width
changes.
 Hence the information is contained in the width
variation and is similar to FM.
 As the noise is generally additive noise , it changes
the amplitude of the PWM signal. At the receiver it is
possible to remove these unwanted amplitude
variations very easily by means of a limiter circuits.
 As the information is contained in the width variation
it is unaffected by amplitude variations due to noise.
 Generation of PAM : A sawtooth generator generates a sawtooth signal of frequency fs , therefore
the sawtooth signal in this case is a sampling signal and it is applied to the inverting terminal of a
comparator.
 The modulating signal x(t) is applied to the other terminal of the same comparator.
.,
 The comparator output will remain high as long as the instantaneous amplitude x(t) is > ramp
signal.
 The PWM signal at the comparator output as shown .
 Here it may be noted that the leading edges of the PWM waveform coincide with the falling edges
of the ramp signal
 PWM Detection : The received PWM signal is contaminated with noise and it is applied to
a pulse generator circuit which regenerates the PWM signal.
 The pulses are applied to a reference pulse generator which produces a train of constant
amplitude and constant width pulses.
 These pulses are synchronized to the leading edges of the regenerated PWM pulses but
delayed by a fixed interval.
 The regenerated pulses are also applied to a ramp generator at the output of which we geta
constant slope ramp for the duration of the pulse.
 The height of the ramp is thus proportional to the width of the PWM pulse.
 A S/H amplifier retains the final ramp voltage and it is reset at the end of the pulse.
 The constant amplitude pulses at the output of reference pulse generator are then added to
the ramp signal.
 The output of the adder is then clipped off at a threshold level to generate a PAM signal at the
output of the clipper. A LPF is used to recover the original modulating signal back from the PAM
signal

Advantages of PWM : (i) Has good noise immunity


(ii) Synchronisation between the transmitter and receiver is not essential.
(iii) Possible to reconstruct the PWM signal from a noise contaminated PWM. It
is possible to separate out a signal from noise ( which is not possible in PAM)
 Disadvantages of PWM : Due to variable pulse width, the pulses have variable power
contents . Hence the transmission must be powerful enough to handle the maximum width,
pulse though the average power transmitted can be as low as 50% of this maximum power
 (ii) In order to avoid any waveform distortion, the BW required for the PWM communication
is large as compared to the BW of the PAM.

Frequency spectrum :The spectrum shows that the


modulating frequency fs and many of its sidebands
are present.
 Effect of Noise on PWM signals : All the
information is contained in the width variation of
the PWM signal.
 Noise gets added when the signal travels over
the channel.
 Noise distorts only the amplitude of the PWM
signal. But it cannot affect the information which
is contained in the width variation.

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