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Elements of Visual Perception-new

The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the human eye, detailing its various components such as the cornea, sclera, choroid, lens, and retina, as well as the roles of cones and rods in visual perception. It also discusses concepts like brightness adaptation, perceived brightness, and the differences between human vision and camera imaging. Additionally, it covers image sensing, acquisition, sampling, quantization, and the importance of spatial and intensity resolution in digital imaging.

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shibilbasith4u
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2 views36 pages

Elements of Visual Perception-new

The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the human eye, detailing its various components such as the cornea, sclera, choroid, lens, and retina, as well as the roles of cones and rods in visual perception. It also discusses concepts like brightness adaptation, perceived brightness, and the differences between human vision and camera imaging. Additionally, it covers image sensing, acquisition, sampling, quantization, and the importance of spatial and intensity resolution in digital imaging.

Uploaded by

shibilbasith4u
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Image Fundamentals

Elements of Visual Perception


• Structure of the human eye

visual axis sclera

choroid

blind spot
Elements of Visual Perception
• Structure of the human eye
• Three membranes enclose the eye: the cornea and sclera,
choroid, and retina
•Cornea
The cornea is a tough, transparent tissue that covers the anterior
surface of the eye.
•Schlera
sclera is an opaque membrane that encloses the remainder of the optic globe.
•Choroid
The choroid lies directly below the sclera. This membrane contains a network
of blood vessels that serve as the major source of nutrition to the eye. Even
superficial injury to the choroid, often not deemed serious, can lead to severe
eye damage as a result of inflammation that restricts blood flow. The choroid
coat is heavily pigmented and hence helps to reduce the amount of
extraneous light entering the eye and the backscatter within the optical globe
Elements of Visual Perception
• Structure of the human eye
• Ciliary body and iris
At its anterior extreme, the choroid is divided into the ciliary body
and the iris; iris contracts or expands to control the amount of
light that enters the eye
•Pupil
The central opening of the iris (the pupil) varies in diameter from
approximately 2 to 8 mm. The front of the iris contains the visible
pigment of the eye, whereas the back contains a black pigment.
•Lens
The lens is made up of concentric layers of fibrous cells and is
suspended by fibers that attach to the ciliary body.
•It contains 60 to 70% water, about 6% fat, and more protein than any
other tissue in the eye.
Elements of Visual Perception
• Structure of the human eye
.
•The lens is colored by a slightly yellow pigmentation that
increases with age.
• Excessive clouding of the lens, caused by the affliction commonly
referred to as cataracts, can lead to poor color discrimination and
loss of clear vision.
•Retina -
The innermost membrane of the eye
When the eye is properly focused, light from an object
outside the eye is imaged on the retina.
Pattern vision is afforded by two kinds of light receptors
over the surface of the retina, cones and rods
Elements of Visual Perception
• Structure of the human eye
•Cones are primarily located in the central portion of the retina,
called fovea and are sensitive to color; they function best in
relatively bright light; so, cone vision is called photopic or bright-light
vision(6-7 million)

•Rods are distributed over the retinal surface; rods serve to give a
general overall picture of the field of view; they are not involved in
color vision and are sensitive to low levels of illumination; rod vision
is called scotopic or dim-light vision (75-150 million)

• Around the region of the emergence of the optic nerve, there is no


receptors and results in the so-called blind spot
Cones vs. Rods

Approximation: fovea ≈ square sensor array of size 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm.


Density of cones in this area: 150,000 elements/mm2
=> Number of cones in the region of highest acuity (sharp vision) in the eye: ~337,000
elements.
Just in term of raw resolving power, a CCD can have this number of elements in a receptor
array no larger than 5mm x 5mm.
=> basic ability of the eye to resolve detail is comparable to current electronic imaging
sensors
Elements of Visual Perception
• Human eye VS camera

VS

Lens Related
Iris components?
Retina
Brightness Adaptation &
Discrimination
•The human visual system can perceive approximately
1010 different light intensity levels
•However, at any one time we can only discriminate
between a much smaller number – brightness
adaptation
•Similarly, the perceived intensity of a region is related
to the light intensities of the regions surrounding it
Elements of Visual Perception
• Perceived brightness is not a simple function of
intensity
• Visual system tends to undershoot or overshoot around the
boundary of regions of different intensities, called as
“Mach” bands
• A region’s perceived brightness does not only depend simply
on its intensity, but on its surrounding regions; such a
phenomenon is called “simultaneous contrast”
Elements of Visual Perception
• Perceived brightness is not a simple function of
intensity

An example of Mach bands


Elements of Visual Perception
• Perceived brightness is not a simple function of
intensity
Elements of Visual Perception
• Perceived brightness is not a simple function of
intensity

An example of simultaneous contrast


Elements of Visual Perception
• Perceived brightness is not a simple function of
intensity
Elements of Visual Perception
• Perceived brightness is not a simple function of
intensity
• Optical illusions: our visual systems play lots of interesting
tricks on us • It is stilly not fully understood yet
Image Sensing and Acquisition
• Image creation based on two factors
• Illumination source
• Reflection or absorption of energy from that source by the
elements of the “scene” being imaged

Any examples for


these two kinds?
Image Sensing and Acquisition
• Imaging sensors
• Single imaging sensor
• Line sensor
• Array sensor

Single imaging sensor


Image Sensing and Acquisition
• Imaging sensors
• Single imaging sensor
• Line sensor
• Array sensor

Line sensor
Application
scenario?
Image Sensing and Acquisition
• Imaging sensors
• Single imaging sensor
• Line sensor
• Array sensor

Array sensor, used in ordinary digital camera


Image Sensing and Acquisition
• Imaging sensing using sensor strips

Image acquisiton using a linear sensor strip and a circular sensor strip
Image Sensing and Acquisition
• Imaging sensing using sensor arrays

An example of the digital image acquisition process


Image Sampling and Quantization
• Sampling and quantization will convert a continuous
image signal f to a discrete digital form
• Digitizing the coordinate values is called sampling
• Digitizing the amplitude is called quantization
Image Sampling and Quantization
• Sampling and quantization will convert a continuous
image signal f to a discrete digital form
Image Sampling and Quantization
• Sampling and quantization will convert a continuous
image signal f to a discrete digital form

Result of image sampling and quantization


Image Sampling and Quantization
• Representing images
Image Sampling and Quantization
• Spatial resolution
• The spatial resolution of an image is determined by how
sampling was carried out
• DPI (dots per inch) is used to measure the spatial resolution

Note: to say that an image has a resolution 1024*1024


is not a meaningful statement without stating the
spatial dimensions encompassed by the image
Image Sampling and Quantization
• Spatial resolution—an example
Image Sampling and Quantization
• Spatial resolution—an example
Image Sampling and Quantization
• Spatial resolution—an example
Image Sampling and Quantization
• Spatial resolution—an example
Image Sampling and Quantization
• Spatial resolution—an example
Image Sampling and Quantization
• Spatial resolution—an example
Image Sampling and Quantization
• Intensity resolution
• Intensity resolution refers to the smallest discernible change
in intensity level
• The more intensity levels used, the finer the level of detail
discernable in an image
• The number of bits used to quantize intensity is often referred
as the intensity resolution
Number of Intensity
Number of Bits Examples
Levels
1 2 0, 1
2 4 00, 01, 10, 11
4 16 0000, 0101, 1111
8 256 00110011, 01010101
16 65,536 1010101010101010
Image Sampling and Quantization
• Intensity resolution

8 bits per pixel 7 bpp 6 bpp 5 bpp

4 bpp 3 bpp 2 bpp 1 bpp


Image Sampling and Quantization
• Image interpolation
• It is a basic tool used in tasks such as zooming, shrinking,
rotating, and geometric corrections
• Traditional methods include nearest neighbor, bilinear, and
bicubic

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