Trigonometry

214 ♦ MATHEMATICS – I

Inverse Circular Function

Exercise 2.1 (A)
1. Evaluate
 1
a) Arc tan – 
 3
Solution: Here,
Let, y = Arc tan –
1 , y ∈ –π , π
 3  2 2
y = tan–1 –  ;
1 π π
or, – < tan–1 y <
 3 2 2

< 0, so that y ∉ 0, 

1 π
tan y = –
or,
3  2
Now, tan   = – tan , where   ∈  , 0
–π π 1 –π –π
=–
 6 6 3  6  2 
Thus, tan   =
–π 1
 6  – 3 = tany
y = Arc tan   = –
–1 π
  3 6
 3
b) sin tan–1 4
 
Solution:
sin tan–1
3
 4
3
Let, tan–1 =θ
4
3
or, tan θ =
4
4
or, cot θ =
3
16 25
or, cosec2θ = 1 + cot2θ = 1 + =
9 9
5
or, cosec θ =
3
1 3
or, sin θ = =
cosec θ 5
sin tan–1  = sinθ =
3 3
∴
 4 5

2. Find the value of each of the following.

 Inverse Circular Functions ♦ Unit - 2 215

1
a) tan–13 + tan–1 3
Solution: Here,
1
tan–13 + tan–1
3
1
 3+ 3 
= tan–1  1 – 3.1
 3
 10 
= tan
 3 
–1
1 – 1
10
= tan–1
3
0
= tan–1 (∞)
π
=
2
b) sin (Arc tanx + Arc cot x)
Solution:
sin (Arc tanx + Arc cot x) = sin (tan–1x + cot–1x)
π
= sin
2
= 1
 3 5
c) cos sin–1 + sin–1 
 5 13
Solution:
cos sin–1 + sin–1 
3 5
 5 13
cos sin–1  . cos sin–1
5 
– sin sin–1  . sin sin–1
3 3 5 
=
 5  13   5  13 

cos cos–1 1 –  .cos cos–1

9 25  3 5
= 1– – ×
 25  169 5 13
16 144 15
= . –
25 169 65
4 12 15
= × –
5 13 65
48 15
= –
65 65
33
=
65
3. Prove that
1 1 6
a) tan–1 + tan–1 = tan–1
5 7 17
L.H.S.
216 ♦ MATHEMATICS – I

1 1
tan–1 + tan–1
5 7
1 1
 +
5 7
= tan–1  
1 1

1– .
5 7
12
 
35
= tan–1   = tan–1
12 6
= tan–1  
34  34 17
= R.H.S. Proved
 
35
1  2x 
b) tan–1x = sin–1  
2 1 + x2
R.H.S.
1 –1  2x 
sin
2 1 + x2
Let, tan–1 x = A
or, x = tan A
sin–1 
1 2tanA  1
∴ = sin–1 (sin 2A)
2  1 + tan2A 2
1
= × 2A
2
=A
= tan–1 x = L.H.S Proved
 sin x  x
c) tan–1  =
1 + cosx 2
L.H.S.
tan–1 
sin x 
1 + cosx
x x
2sin 2. cos 2
= tan–1  2cos x 
 2 
2

tan–1 tan
x x
=
 2 = 2 = R.H.S. Proved
d) sin(cos–1u) = cos(sin–1u)
L.H.S.
sin(cos–1u)
= sin (sin–1 1 – u2)
= 1 – 42
= cos (cos–1 1 – u2 )
2
= (
cos sin–1 1 – ( 1 – u2) )
–1 2
= cos (sin 1 – 1 + u )
= cos(sin–1 u) = R.H.S. Proved
e) cot –1 (tan 2x) – cot –1 (tan 3x) = x
L.H.S.
cot –1 (tan 2x) – cot –1 (tan 3x)
 Inverse Circular Functions ♦ Unit - 2 217

tan–1 
1  –1  1 
=
 tan 2x – tan  tan3x
1 1
 tan2x – tan 3x 
= tan-1 1+ 1 . 1 
 tan2x tan3x
tan–1 
tan 3x – tan2x 
=
 1 + tan 3x. tan2x
= tan–1 (tan (3x – 2x))
= tan–1 (tan x)
= x = R.H.S. Proved
x + y + z – xyz
f) tan–1x + tan–1y + tan–1z = tan–1
1 – yz – zx – xy
L.H.S.
tan–1x + tan–1y + tan–1z
tan–1 
x+y  –1
=
 1 – xy + tan z
x +y
 1 – x.y
+z 
= tan–1 
1–
x+y  
  1 – xy. z 
x + y + z – xyz
= tan–1 = R.H.S. Proved
1 – yz – zx – xy
12 4 63
g) sin–1 + cos–1 + tan–1 = π
13 5 16
L.H.S.
12 4 63
sin–1 + cos–1 + tan–1
13 5 16
2


12
13   1– 
4

 5
 
63
tan–1
 
–1
= 2 + tan + tan–1
4 16
 1– 
12
 13   5 
tan–1 
12 13 –1  3 5 –1 63
=
 13 × 5  + tan  5 × 4 + tan 16
tan–1   + tan–1   + tan–1  
12 3 63
=
 5  4  16
12 3
 5 4
+  63
= π + tan–1  12 3  + tan–1
16
[Θ xy > 1, x > 0, y >0]
 1–
5 4
× 
48 + 15
 20  63
= π + tan–1  36  + tan–1
16
 1–
20 
π + tan–1 
63  63
=
 – 16 + tan 16
218 ♦ MATHEMATICS – I

63 63
 – 16 + 16 
π + tan 
63 63 
=
 1 + 16 × 16
= π + tan–1(0)
= π+0
= π = R.H.S. Proved
1  1 – x  1 –1  2 x 
h) tan–1 x = cos–1   = sin
2 1 + x 2 1 + x
L.H.S.
1 – x 1 –1  2 x 
cos–1 
1
tan–1 x =
2 1 + x = 2 sin 1 + x
Now
Let, tan–1 x = A ... (i)
or, tan A = x
1 – tan2 A 1–x
cos 2A = =
1 + tan2A 1+x
–1  1 – x 
or, 2 A = cos
 1 + x
1 –1  1 – x 
or, A = cos ... (ii)
2  1 + x
Again,
2 tan A
sin2A =
1 + tan2A
2 x
or, sin2A =
1+x
2 x
or, 2A = sin–1
1+x
1
or, A = sin–1
2 x ... (iii)
2 1 + x
From (i), (ii) and (iii)
–1  2 2 
cos–1 
1 1 – x
tan–1 x =
2  1 + x = sin 1 + x Proved
 1 1
i) tan–11 + tan–12 + tan–13 = π = 2 tan–11 + tan–1 + tan–1 
 2 3
L.H.S.
tan–11 + tan–12 + tan–13
π + tan–1 
1+2  –1
=
 1 – 1 .2 + tan 3
= π + tan–1 (–3) + tan–13
= π + tan–1 (3) + tan–1 (–3)
π + tan–1 
3–3 
=
 1 + 3.3
= π + tan–1(0)
= π+0
= π = M.S. = R.H.S.
 Inverse Circular Functions ♦ Unit - 2 219

2 tan–11 + tan–1 + tan–1 

1 1
 2 3
1
  1 + 2  1
2 tan 
1
–1
= + 2 tan–1
3
 1 – 1. 2
1
= 2 tan–1(3) + 2 tan–1
3
2 tan–13 + tan–1
1
=
 3
1
 3+
3 
= 2 tan –1

1
 1 – 3.
3 
–1
= 2 tan (∞)
π
= 2.
2
= π = M.S.
∴ L.H.S. = M.S. = R.H.S. Proved
3 17 π
j) 2 sin–1 – tan–1 =
5 31 4
L.H.S.
3 17
2 sin–1 – tan–1
5 31
Let, sin–1   = θ
3
 5
3
then; sinθ =
5
Thus;
3 3
tanθ = , which gives θ = tan–1
4 4
32 4
1–
sinθ 3
[Θ cos θ =
5 = 5 ; So; tan θ = cosθ = 4 ]
3 17
= 2sin–1 – tan-1
5 31

17
= 2θ – tan–1
31
3 17
= 2 tan–1 – tan–1
4 31
3
2.
4  17
= tan–1  9 
– tan–1
31

1–
16 
24 17
= tan–1 – tan–1
7 31
220 ♦ MATHEMATICS – I

24 17
 7 – 31 
= tan–1  1 + 24. 17
 7 31
tan–1 
625 271 
=
 217 × 625
= tan–1 (1)
tan–1 tan
π
=
 4
π
= R.H.S. Proved
4
π
k) cot –1 3 + cosec–1 5 =
4
L.H.S.
cot –1 3 + cosec–1 5
1
Now, cot–13 + tan–1
3
Let; cosec–1 5 = A
or, 5 = cosec A
5 h
or, cosec A= =
1 p
2
or, b = h2 – p2 = (5) – (1)2 = 4 = 2
p 1
tan A = =
b 2
A = tan–1  
1
or,
 2
cosec–1 5 = tan–1 
1
or,
 2
So; cot–1 3 + cosec–1 5
1 1
= tan–1 + tan–1
3 2
1 1
+
3 2 
= tan–1  1 1 

1– .
3 2 
2+3
6 
= tan–1  1 

1–
6 
–1 5 6
= tan
6 × 5
–1
= tan (1)
π
= = R.H.S. Proved
4
a–b b–c c–a
l) tan–1   + tan–1 1 + ab + tan–1 1 + ca = 0
1 + ab    
 Inverse Circular Functions ♦ Unit - 2 221

Solution;
tan–1 
a–b  –1 b – c  –1  c – a 
 1 + ab + tan  1 + bc + tan  1 + ca
= tan–1a – tan–1 b + tan–1b – tan–1c + tan–1c – tan–1 a
= 0 R.H.S.
2
2x –1 1 – x –1 2x
m) 2 tan–1x = sin–1 2 = cos 2 = tan
1+x 1+x 1 – x2
Solution
tan–1 x = A
Let;
tan A = x
2 tan A
∴ tan 2A =
1 – tan2 A
2x
or, tan 2 A =
1 – x2
or, 2 A = tan–1 
2x 
 1 – x2
or, 2 tan–1x = tan–1 
2x 
... (i)
 1 – x2
Also;
2 tanA
sin 2A =
1 + tan2A
2x
or, sin 2A =
1 + x2
or, 2 A = sin–1 
2x 
 1 + x2
or, 2 tan–1 x = sin–1 
2x 
... (ii)
 1 + x2
Also;
1 – tan2A
cos 2A =
1 + tan2A
1 – x2
or, cos 2A =
1 + x2
1 – x2
or, 2 A = cos–1
1 + x2
1 – x2
or, 2 tan–1 x = cos–1 ... (iii)
1 + x2
Combining (i),(ii) and (iii) we get;
2
2 tan–1x = sin–1 
2x  –1  1 – x  –1 2x
1+x 2 = cos
 1 + x2 = tan 1 – x2 = Proved
222 ♦ MATHEMATICS – I

x–b a–x x–b

n) sin–1 = cos–1 = tan–1
a–b a–b a–x
Solution;
x–b
Let, A = sin–1 ... (i)
a–b
x–b
sin A =
a–b
x –b a–x
∴ cos A = 1 –sin2A = 1– =
a–b a–b
a–x
or, A = cos–1 ... (ii)
a–b
sin A x–b a–b x–b
and, tan A = = × =
cos A a–b a–x a–x

A = tan–1 
x –b 
... (iii)
or,
a – x
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
x–a a–x x–b
∴ sin–1 = cos–1 = tan–1
a–b a–b a–x
L.H.S. = M.S. = R.H.S Proved
4. Solve the following equations.
1
a) cos (sin–1 x) =
2
Solution:
1
cos (sin–1 x) =
2
1
or, cos (cos–1 1 – x2 ) =
2
1
or, 1 – x2 =
2
Squaring on both sides
( 1 – x2 )2 =  
1 2
or,
 2
1
or, 1 – x2 =
4
1
or, 1– = x2
4
3
or, x2 =
4
3
∴ x =± Proved
2
π
b) sin–1 x + sin–1 2x =
3
L.H.S.
π
sin–1 x + sin–12x =
3
 Inverse Circular Functions ♦ Unit - 2 223

π
or, sin–12x = – sin–1x
3
= sin  – sin–1x
π
2x
or,
3 
π π
or, 2x = sin . cos (sin–1x) – cos sin (sin–1x)
3 3
3 1
or, 2x = × cos (cos–1 1 – x2) – × x
2 2
3 x
or, 2x = 1 – x2 –
2 2
x 3
or, 2x + = 1 – x2
2 2
5x 3 1 – x2
or, =
2 2
or, 5x = 3 ( 1 – x2 )
Square both sides;
25x2 = 3(1 – x2)
2
or, 25x = 3 – 3x2
2
or, 28 x =3
2 3
or, x =
28
3 3
∴ x =± =±
28 2 7
π
c) tan–1 2x + tan–1 3x =
4
Solution:
π
tan–1 2x + tan–1 3x =
4
–1  2x + 3x  π
or, tan
 1 – 2x. 3x = 4
or, tan–1 
5x  π
 1 – 6x2 = 4
= tan  
5x π
or,
1 – 6x2  4
5x
or, =1
1 – 6x2
or, 5x = 1 – 6x2
or, 6x2 + 5x – 1 = 0
or, 6x2 + (6 – 1) x – 1 =0
or, 6x2 + 6x – x – 1 = 0
or, 6x (x + 1) – 1( x + 1) = 0
or, (x + 1) (6x – 1) =0
Either; Or
x + 1 =0 6x = 1
1
or, x = –1 or, x =
6
As the equation's L.H.S. turns negative, x = –1 does not satisfy the equaiton.
224 ♦ MATHEMATICS – I

1
∴ x = is only the solution of given equation.
6

2
2a –1 –1 1 – b
d) sin – cos = 2 tan–1 x
1 + a2 1 + b2
Solution:
2
2a –1 1 – b
sin–1 2 – cos = 2 tan–1 x
1+a 1 + b2
Put, a = tan A and b = tan B
 A = tan–1a and B = tan–1b
1 – tan2B 
sin–1 
2 tan A 
– cos–1  –1
∴
 1 + tan A
2
 1 + tan2B = 2 tan x
or, sin–1 (sin 2A) – cos–1 (cos–12B) = 2 tan–1x
or, 2A – 2B = 2 tan–1x
or, 2(A – B) = 2 tan–1x
or, (A – B) = tan–1x
or, tan–1a – tan–1b = tan–1-x
or, tan–1 ( 1a +– abb ) = tan x
–1

x = tan tan–1
a–b 
or,
 1 + ab
(a – b)
∴ x=
1 + ab
e) tan–1 2x = 2tan–1 x
Solution:
tan–1 2x = 2tan–1 x
or, tan–12x – 2 tan–1x = 0
2x
or, tan–12x – tan–1 =0
1 – x2
2x
or, tan–12x = tan–1
1 – x2
or, 2x = tan tan–1
2x 
 1 – x2
2x
or, 2x =
1 – x2
or, 2x – 2x3 = 2x
or, 2x3 = 0
or, x3 = 0
∴ x=0
f) tan–1 x – cot–1 x = 0
Solution:
tan–1 x – cot–1 x = 0
1
or, tan–1x – tan–1 =0
x
1

x–
x 
or, tan–1  1
=0 

1+x
x 
 Inverse Circular Functions ♦ Unit - 2 225

2
x – x
or, tan–1
 x  =0
 2 
x2 – 1
or, tan–1 
 2x  = 0
or, x2 – 1 = 0
or, x2 = 1
∴ x=±1=1
2m 2n
g) 2 tan–1x = sin–1 + sin–1
1 + m2 1 + n2
Solution: Here,
Let, m = tan A and n = tan B
∴ 2 tan–1x = sin–1 
2 tanA  –1  2 tan B 
 1 + tan 2A + sin  1 + tan2B
or, 2tan–1x = sin–1 (sin 2A) + sin–1 (sin 2B)
or, 2 tan–1x = 2A + 2B
or, tan–1x = A + B
or, tan–1x = tan–1 m + tan–1 n
m+n
or, tan–1 x = tan–1
1 – mn
m+n
or, x =
1 – mn
m+n
∴ x=
1 – mn
5. If tan–1x + tan–1y + tan–1z = π, then show x + y + z = xyz.
Solution:
tan–1 x + tan–1y + tan–1 z = π

tan–1 
x+y  –1
or,
 1 – xy = π – tan z
x+y
or, = tan (π – tan–1z)
1 – xy
x+y
or, = – tan (tan–1 z)
1 – xy
x+y z
or, =–
1 – xy 1
or, x + y = – z + xyz
or, x + y + z = xyz Proved
6. If cos–1x + cos–1y + cos–1z = π, show that x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1.
Solution:
cos–1x + cos–1y + cos–1z = π
or, cos–1x + cos–1y = π – cos–1z
or, cos–1 (xy – 1 – x2 . 1 – y2 ) = π – cos–1 z
or, xy – 1 – x2 . 1 – y2 = cos (π – cos–1 z)
or, xy – 1 – x2 . 1 – y2 = – cos (cos–1z)
or, xy – 1 – x2 . 1 – y2 = –z
226 ♦ MATHEMATICS – I

or, xy + z = 1 – x2 1 – y2
Squaring both sides
or, (xy + z)2 = ( 1 – x2. 1 – y2 )2
or, (xy)2 + 2xyz + (z)2 = (1 – x2) (1 – y2)
or, x2y2 + 2xyz + z2 = 1 – y2 – x2 + x2y2
or, x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1 Proved
7. If cot –1x + cot –1y + cot –1z = π, show that xy + yz + zx = 1.
Solution:
cot –1x + cot –1y + cot –1z = π
or, cot–1x + cot–1y = π – cot-1z

cot–1 
xy – 1 –1
or,
 x + y  = π – cot z
xy – 1 = cot (π – cot–1 z)
or,
 x + y
xy –1
or, = – cot (cot–1z)
x+y
xy – 1
or, =–z
x+y
or, xy – 1 = –zx – zy
or, xy + yz + zx = 1 Proved
♦•♦•♦