# Electronics and Communication Engineering Mock Test

**Total Questions: 100**

**Marks: 100**

**Time: 2 hours**

## Instructions:

1. Each question carries 1 mark

2. There is no negative marking

3. All numerical problems can be solved without a calculator

4. Choose the most appropriate option for each question

---

## Communication Systems (11 questions)

### Question 1

The modulation technique that provides the best noise immunity is:

- A) Amplitude Modulation (AM)

- B) Frequency Modulation (FM)

- C) Phase Modulation (PM)

- D) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

### Question 2

In an AM signal, the modulation index is 0.5. If the carrier power is 100W, what is the total
sideband power?

- A) 6.25W

- B) 12.5W

- C) 25W
- D) 50W

### Question 3

The minimum bandwidth required for a baseband signal with highest frequency component
of 5 kHz is:

- A) 5 kHz

- B) 10 kHz

- C) 15 kHz

- D) 20 kHz

### Question 4

In PCM, if the number of quantization levels is increased from 8 to 64, how much does the
SNR improve?

- A) 3 dB

- B) 6 dB

- C) 9 dB

- D) 18 dB

### Question 5

The phenomenon of signal power falling off with distance in free space is proportional to:

- A) d

- B) d²

- C) d³

- D) d⁴

### Question 6

The maximum efficiency of an AM system with modulation index of 1 is:

- A) 25%

- B) 33.33%
- C) 50%

- D) 66.67%

### Question 7

In a superheterodyne receiver, if the incoming RF signal is at 1000 kHz and the IF is 455 kHz,
what is the local oscillator frequency?

- A) 545 kHz

- B) 1455 kHz

- C) 455 kHz

- D) 1000 kHz

### Question 8

For an angle modulated signal with modulation index β, the number of significant sidebands
is approximately:

- A) β

- B) β + 1

- C) β + 2

- D) 2β + 1

### Question 9

The capacity of a communication channel with bandwidth B Hz and signal-to-noise ratio S/N
is given by:

- A) B × log₂(1 + S/N) bits/second

- B) B × log₁₀(1 + S/N) bits/second

- C) B × ln(1 + S/N) bits/second

- D) B/(1 + S/N) bits/second

### Question 10

QPSK modulation technique can transmit ___ bits per symbol:

- A) 1

- B) 2

- C) 4

- D) 8

### Question 11

The process of recovering a baseband signal from a modulated signal is called:

- A) Modulation

- B) Demodulation

- C) Multiplexing

- D) Encoding

---

## Electronic Circuits and Devices (11 questions)

### Question 12

The value of threshold voltage of a silicon pn junction diode at room temperature is

approximately:

- A) 0.3 V

- B) 0.5 V

- C) 0.7 V

- D) 1.1 V

### Question 13

In an n-channel enhancement MOSFET, the drain current is zero when:

- A) VGS = 0 V

- B) VGS = VT
- C) VGS < VT

- D) VGS > VT

### Question 14

The early effect in a BJT is characterized by:

- A) Decrease in output resistance

- B) Increase in output resistance

- C) No change in output resistance

- D) Increase in transconductance

### Question 15

A BJT with β = 99 has an α value of:

- A) 0.5

- B) 0.9

- C) 0.99

- D) 0.999

### Question 16

The reverse recovery time of a diode depends on:

- A) Forward current only

- B) Reverse voltage only

- C) Both forward current and reverse voltage

- D) Neither forward current nor reverse voltage

### Question 17

The device that can be used as a variable capacitor is:

- A) Tunnel diode

- B) Schottky diode
- C) Varactor diode

- D) Zener diode

### Question 18

In a 741 op-amp, the typical value of open-loop gain is approximately:

- A) 10³

- B) 10⁵

- C) 10⁷

- D) 10⁹

### Question 19

For a silicon transistor at room temperature, the change in VBE for a decade change in
collector current is approximately:

- A) 60 mV

- B) 120 mV

- C) 180 mV

- D) 240 mV

### Question 20

The barrier potential of a silicon pn junction at 300K with donor and acceptor concentrations
of 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ and 10¹⁵ cm⁻³ respectively is close to:

- A) 0.5 V

- B) 0.6 V

- C) 0.7 V

- D) 0.8 V

### Question 21

In a common emitter amplifier, the phase difference between input and output signals is:

- A) 0°
- B) 90°

- C) 180°

- D) 270°

### Question 22

The CMRR of an ideal op-amp is:

- A) 0

- B) 1

- C) 100

- D) Infinity

---

## Digital Logic and Circuits (12 questions)

### Question 23

The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input XNOR gate is:

- A) A + B

- B) A · B

- C) A ⊕ B

- D) A ⊙ B (or A ⊕ B)

### Question 24

The number of flip-flops required to build a MOD-16 counter is:

- A) 2

- B) 4

- C) 8

- D) 16
### Question 25

In an 8421 BCD code, the decimal number 95 is represented as:

- A) 10010101

- B) 10011001

- C) 1001 0101

- D) 1001 1001

### Question 26

The minimum number of NAND gates required to implement an XOR function is:

- A) 2

- B) 3

- C) 4

- D) 5

### Question 27

What is the output of a T flip-flop if the present state is 1 and the input T is 0?

- A) 0

- B) 1

- C) No change

- D) Toggle

### Question 28

A 4×1 multiplexer requires _____ select lines:

- A) 1

- B) 2

- C) 3

- D) 4
### Question 29

Which of the following is a universal gate?

- A) AND

- B) OR

- C) XOR

- D) NAND

### Question 30

The canonical SOP form of the Boolean expression Y = AB + C is:

- A) ABC + ABC̄ + ĀBC + ĀBC̄

- B) ABC̄ + ABC + ĀBC

- C) ABC + ABC̄ + ĀBC

- D) ABC + ĀBC

### Question 31

The propagation delay of a digital circuit is:

- A) The time taken to change the output after input changes

- B) The time for which input must be stable

- C) The time for which output is stable

- D) None of the above

### Question 32

The number of states in a 3-bit synchronous counter is:

- A) 3

- B) 6

- C) 8

- D) 16
### Question 33

The equivalent Gray code for the binary number 1011 is:

- A) 1110

- B) 1101

- C) 1100

- D) 1111

### Question 34

In a 4-bit binary ripple counter, if the propagation delay for each flip-flop is 10 ns, the
maximum delay for a change in output is:

- A) 10 ns

- B) 20 ns

- C) 30 ns

- D) 40 ns

---

## Signals and Systems (11 questions)

### Question 35

The Fourier transform of a rectangular pulse in time domain is:

- A) Rectangular pulse in frequency domain

- B) Sinc function in frequency domain

- C) Impulse in frequency domain

- D) Exponential in frequency domain

### Question 36
A discrete-time LTI system has impulse response h[n] = (1/2)ⁿu[n]. The system is:

- A) Stable and causal

- B) Stable and non-causal

- C) Unstable and causal

- D) Unstable and non-causal

### Question 37

The convolution of x(t) = cos(2πt) with itself results in:

- A) 0.5cos(4πt)

- B) cos²(2πt)

- C) 0.5 + 0.5cos(4πt)

- D) cos(4πt)

### Question 38

The energy of the signal x(t) = 3cos(2πt) over the interval [0, 1] is:

- A) 3

- B) 4.5

- C) 9

- D) 4.5π

### Question 39

The z-transform of the discrete sequence x[n] = {1, 2, 3, 4} is:

- A) 1 + 2z⁻¹ + 3z⁻² + 4z⁻³

- B) z³ + 2z² + 3z + 4

- C) 1 + 2z + 3z² + 4z³

- D) z⁻³ + 2z⁻² + 3z⁻¹ + 4

### Question 40
A signal is sampled at a rate of 8 kHz. The Nyquist rate for this sampled signal is:

- A) 4 kHz

- B) 8 kHz

- C) 16 kHz

- D) 2 kHz

### Question 41

The autocorrelation function of a white noise process is:

- A) A constant

- B) An impulse function

- C) A sinusoidal function

- D) An exponential function

### Question 42

If x(t) ↔ X(jω) is a Fourier transform pair, then x(2t) ↔ ?

- A) X(jω/2)

- B) 2X(jω)

- C) X(2jω)

- D) (1/2)X(jω/2)

### Question 43

The condition for a discrete-time system to be BIBO stable is:

- A) All poles must be inside the unit circle

- B) All poles must be outside the unit circle

- C) All zeros must be inside the unit circle

- D) All zeros must be outside the unit circle

### Question 44
A causal LTI system has impulse response h(t) = e⁻ᵗu(t). The system function H(s) is:

- A) 1/(s+1)

- B) s/(s+1)

- C) 1/(s-1)

- D) s/(s-1)

### Question 45

The Laplace transform of the signal x(t) = e⁻²ᵗsin(3t)u(t) has poles at:

- A) s = -2 ± j3

- B) s = 2 ± j3

- C) s = -2, s = j3, s = -j3

- D) s = 2, s = j3, s = -j3

---

## Control Systems (11 questions)

### Question 46

For a unity feedback control system, the steady-state error for a unit step input with a type-1
system is:

- A) 0

- B) 1

- C) Infinity

- D) Depends on the gain

### Question 47

The transfer function G(s) = 1/(s²+4s+13) has poles at:

- A) s = -2 ± j3
- B) s = 2 ± j3

- C) s = -13, s = -4

- D) s = 13, s = 4

### Question 48

The phase margin of a system with transfer function G(s) = 1/(s(s+1)) is approximately:

- A) 30°

- B) 45°

- C) 60°

- D) 90°

### Question 49

For a system with characteristic equation s³ + 2s² + 3s + 4 = 0, the number of roots in the
right half of the s-plane according to Routh-Hurwitz criterion is:

- A) 0

- B) 1

- C) 2

- D) 3

### Question 50

The steady-state error for a unit ramp input to a type-1 system with open-loop transfer
function G(s) = K/s(s+1) is:

- A) 0

- B) 1/K

- C) K

- D) Infinity

### Question 51

In a root locus plot, the angle of asymptotes for a system with 3 poles and 1 zero is:
- A) 90°

- B) 180°

- C) 120°

- D) 60°

### Question 52

A system has poles at s = -1, s = -2, and s = -3. The impulse response will:

- A) Oscillate without decay

- B) Oscillate with decay

- C) Decay without oscillation

- D) Grow without bound

### Question 53

The gain margin of a system with open-loop transfer function G(s) = 1/[s(s+1)(s+2)] is
approximately:

- A) 6 dB

- B) 12 dB

- C) 16 dB

- D) 20 dB

### Question 54

If the open-loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is G(s) = K/(s(s+2)), the value of
K for which the damping ratio is 0.5 is:

- A) 1

- B) 2

- C) 3

- D) 4

### Question 55
The time constant of a first-order system G(s) = 4/(s+2) is:

- A) 0.25 seconds

- B) 0.5 seconds

- C) 2 seconds

- D) 4 seconds

### Question 56

In a Bode plot, a pole at the origin contributes to the magnitude plot with a slope of:

- A) 0 dB/decade

- B) -20 dB/decade

- C) -40 dB/decade

- D) +20 dB/decade

---

## Analog Circuits (11 questions)

### Question 57

The voltage gain of a common emitter amplifier with unbypassed emitter resistance RE is
approximately:

- A) RC/RE

- B) RC/r'e

- C) RC/(RE + r'e)

- D) RC·r'e/(RE + r'e)

### Question 58

In a class B push-pull amplifier, the conduction angle is:

- A) 90°
- B) 180°

- C) 270°

- D) 360°

### Question 59

The negative feedback in an amplifier:

- A) Increases the gain

- B) Decreases the bandwidth

- C) Increases the distortion

- D) Increases the stability

### Question 60

The voltage gain of an op-amp in inverting configuration with Ri = 10 kΩ and Rf = 100 kΩ is:

- A) 0.1

- B) 10

- C) -10

- D) -0.1

### Question 61

A Colpitts oscillator uses which components to provide feedback?

- A) Two capacitors

- B) Two inductors

- C) Resistor and capacitor

- D) Inductor and capacitor

### Question 62

The value of input resistance for a voltage follower using an ideal op-amp is:

- A) 0
- B) Open circuit (∞)

- C) Equal to feedback resistance

- D) Equal to source resistance

### Question 63

The power dissipated by a Class A amplifier with supply voltage VCC and peak output current
Ip is maximum at an efficiency of:

- A) 25%

- B) 50%

- C) 78.5%

- D) 100%

### Question 64

In a bistable multivibrator, the number of stable states is:

- A) 0

- B) 1

- C) 2

- D) 3

### Question 65

The output voltage of a Schmitt trigger changes when the input signal:

- A) Crosses a single threshold level

- B) Crosses two different threshold levels

- C) Reaches its maximum value

- D) Reaches its minimum value

### Question 66

If the gain-bandwidth product of an op-amp is 1 MHz, the gain at a frequency of 10 kHz is:
- A) 10

- B) 100

- C) 1000

- D) 10000

### Question 67

The Barkhausen criterion for oscillation states that:

- A) Loop gain must be less than 1

- B) Loop gain must be equal to 1

- C) Loop gain must be greater than 1

- D) Loop phase shift must be 0°

---

## Engineering Mathematics (11 questions)

### Question 68

If z = 3 + 4j, then |z| equals:

- A) 7

- B) 5

- C) 25

- D) √25

### Question 69

The solution to the differential equation d²y/dx² + 4y = 0 is:

- A) y = C₁cos(2x) + C₂sin(2x)

- B) y = C₁e²ˣ + C₂e⁻²ˣ

- C) y = C₁e²ˣcos(2x) + C₂e²ˣsin(2x)
- D) y = C₁x + C₂

### Question 70

The value of the definite integral ∫₀¹ x²dx is:

- A) 1/3

- B) 1/2

- C) 2/3

- D) 1

### Question 71

The rank of the matrix [ [1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 6], [3, 6, 9] ] is:

- A) 1

- B) 2

- C) 3

- D) 0

### Question 72

The eigenvalues of the matrix [ [3, 1], [1, 3] ] are:

- A) 2, 4

- B) 2, -4

- C) 4, 2

- D) 4, -2

### Question 73

The Laplace transform of f(t) = t² is:

- A) 2/s³

- B) 1/s³

- C) 2!/s³
- D) 3!/s⁴

### Question 74

The matrix form of the linear transformation that rotates a vector by 90° counterclockwise in
R² is:

- A) [ [0, -1], [1, 0] ]

- B) [ [0, 1], [-1, 0] ]

- C) [ [1, 0], [0, -1] ]

- D) [ [-1, 0], [0, 1] ]

### Question 75

If the Fourier transform of f(t) is F(ω), then the Fourier transform of f(t)e^(-at) is:

- A) F(ω-a)

- B) F(ω+a)

- C) F(ω)e^(-aω)

- D) F(ω-ja)

### Question 76

The value of ∑₁⁰ i² is:

- A) 385

- B) 285

- C) 385/2

- D) 385/3

### Question 77

The gradient of the scalar field φ = x²y + yz² at point (1, 2, -1) is:

- A) <4, 1, -4>

- B) <4, -1, -4>

- C) <2, 1, -4>

- D) <2, -1, -4>

### Question 78

A discrete-time signal x[n] = (0.5)ⁿu[n] has z-transform X(z) given by:

- A) z/(z-0.5)

- B) 1/(z-0.5)

- C) z/(z+0.5)

- D) 1/(z+0.5)

---

## Network Theory (11 questions)

### Question 79

The time constant of an RC circuit with R = 100 kΩ and C = 1 μF is:

- A) 10 ms

- B) 100 ms

- C) 1 s

- D) 10 s

### Question 80

In a series RLC circuit at resonance, the:

- A) Impedance is maximum

- B) Impedance is minimum

- C) Current lags voltage by 90°

- D) Current leads voltage by 90°

### Question 81

For a two-port network, the h-parameters h₁₁ and h₂₂ represent:

- A) Input impedance and output admittance

- B) Forward voltage gain and reverse current gain

- C) Forward current gain and reverse voltage gain

- D) Input admittance and output impedance

### Question 82

The quality factor Q of a series RLC circuit with R = 10 Ω, L = 10 mH, and C = 10 μF is:

- A) 1

- B) 10

- C) 100

- D) 1000

### Question 83

In a balanced three-phase star-connected system with phase voltage 100 V, the line voltage
is:

- A) 100 V

- B) 173 V

- C) 300 V

- D) 577 V

### Question 84

The maximum power transfer theorem applies to:

- A) DC circuits only

- B) AC circuits only

- C) Both DC and AC circuits

- D) Neither DC nor AC circuits

### Question 85

The Y-parameters of a reciprocal network satisfy the condition:

- A) y₁₁ = y₂₂

- B) y₁₂ = y₂₁

- C) y₁₁·y₂₂ = y₁₂·y₂₁

- D) y₁₁ = -y₂₂

### Question 86

The Thevenin equivalent voltage across terminals a-b of the circuit with two voltage sources
V₁ = 5V and V₂ = 3V in series with resistors R₁ = 2Ω and R₂ = 3Ω respectively, where terminal a
is connected to the junction of V₁ and R₁, and terminal b is connected to the junction of V₂
and R₂, is:

- A) 2V

- B) 5V

- C) 8V

- D) 0V

### Question 87

The driving point impedance of a network with transfer function Z(s) = (s²+2s+2)/(s²+4s+4)
has:

- A) Zero at s = -1 ± j1

- B) Pole at s = -1 ± j1

- C) Zero at s = -2 ± j0

- D) Pole at s = -2 ± j0

### Question 88

The ABCD parameters of a transmission line relate:

- A) Input voltage and current to output voltage and current

- B) Input current and voltage to output current and voltage

- C) Input and output voltages only

- D) Input and output currents only

### Question 89

In a parallel RLC circuit, if the value of inductance is doubled and the value of capacitance is
halved, the resonant frequency:

- A) Remains unchanged

- B) Is doubled

- C) Is halved

- D) Is quadrupled

---

## Electromagnetics (11 questions)

### Question 90

The divergence of a magnetic field B is:

- A) μ₀J

- B) μ₀ρ

- C) 0

- D) ε₀ρ

### Question 91

The skin depth in a conductor with conductivity σ at frequency ω is proportional to:

- A) σ

- B) 1/σ

- C) √σ
- D) 1/√σ

### Question 92

The electric field intensity at a distance r from a line charge of linear density λ in free space
is:

- A) λ/(2πε₀r)

- B) λ/(2πε₀r²)

- C) λ/(4πε₀r)

- D) λ/(4πε₀r²)

### Question 93

The dominant mode in a rectangular waveguide is:

- A) TE₀₁

- B) TE₁₀

- C) TM₀₁

- D) TM₁₀

### Question 94

For a uniform plane wave in free space, the relationship between electric field E and
magnetic field H is:

- A) E = H/η₀

- B) E = H·η₀

- C) E = H²

- D) E = √H

### Question 95

Poynting vector represents:

- A) Energy density

- B) Power density
- C) Force density

- D) Charge density

### Question 96

The unit of magnetic flux density is:

- A) Weber

- B) Tesla

- C) Henry

- D) Farad

### Question 97

The propagation constant γ of a transmission line is:

- A) α + jβ

- B) α - jβ

- C) α · β

- D) α / β

### Question 98

When an electromagnetic wave travels from a medium with refractive index n₁ to a medium
with refractive index n₂ where n₂ > n₁, the:

- A) Frequency increases

- B) Wavelength increases

- C) Wavelength decreases

- D) Speed increases

### Question 99

The electric field inside a perfect conductor is:

- A) Maximum
- B) Zero

- C) Equal to external field

- D) Depends on the shape of conductor

### Question 100

The VSWR of a transmission line with reflection coefficient Γ = 0.5 is:

- A) 2

- B) 3

- C) 0.5

- D) 1.5

---

## Answer Key with Brief Explanations

### Communication Systems

**1. B) Frequency Modulation (FM)**

FM provides better noise immunity compared to AM because the information is encoded in

frequency variations, which are less susceptible to amplitude noise.

**2. B) 12.5W**

For AM with modulation index m = 0.5 and carrier power Pc = 100W:

Total sideband power = Pc × (m²/2) = 100 × (0.5²/2) = 100 × 0.125 = 12.5W

**3. A) 5 kHz**

For baseband signals, the minimum bandwidth required equals the highest frequency
component (5 kHz).
**4. D) 18 dB**

SNR improvement = 20log₁₀(N₂/N₁) = 20log₁₀(64/8) = 20log₁₀(8) = 20 × 0.9 ≈ 18 dB

**5. B) d²**

In free space, signal power falls off with square of distance (inverse square law).

**6. B) 33.33%**

Maximum efficiency of AM with m = 1 is m²/(2+m²) = 1²/(2+1²) = 1/3 = 33.33%

**7. B) 1455 kHz**

Local oscillator frequency = RF + IF = 1000 + 455 = 1455 kHz

**8. C) β + 2**

For angle modulation, the number of significant sidebands is approximately β + 2.

**9. A) B × log₂(1 + S/N) bits/second**

Shannon's channel capacity theorem: C = B × log₂(1 + S/N) bits/second.

**10. B) 2**

QPSK uses 4 different phase states to represent 2 bits per symbol.

**11. B) Demodulation**

Demodulation is the process of extracting the baseband signal from a modulated carrier.

### Electronic Circuits and Devices

**12. C) 0.7 V**

The threshold voltage (or cut-in voltage) for silicon diodes is approximately 0.7V at room
temperature.

**13. C) VGS < VT**

In an n-channel enhancement MOSFET, drain current is zero when gate-source voltage is less
than threshold voltage.

**14. A) Decrease in output resistance**

Early effect causes the output resistance to decrease due to base width modulation.

**15. C) 0.99**

α = β/(β+1) = 99/100 = 0.99

**16. C) Both forward current and reverse voltage**

Reverse recovery time depends on both forward current (stored charge) and reverse voltage
(extraction rate).

**17. C) Varactor diode**

Varactor diodes are specifically designed to function as voltage-controlled capacitors.

**18. B) 10⁵**

The 741 op-amp typically has an open-loop gain around 10⁵ (100,000).

**19. A) 60 mV**

For silicon BJT at room temperature, VBE changes by approximately 60 mV for a decade
change in collector current.

**20. C) 0.7 V**

For silicon pn junction at 300K with the given doping, the barrier potential is close to 0.7V.
**21. C) 180°**

Common emitter amplifier configuration inverts the signal, causing a 180° phase shift.

**22. D) Infinity**

An ideal op-amp has infinite CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio).

### Digital Logic and Circuits

**23. D) A ⊙ B (or A ⊕ B)**

XNOR output is 1 when inputs are the same and 0 when different. This is denoted as A ⊙ B
or A ⊕ B (NOT XOR).

**24. B) 4**

A MOD-16 counter counts from 0 to 15 (16 states), requiring 4 flip-flops (2⁴ = 16).

**25. C) 1001 0101**

In 8421 BCD: 9 = 1001, 5 = 0101, so 95 = 1001 0101

**26. C) 4**

Minimum 4 NAND gates are required to implement an XOR function.

**27. B) 1**

For T flip-flop, when T=0, the output remains unchanged, so it stays at 1.

**28. B) 2**

A 4×1 multiplexer needs log₂(4) = 2 select lines to choose from 4 inputs.

**29. D) NAND**

NAND is a universal gate that can implement any Boolean function.

**30. C) ABC + ABC̄ + ĀBC**

The canonical SOP for Y = AB + C expands to:

Y = AB + C = AB(1) + C = AB(C + C̄) + C(A + Ā)B̄ = ABC + ABC̄ + ĀBC

**31. A) The time taken to change the output after input changes**

Propagation delay is the time elapsed between the application of an input signal and the
occurrence of the corresponding output signal.

**32. C) 8**

A 3-bit counter has 2³ = 8 possible states (000 to 111).

**33. B) 1101**

Converting 1011 to Gray code:

1. First bit of Gray code equals first bit of binary

2. Each subsequent bit is XOR of current and next binary bit

Binary: 1011 → Gray: 1(1⊕0)(0⊕1)(1⊕0) = 1101

**34. D) 40 ns**

In a 4-bit ripple counter, the delay accumulates through all flip-flops. Total delay = 4 × 10 ns =
40 ns.

### Signals and Systems

**35. B) Sinc function in frequency domain**

The Fourier transform of a rectangular pulse in time domain is a sinc function (sin(x)/x) in
frequency domain.
**36. A) Stable and causal**

The system is causal because h[n] = 0 for n < 0 (due to u[n]). It's stable because the
magnitude of the impulse response is absolutely summable: Σ|(1/2)ⁿ| < ∞.

**37. C) 0.5 + 0.5cos(4πt)**

Using trigonometric identity: cos(A)cos(B) = 0.5cos(A+B) + 0.5cos(A-B)

cos(2πt)cos(2πt) = 0.5cos(4πt) + 0.5cos(0) = 0.5 + 0.5cos(4πt)

**38. B) 4.5**

Energy = ∫₀¹ [3cos(2πt)]² dt = 9∫₀¹ cos²(2πt) dt = 9∫₀¹ (1+cos(4πt))/2 dt = 9/2 × [t +

sin(4πt)/(4π)]₀¹ = 9/2 × 1 = 4.5

**39. A) 1 + 2z⁻¹ + 3z⁻² + 4z⁻³**

Z-transform of sequence x[n] is X(z) = Σx[n]z⁻ⁿ = 1 + 2z⁻¹ + 3z⁻² + 4z⁻³

**40. A) 4 kHz**

Nyquist rate is half the sampling rate: 8 kHz/2 = 4 kHz.

**41. B) An impulse function**

The autocorrelation function of white noise is an impulse function, reflecting that samples
are uncorrelated except at zero lag.

**42. D) (1/2)X(jω/2)**

Time scaling property: If x(t) ↔ X(jω), then x(at) ↔ (1/|a|)X(jω/a). So x(2t) ↔ (1/2)X(jω/2).

**43. A) All poles must be inside the unit circle**

For BIBO stability in discrete-time systems, all poles of the transfer function must lie inside
the unit circle in the z-plane.
**44. A) 1/(s+1)**

H(s) = ℒ{h(t)} = ℒ{e⁻ᵗu(t)} = 1/(s+1) for Re(s) > -1.

**45. A) s = -2 ± j3**

X(s) = ℒ{e⁻²ᵗsin(3t)u(t)} = 3/((s+2)² + 3²) has poles at s = -2 ± j3.

### Control Systems

**46. A) 0**

For a unit step input, type-1 system has zero steady-state error due to the presence of one
integrator in the open-loop transfer function.

**47. A) s = -2 ± j3**

Factoring s²+4s+13 = (s+2)² + 9 = (s+2)² + 3² which has roots at s = -2 ± j3.

**48. B) 45°**

The phase margin for G(s) = 1/(s(s+1)) is approximately 45° (exact value is slightly less).

**49. B) 1**

Applying the Routh-Hurwitz criterion:

s³ | 1 3

s² | 2 4

s¹ | 1 0

s⁰ | 4

There is one sign change in the first column, indicating one root in the right half-plane.

**50. B) 1/K**
For a type-1 system with ramp input, the steady-state error is 1/Kv where Kv is the velocity
error constant. For G(s) = K/s(s+1), Kv = K.

**51. A) 90°**

Angle of asymptotes = (2k+1)180°/(n-m) where n = number of poles, m = number of zeros

For 3 poles and 1 zero: (2k+1)180°/(3-1) = (2k+1)90° for k = 0: 90°

**52. C) Decay without oscillation**

With poles at s = -1, s = -2, and s = -3, all are real and negative, resulting in non-oscillatory
decay.

**53. B) 12 dB**

The gain margin is approximately 12 dB (the exact value depends on the phase crossover
frequency).

**54. B) 2**

For G(s) = K/(s(s+2)), the characteristic equation is s² + 2s + K = 0. For damping ratio ζ = 0.5,
comparing with standard form s² + 2ζωₙs + ωₙ² = 0, we get K = 2.

**55. B) 0.5 seconds**

The time constant for G(s) = 4/(s+2) is 1/2 = 0.5 seconds.

**56. B) -20 dB/decade**

A pole at the origin (s = 0) contributes -20 dB/decade to the slope of the magnitude Bode
plot.

### Analog Circuits

**57. A) RC/RE**
For a CE amplifier with unbypassed emitter resistance, the voltage gain is approximately
RC/RE.

**58. B) 180°**

Class B amplifiers have each transistor conducting for half a cycle, giving a conduction angle
of 180°.

**59. D) Increases the stability**

Negative feedback increases stability, reduces distortion, increases bandwidth, and

decreases gain.

**60. C) -10**

For inverting op-amp configuration: Av = -Rf/Ri = -100kΩ/10kΩ = -10.

**61. A) Two capacitors**

Colpitts oscillator uses a capacitive voltage divider (two capacitors) in its feedback network.

**62. B) Open circuit (∞)**

Ideal voltage follower has infinite input resistance (open circuit).

**63. A) 25%**

Maximum efficiency of Class A amplifier with resistive load is 25%.

**64. C) 2**

A bistable multivibrator has two stable states, as implied by the name "bistable."

**65. B) Crosses two different threshold levels**

Schmitt trigger has hysteresis with different thresholds for rising and falling inputs.
**66. B) 100**

If GBP = 1 MHz, then at f = 10 kHz, Gain = GBP/f = 1 MHz/10 kHz = 100.

**67. B) Loop gain must be equal to 1**

Barkhausen criterion states that loop gain must be unity (1) and phase shift must be 0° or
360° for sustained oscillation.

### Engineering Mathematics

**68. B) 5**

|z| = |3 + 4j| = √(3² + 4²) = √(9 + 16) = √25 = 5.

**69. A) y = C₁cos(2x) + C₂sin(2x)**

The differential equation d²y/dx² + 4y = 0 has characteristic equation r² + 4 = 0, giving r = ±2j,

which leads to the solution y = C₁cos(2x) + C₂sin(2x).

**70. A) 1/3**

∫₀¹ x²dx = [x³/3]₀¹ = 1/3 - 0 = 1/3.

**71. A) 1**

The rows of the matrix are linearly dependent (row2 = 2×row1, row3 = 3×row1), so rank = 1.

**72. A) 2, 4**

For matrix [[3, 1], [1, 3]], the characteristic equation is (3-λ)² - 1 = 0 → λ² - 6λ + 8 = 0 → (λ-
2)(λ-4) = 0, giving λ = 2, 4.

**73. A) 2/s³**

ℒ{t²} = 2!/s³ = 2/s³

**74. A) [ [0, -1], [1, 0] ]**

90° counterclockwise rotation matrix is [[0, -1], [1, 0]].

**75. D) F(ω-ja)**

The Fourier transform of f(t)e^(-at) is F(ω-ja).

**76. A) 385**

∑₁⁰ i² = 1² + 2² + ... + 10² = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6 = 10×11×21/6 = 385.

**77. A) <4, 1, -4>**

∇φ = <∂φ/∂x, ∂φ/∂y, ∂φ/∂z> = <2xy, x² + z², yz>

At (1,2,-1): <2×1×2, 1² + (-1)², 2×(-1)> = <4, 1+1, -2> = <4, 2, -2>

**78. A) z/(z-0.5)**

For x[n] = (0.5)ⁿu[n], X(z) = z/(z-0.5) for |z| > 0.5.

### Network Theory

**79. B) 100 ms**

Time constant τ = RC = 100 kΩ × 1 μF = 100 × 10³ × 10⁻⁶ = 100 × 10⁻³ = 100 ms.

**80. B) Impedance is minimum**

At resonance in a series RLC circuit, the impedance is minimum (equal to R).

**81. A) Input impedance and output admittance**

h₁₁ is the input impedance (V₁/I₁ with I₂=0), and h₂₂ is the output admittance (I₂/V₂ with I₁=0).

**82. B) 10**
Q = ω₀L/R = 1/√(LC) × L/R = √(L/C)/R = √(10×10⁻³/10×10⁻⁶)/10 = √(10³)/10 = 10.

**83. B) 173 V**

Line voltage = √3 × phase voltage = √3 × 100 ≈ 173 V.

**84. C) Both DC and AC circuits**

The maximum power transfer theorem applies to both DC and AC circuits.

**85. B) y₁₂ = y₂₁**

For a reciprocal network, the mutual Y-parameters are equal: y₁₂ = y₂₁.

**86. A) 2V**

Using superposition, the Thevenin equivalent voltage is (V₁R₂ - V₂R₁)/(R₁+R₂) = (5×3 -

3×2)/(2+3) = (15-6)/5 = 9/5 ≈ 2V.

**87. D) Pole at s = -2 ± j0**

The denominator of Z(s) = (s²+2s+2)/(s²+4s+4) factors as (s²+2s+2)/((s+2)²), showing poles at

s = -2 (double pole).

**88. A) Input voltage and current to output voltage and current**

ABCD parameters relate input quantities to output quantities: [V₁; I₁] = [A B; C D][V₂; I₂].

**89. B) Is doubled**

Resonant frequency f₀ = 1/(2π√LC). If L is doubled and C is halved, f₀ = 1/(2π√(2L×C/2)) =

1/(2π√LC) × √2 = f₀,original × √2.

### Electromagnetics

**90. C) 0**
The divergence of magnetic field B is zero (∇·B = 0), according to Maxwell's equations.

**91. D) 1/√σ**

Skin depth δ = √(2/ωμσ), which is proportional to 1/√σ.

**92. A) λ/(2πε₀r)**

Electric field due to a line charge is E = λ/(2πε₀r).

**93. B) TE₁₀**

TE₁₀ is the dominant mode in rectangular waveguides because it has the lowest cutoff
frequency.

**94. B) E = H·η₀**

For a uniform plane wave, E = H·η₀, where η₀ is the intrinsic impedance of free space (≈377
Ω).

**95. B) Power density**

Poynting vector represents power density (W/m²) and is given by E×H.

**96. B) Tesla**

Magnetic flux density (B) is measured in tesla (T).

**97. A) α + jβ**

The propagation constant γ = α + jβ, where α is the attenuation constant and β is the phase
constant.

**98. C) Wavelength decreases**

When light enters a medium with higher refractive index, its wavelength decreases while
frequency remains constant.
**99. B) Zero**

The electric field inside a perfect conductor is zero.

**100. B) 3**

VSWR = (1+|Γ|)/(1-|Γ|) = (1+0.5)/(1-0.5) = 1.5/0.5 = 3.