VISIONARY ARCHITECTURE INC.

2305-A PSE Center West Tower, Exchange Road, Ortigas Center, Pasig City

PCPI Macapagal Development

Macapagal Avenue, Pasay City

Technical Specifications – Civil

January 2020

Alden C. Ong M.Eng., ASEP

Civil Engineer

PRC No.: 68251 2/F LTA Building

PTR No.: 8117492 118 Perea Street
Issued in: Makati City Legaspi Village, 1229 Makati City
Date: January 03, 2020 Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel: (6 32) 893 5827
Fax: (6 32) 893 5829
E-mail: cferriol@aco.com.ph
dc4@aco.com.ph
Website: www.aco.com.ph
A.C.Ong Consulting Inc.
2/F LTA Building
118 Perea Street
Legaspi Village, 1229 Makati City
Metro Manila, Philippines
Telephone: (63 2)893 5827
Facsimile: (63 2) 893 5829

Email: acoconsulting@aco.com.ph

This document is and shall remain the property of A.C.Ong Consulting Inc. The
document may only be used for the purposes for which it was commissioned and in
accordance with the Terms of Engagement for the commission. Unauthorised use of
this document in any form whatsoever is prohibited.

Document Status
Rev Approved for Issue
Author Reviewer
No. Name Signature Date
D.C. Gavino A.C. Ong
0 A.C.Ong Jan 2020
R.J.F. Gomez
 ISO 9001:2015 Certified

Contents
1. Earthwork (General) .................................................................................... 02200

2. Subgrade Preparation ................................................................................. 02226

3. Clearing and Grubbing ................................................................................ 02231

4. Earthwork for Structures and Pavements.................................................. 02301

5. Excavation, Backfilling, and Compacting for Utilities............................... 02302

6. Storm-Drainage System .............................................................................. 02630

7. Subbase Courses ........................................................................................ 02721

8. Aggregate Base Course .............................................................................. 02722

9. Portland Cement Concrete Pavement for Roads and Site Facilities ........ 02752

10. Joints, Reinforcement in Concrete Pavements ......................................... 02762

11. Concrete Sidewalks and Curbs and Gutters ............................................. 02770

12. Concrete for Minor Structures .................................................................... 03307

 Technical Specifications

SECTION 02200

EARTHWORK (GENERAL)

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 APPLICABLE PUBLICATIONS: The publications listed below form part of this
specification to the extent referenced. The publications are referred to in text by
the basic designation only.

1.1.1 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Publications:

C 33-92a Concrete Aggregates

C 136-83 Sieve or Screen Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates

D 1140-54 Amount of material in soils

(R 1971) Finer than the No. 200 (75 Micrometer) Sieve

D 1556-82 Density of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method

D 1557-78 Moisture Density Relations of Soils and Soil-Aggregate

Mixtures Using 10-lb. (4.54-kg.) Rammer and 18-in. (457-
mm) Drop

D 2419-74 Test for Sand Equivalent Value of soils and Fine

Aggregates

D 2487-69 Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes

(R 1975)

D 2922-81 Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear

Methods (Shallow Depth)

D 3017-78 Moisture Content of Soil And Soil-aggregate in Place by

Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)

D 4318-84 Liquid limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils

1.2 DEFINITIONS:

1.2.1 Backfill: Material used in refilling a cut or other excavation.

1.2.2 Capillary Water Barrier: A layer of clean, poorly graded crushed rock, stone, or
natural sand or gravel having a high porosity which is placed beneath a building
slab with or without a vapor barrier to cut off the capillary flow of pore water to
the area immediately below a slab.
1.2.3 Cohesive Materials: Cohesive materials include materials classified by ASTM D
2487 as GC, SC, ML, CL, MH, and CH. Materials classified as GM and SM will
be identified as cohesive only when fines have a plasticity index greater than
zero.

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 Technical Specifications

1.2.4 Cohesionless Materials: Cohensionless materials include materials classified by

ASTM 2487 as GW, GP, SW, and SP. Materials classified as GM and SM will
be identified as cohesionless only when the fines have plasticity index of zero.
1.2.5 Compaction: The process of mechanically stabilizing a material by increasing its
density at a controlled moisture condition. "Degree of Compaction" is expressed
as a percentage of the maximum density obtained by the test procedure
described in ASTM D 1557 or general soil types abbreviated in this
specification as " 95 percent ASTM D 1557 maximum density".
1.2.6 Engineered/Controlled Fill: A fill consisting of a specified soil mix or gradation of
materials constructed to attain maximum bearing strength and minimize
consolidation or differential settlement under a load. Engineered/Controlled fill is
sometimes called "structural fill".
1.2.7 Crushed Rock Subgrade: A layer of compacted crushed rock that replaces the
in-place existing material to provide a stable, uniform bearing foundation for
further construction.
1.2.8 Embankment: A specified material placed at specified degree of compaction to
obtain an indicated grade or elevation having a top that is higher than adjoining
ground.
1.2.9 Excavation: The removal of soil, rock, or hard material to obtain a specified
depth or elevation.
1.2.10 Fill: Specified material placed at a specified degree of compaction to obtain an
indicated grade or elevation.
1.2.11 Granular Subbase: A dense, well-graded aggregate mixture of sand-gravel or
crushed stone with suitable binder soil, placed on a subgrade to provide a
suitable foundation for further construction.
1.2.12 Hard Material: Weathered rock, dense consolidated deposits or conglomerate
materials which are not included in the definition of "rock" but which usually
require the use of heavy excavation equipment with ripper teeth or the use of
jack hammers for removal.
1.2.13 Lift: A layer (or course) of soil placed on top of a previously prepared or placed
soil in a fill or embankment.
1.2.14 Rock: Solid homogenous, interlocking crystalline material with firmly cemented,
laminated, or foliated masses or conglomerate deposits, neither of which can be
removed systematic drilling and blasting, drilling and the use of expansion jacks
or feather wedges, or the use of backhoe-mounted pneumatic hole punchers or
rock breakers; also large boulders, buried masonry, or concrete other than
pavement, exceeding 0.38 cubic meter(1/2 cubic yard) in volume. Removal of
"hard material" will not be considered rock excavation because of intermittent
drilling and blasting that is performed merely to increase production.
1.2.15 Soil: The loose surface material of the earth's crust resulting from the chemical
and mechanical weathering of rock and organic material.
1.2.16 Subgrade: The bottom layer of material (sometimes in-situ soil or rock) graded
or otherwise prepared for supporting the addition of fill material, pavement
courses, or a building slab.
1.2.17 Topsoil: In natural or undisturbed soil formations, the fine-grained, weathered
material on the surface or directly below any loose or partially decomposed
organic matter. Topsoil may be a dark-colored, fine, silty, or sandy material with
a high content of well-decomposed organic matter, often containing traces of the
parent rock material. Gradation and material requirements specified herein

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 Technical Specifications

apply to all topsoil references in this contract. The material shall be

representative of productive soils in the vicinity.
1.2.18 Unsatisfactory Material: Existing, in-place soil or other material which can be
identified as having insufficient strength characteristics or stability to carry
intended loads in fill or embankment without excessive consolidation or loss of
stability. Materials classified as PT, OH, or OL by ASTM D 2487 are
unsatisfactory. Unsatisfactory materials also include manmade fills, refuse,
uncompacted backfill for previous construction, unsound rock or soil lenses, or
other deleterious or objectionable material.

1.3 SUBMITTALS:

1.3.1 Certified Test Reports: Submit certified test reports before starting work for the
following:

a. Fill tested in accordance with ASTM C 136 and D 2487

1.4 DELIVERY AND STORAGE: Deliver and store materials in a manner to prevent
contamination or segregation.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 MATERIALS:

2.1.1 General Site Fill and Embankment Material: Fill materials shall be free of debris,
roots, wood, scrap material, vegetable matter, refuse, soft unsound particles,
deleterious, or objectionable materials. Provide a soil material from the site or
borrow that can be readily compacted to the specified densities. Materials shall
be classified as GP, GM, GC, SP, SM or SW by ASTM D 2487. The Contractor
shall provide all imported fill materials from approved sources.
2.1.2 Topsoil: Provide material free of subsoil, stumps, rocks larger than 25 mm (one
inch) diameter, brush, weeds, toxic substances, and other material or substance
detrimental to plant growth. Topsoil shall be a natural, friable soil representative
of productive soils in the vicinity.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 SURFACE PREPARATION:

3.1.1 Clearing and Grubbing: Perform as specified in Section 02231, "Clearing

and Grubbing".
3.1.2 Stockpiling Topsoil: Strip approved topsoil to a depth of 100 mm.(4
inches) from the site where excavation or grading is indicated and
stockpile separately from other excavated material. Locate topsoil so that
the material can be used readily for the finished grading. Protect and store
in segregated piles until needed.
3.1.3 Unsatisfactory Material: Remove organic matter, sod, muck, rubbish, and
unsuitable clays under embankments which are less than 1.20 meters(3
feet) in thickness and under pavements or slabs on grade.

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 Technical Specifications

3.2 EXCAVATION: Excavate to the contours and dimensions indicated. Keep

excavations free from water while construction is in progress. Notify the Owner's R
epresentative immediately in writing in the event that it becomes necessary to
remove rock, or other material defined as unsatisfactory to a depth greater than
indicated and an adjustment in contract price will be considered in accordance with
the clause of the General Provisions entitled "Differing Site Conditions". Refill
excavations cut below the depths indicated with fill and compact as specified
herein. Excavate soil disturbed or weakened by the construction operations and
soils permitted to soften from exposure to weather. Refill with fill and compact as
specified herein at no additional cost to the owner.

3.2.1 Rock: Remove rock to the elevations indicated by pneumatic breaker, jack
hammer or any approved method in such manner that will leave the
foundation rock in an unshattered and solid condition. Blasting will not be
permitted. Roughen level surfaces and cut sloped surfaces into benches
for bond with concrete. Protect shale from conditions causing
decomposition along joints or cleavage planes and other types of erosion.
Removal of rock beyond the lines and grades indicated unless previously
authorized by the Owner's Representative will not be ground for a claim for
additional payment.
3.3 FILLING AND BACKFILLING:

3.3.1 General Site Fill and Embankment: Shall be placed in lifts of 30 cm. (12
inches) thick and each lift shall be compacted to 95 percent maximum
density in accordance with ASTM D 1557, before the overlaying lift is
placed. In all areas not accessible to rollers or compactors, the fill shall be
compacted with mechanical hand tampers. If the mixture is excessively
moistened by rain, it shall be aerated by means of blade graders or
harrows until the moisture content of the mixture is satisfactory. The
surface of the layer shall be finished by blading or rolling with a smooth
roller or a combination thereof, and shall be smooth.
3.4 COMPACTION OF SUBGRADES:

3.4.1 Adjacent Area: Subgrade adjacent to but not supporting any structural
elements or areas within 1.52 meters of structures shall be compacted to
95 percent of ASTM D 1557 maximum density.
3.4.2 General Site: Area and embankment subgrade under vegetation shall be
compacted to 95 percent of ASTM D 1557 maximum density.
3.4.3 Access Road: Subgrade of soils in cut and fill shall be compacted to 95
percent of ASTM D 1557 maximum density.
3.5 FINISH OPERATIONS:

3.5.1 Site Grading: Grade to finished grades indicated within 30 mm.(0.10 foot).
Grade areas to drain water away from structures. Existing grades, which
are to remain but are disturbed by the Contractor's operations, shall be
restored as directed.
3.5.2 Spreading Topsoil: Clear areas indicated to receive topsoil for the finished
surface of materials interfering with planting and maintenance operations.
Do not place topsoil when the subgrade is extremely wet or dry, or in other
conditions detrimental to seeding, planting, or grading. Spread topsoil to a
uniform depth of 100 mm.(4 inches) over the designated areas.

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3.5.3 Disposition of Surplus Material: Surplus or other soil material not required
or suitable for filling, backfilling, or embankment shall be wasted by
disposition in the area to be designated by the Owner's Representative.
3.5.4 Protection of Surfaces: Protect newly graded areas from traffic, erosion,
and settlements that may occur. Repair or reestablish damaged grades,
elevations, or slopes prior to acceptance of work.
3.5.5 Restoration: All disturbed work shall be restored to their original condition
at the expense of the Contractor. Replacement materials shall be subject
to the approval of the owner's Representative. Where the method of repair
work is not indicated or specified herein, the Contractor shall perform the
necessary repair work in accordance with the best recognized workmanlike
procedure for the area and the surrounding construction involved.
3.6 FIELD SAMPLING AND TESTING

3.6.1 Samples: Submit one 23 –kilo (50-pound) composite sample taken at

random three times daily of subgrade being compacted and fill material
being placed. Submit samples, in the number directed, whenever the
source or character of the embankment material changes. Contain each
sample in a clean container and fasten to prevent loss of material. Tag
each sample for identification. The tag shall contain the following
information:

Contract No. : ________________

Sample No. : ________________
Date of Sample : ________________
Sampler : ________________
Source : ________________
Intended Use : ________________

3.6.2 Tests: Test fill, backfill, and granular fill in accordance with ASTM C 136
for conformance to ASTM C 33, ASTM D 2419, and ASTM D 2487
gradation limits. Test fill and backfill for material finer than the No. 200
sieve in accordance with ASTM D 1140. Test fill and backfill for liquid limit
in accordance with ASTM D 4318 and for plasticity index in accordance
with ASTM D 4318. Test fill and backfill materials for moisture density
relations in accordance with ASTM D 1557. Perform one of each of the
required tests for each material used when directed. Provide additional
tests as specified above for each source change. Perform density tests in
randomly selected locations and in accordance with ASTM D1556, ASTM
D 2922 and ASTM D 3017 as follows: one test per 1,670 square meters
(18,000 square feet) in each layer of lift. Determine moisture content of soil
material in place in accordance with ASTM D 3017 at every location where
in-place density is tested.

*** End of Section ***

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 Technical Specifications

SECTION 02226

SUBGRADE PREPARATION

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 DESCRIPTION: This item shall consist of the preparation of the subgrade for the
support of overlying structural layers. Unless authorized by the Engineer, subgrade
preparation shall be done when the Contractor is able to start immediately the
construction of the pavement structure.

PART 2 – PRODUCTS

2.1 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS:

2.1.1 Unless otherwise stated in the Contract and except when the subgrade is in rock
cut, all materials below subgrade level to a depth 150 mm or to such greater depth as
may be specified shall meet the requirements of Selected Borrow for Topping.

Selected Borrow for topping are soils of such gradation that all particles will pass a
sieve with 75 mm (3 inches) square opening and not more than 15% will pass the 0.075
mm (No. 200) sieve, as determined by AASHTO T11. The material shall have a plasticity
index of not more than 6 as determined by AASHTO T90 and a liquid limit of not more
than 30 as determined by AASHTO T89.

PART 3 – EXECUTION

3.1 PRIOR WORKS: Prior to commencing preparation of the subgrade, all culverts,
cross drains, duct and the like (including their fully compacted backfill), ditches, drains
and drainage outlets shall be completed. Any work on the preparation of the subgrade
shall not be started unless prior work herein described is approved by the Engineer.

3.2 SUBGRADE LEVEL TOLERANCES: The finished compacted surface of the

subgrade shall conform to the allowable tolerances as specified hereunder:

Permitted variation from + 20 mm

design LEVEL OF SURFACE - 30 mm
Permitted SURFACE IRREGULARITY
MEASURED BY 3-m STRAIGHT EDGE 30 mm
Permitted variation from
design CROSSFALL OR CAMBER + 0.5%
Permitted variation from
design LONGITUDINAL GRADE
over 25 m length + 0.1%

3.3 SUBGRADE IN COMMON EXCAVATION

3.3.1 Unless otherwise specified, all materials below subgrade level in earth cuts to a
depth 150 mm or other depth shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer shall be
excavated. The material, if suitable, shall be set aside for future use or, if unsuitable,
shall be disposed off in accordance with the following requirements:

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3.3.1.1 Where the plans show the top portion of the roadbed to be selected topping,
all unsuitable materials shall be excavated to the depth necessary for replacement of the
selected topping to the required compacted thickness.

3.3.1.2 Where excavation to the finished graded section results in a subgrade or

slopes of unsuitable soil, the engineer may require the contractor to remove the
unsuitable material and backfill to the finished graded section with approved material.
The Contractor shall conduct his operation in such a way that the Engineer can take the
necessary cross-sectional measurements before the backfill is placed.

3.3.1.3 The excavation of muck shall be handled in a manner that will not permit the
entrapment of muck within the backfill. The materials used for backfilling up to the ground
line or water level, whichever is higher, shall be rock from other suitable granular material
selected from the roadway excavation, if available. If not available, suitable material shall
be obtained from other approved sources. Unsuitable material removed shall be
disposed off to designated areas shown on the Plans or approved by the Engineer.

3.3.2 Where material has been removed from below subgrade level, the resulting
surface shall be compacted to a depth of 150 mm and in accordance with the following
compaction requirements.

3.3.2.1 Compaction Trials: Before commencing the formation of embankments, the

Contractor shall submit in writing to the Engineer for approval his proposals for the
compaction of each type of fill material to be used in the Works. The proposals shall
include the relationship between the types of compaction equipment, and the number of
passes required and the method of adjusting moisture content. The Contractor shall
carry out full scale compaction trials on areas not less than 10 m wide and 50 m long as
required by the Engineer and using his proposed procedures or such amendments
thereto as may be found necessary to satisfy the Engineer that all the specified
requirements regarding compaction can be consistently achieved. Compaction trials with
the main types of fill material to be used in the Works shall be completed before work with
the corresponding materials will be allowed to commence.

Throughout the periods when compaction of earthwork is in progress, the Contractor

shall adhere to the compaction procedures found from the compaction trials for each type
of material being compacted, each type of compaction equipment employed and each
degree of compaction specified.

3.3.2.2 Earth: The Contractor shall compact the material placed in all embankment
layers and the material scarified to the designated depth below subgrade in cut sections,
until a uniform density of not less than 95 mass percent of the maximum determined by
AASHTO T99 Method C, is attained, at a moisture content determined by Engineer to be
suitable for such density acceptance of compaction may be based on adherence to an
approved roller pattern developed.

The Engineer shall make density tests of compacted material in accordance with
AASHTO T 191, T 205, or other approved field density tests, including the use of properly
calibrated nuclear testing devices during progress of the work. A correction for coarse
particles may be made in accordance with AASHTO T224. If, by such tests, the Engineer
determines that the specified density and moisture conditions have not been attained, the
Contractor shall perform additional work as may be necessary to attain the specified
conditions.

At least one group of three in-situ density tests shall be carried out for each 500 m of
each layer of compacted fill.

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 Technical Specifications

3.3.2.3 Rock:

(1) Density requirements will not apply to portions of embankments constructed of

materials which cannot be tested in accordance with approved methods.

(2) Embankment materials classified as rock shall be deposited, spread and leveled
the full width of the fill with sufficient earth or other fine material so deposited to fill the
interstices to produce a dense compact embankment. In addition, one of the rollers,
vibrators, or compactors meeting the requirements set forth as enumerated below.
Compaction Equipment, shall compact the embankment full width with a minimum of
three complete passes for each layer of embankment.

Compaction equipment shall be capable of obtaining compaction requirements without

detrimentally affected the compacted materials. The equipment shall be modern, efficient
compacting units approved by the Engineer, the compacting units may be of any type,
provided they are capable of compacting each lift of material as specified and meet the
minimum requirements as contained herein. Minimum requirements for roller are as
follows:

a. Sheepsfoot, tamping or grid rollers shall be capable of exerting a force of 45 Newton

per millimeter (250 pounds per inch) of length of roller drum.

b. Steel-wheel rollers other than vibratory shall be capable of exerting a force of not
less than 45 Newton per millimeter of width of the compression roll or rolls.

c. Vibratory steel-wheel rollers shall have a minimum mass of 6 tones. The compactor
shall be equipped with amplitude and frequency controls and specifically designed to
compact the material on which it is used.

d. Pneumatic-tire rollers shall have smooth tread tires of equal size that will provide a
uniform compacting pressure for the full width of the roller and capable of exerting a
ground pressure of at least 550 kpa (80 pounds per square inch).

e. Heavier compacting unit may be required to achieve the specified density of the
embankment.

3.3.3 All materials immediately below subgrade level in earth cuts to a depth of 150
mm, or to such greater depth as may be specified, shall be compacted in accordance with
the requirements for compaction of Subsection 3.3.2.

3.4 SUBGRADE IN ROCK EXCAVATION: Surface irregularities under the subgrade

level remaining after trimming of the rock excavation shall be levelled by placing specified
material and compacted to the requirements of Subsection 3.3.2.

3.5 SUBGRADE ON EMBANKMENT: After the embankment has been completed,

the full width shall be conditioned by removing any soft or other unstable material that will
not compacted properly. The resulting areas and all other low sections, holes or
depressions shall be brought to grade with suitable material. The entire roadbed shall be
shaped and compacted to the requirements of Subsection 3.3.2 Scarifying, blading,
dragging; rolling or other methods of work shall be performed or used as necessary to
provide a thoroughly compacted roadbed shaped to the cross-sections shown on the
Plans.

3.6 SUBGRADE ON EXISTING PAVEMENT: Where the new pavement is to be

constructed immediately over an existing Portland Cement concrete pavement and if so
specified in the Contract the slab shall be broken into pieces with greatest dimension of

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not more than 500 mm and the existing pavement material compacted as specified in
Subsection 3.3.2 as directed by the Engineer. The resulting subgrade level shall, as part
pavement construction is shaped to conform to the allowable tolerances of Subsection
3.2 of this Specification by placing and compacting where necessary a leveling course
comprising the material of the pavement course to be placed immediately above.

Where the new pavement is to be constructed immediately over an existing asphalt

concrete pavement or gravel surface pavement and if so specified in the Contract the
pavement shall be scarified, thoroughly loosened, reshaped and re-compacted in
accordance with Subsection 3.3.2 The resulting subgrade level shall conform to the
allowable tolerances of Subsection 3.2 of this Specification.

3.7 PROTECTION OF COMPLETED WORK: The Contractor shall be required to

protect and maintain at his own expense the entire work within the limits of his Contract in
good condition satisfactory to the Engineer from the time he first started work until all
work shall have been completed. Maintenance shall include repairing and recompacting
ruts, ridges, soft spots and deteriorated sections of the subgrade caused by the traffic of
the Contractor’s vehicle/equipment or that of the public.

3.8 TEMPLATES AND STRAIGHT-EDGE: The Contractor shall provide for use of the
Engineer, approved templates and straight-edges in sufficient number to check the
accuracy of the work, as provided in this Specification.

*** End of Section ***

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 Technical Specifications

SECTION 02231

CLEARING AND GRUBBING

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 DEFINITIONS

1.1.1 Clearing: Clearing shall consist of the felling, trimming, and cutting of trees
into sections and the satisfactory disposal of the trees and other vegetation
designated for removal, including down timber, snags, brush, and rubbing
occurring in the areas to be cleared.
1.1.2 Grubbing: Grubbing shall consist of the removal and disposal of stumps,
roots larger than 75 mm (3 inches) in diameter, and matted roots from
designated grubbing areas.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 TREE WOUND PAINT: Bituminous-based paint of standard manufacture

specially formulated for tree wounds.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 PROTECTION
3.1.1 Roads and Walks: Keep roads and walks free of dirt and debris at all
times.
3.1.2 Trees, Shrubs, and Existing Facilities: Protection shall be in accordance
with Section 01575, "Temporary Environmental Controls."
3.1.3 Utility Lines: Protect existing utility lines that are indicated to remain from
damage. Notify the Owner’s Representative immediately of damage to or
an encounter with an unknown existing utility line. The Contractor shall be
responsible for the repairs of damage to existing utility lines that are
indicated or made known to the Contractor prior to start of clearing and
grubbing operations. When utility lines, which are to be removed, are
encountered within the area of operations, the Contractor shall notify the
Owner’s Representative in ample time to minimize interruption of the
service. Refer to Section 01575, "Temporary Environmental Controls," for
additional utility protection.
3.2 CLEARING: Shall consist of the felling, trimming, and cutting of trees into
sections and the satisfactory disposal of the trees and other vegetation
designated for removal, including downed timber, snags, brush, and rubbish
occurring within the areas to be cleared. Cut off flush with or below the original
ground surface trees, stumps, roots, brush, and other vegetation in areas to be
cleared, except for trees and vegetation indicated or directed to be left standing.
3.3 TREE REMOVAL: Where indicated or directed, trees and stumps that are
designated as trees shall be removed. This work shall include the felling of such
trees and removal of their stumps and roots as specified in paragraph
GRUBBING. Trees shall be disposed of as specified in paragraph DISPOSAL OF
MATERIALS.

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3.4 PRUNING: Trim trees designated to be left standing within the cleared areas of
dead branches 38 mm (1 1/2 inches) or more in diameter; and trim branches to
heights and in a manner as indicated. Neatly cut limbs and branches to be
trimmed close to the bole of the tree or main branches. Paint cuts more than 32
mm (1 1/4 inches) in diameter with approved tree wound paint.
3.5 GRUBBING: Remove and dispose of roots larger than 75 mm (3 inches) in
diameter, matted roots, and designated stumps from the indicated grubbing areas.
Excavate this material together with logs, organic and metallic debris, brush, and
refuse and remove to a depth of not less than 450 mm (12 inches) below the
original soil surface in areas indicated to be grubbed and in areas indicated as
construction areas under this contract. Fill depressions made by grubbing with
suitable material and compact in accordance with the requirements specified in
Section 02301N, "Earthwork for Structures and Pavements," to make the new
surface conform to the existing adjacent surface of the ground.
3.6 DISPOSAL OF CLEARED AND GRUBBED MATERIALS

3.6.1 Timber: All timber on the project site noted for clearing shall become the
property of the Contractor, and shall be removed from the project site and
disposed of from the project area.
3.6.2 Materials other than Timber: Remove from the project site and dispose of
from the project area, logs, stumps, roots, brush, rotten wood, and other
refuse from the clearing and grubbing operations. The Contractor shall be
responsible for the compliance with national and local laws and regulations
and with reasonable practice relative to the disposal of refuse and debris
and any accidental damage attendant thereto shall be the Contractor’s
responsibility. Burning will not be permitted.

***End of Section ***

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SECTION 02301

EARTHWORK FOR STRUCTURES AND PAVEMENTS

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES: The publications listed below form a part of this specification to
the extent referenced. The publications are referred to in the text by the basic
designation only.

ASPHALT INSTITUTE (AI)

AI MS-10 Soils Manual for Design of Asphalt

Pavement Structures

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

ASTM C33 Concrete Aggregates

ASTM C136 Sieve Analysis of Fine and

Coarse Aggregates

ASTM D422 Particle-Size Analysis of

Soils

ASTM D698 Laboratory Compaction

Characteristics of Soil Using Standard
Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600 kN-m/m))

ASTM D1140 Amount of Material in Soils Finer

Than the No. 200 (75-Micrometer) Sieve

ASTM D1556 Density and Unit Weight of

Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method

ASTM D1557 Laboratory Compaction

Characteristics of Soil Using Modified
Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft (2,700 kN-m/m))

ASTM D1586 Penetration Test and

Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils

ASTM D1883 CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of

Laboratory-Compacted Soils

ASTM D2434 Permeability of Granular

Soils (Constant Head)

ASTM D2487 Classification of Soils for

Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil
Classification System)

ASTM D2922 Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate

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 Technical Specifications

in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow

Depth)
ASTM D3017 Water Content of Soil and Rock in
Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
ASTM D4318 Liquid Limit, Plastic
Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS (USACE)

COE EM-385-1-1 Safety and Health Requirements Manual

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (USDA)

DOA SSIR Soil Survey Investigation

Report No. 1, Soil Survey Laboratory
Methods and Procedures for Collecting Soil
Samples, Soil Conservation Service

1.2 DEFINITIONS

1.2.1 Backfill: Specified material used in refilling a cut, trench, or other

excavation, placed at a specified degree of compaction.
1.2.2 Cohesive Materials: Cohesive materials include materials classified by
ASTM D2487 as GC, SC, ML, CL, MH, and CH. Materials classified as GM
and SM will be identified as cohesive only when the fines have a plasticity
index greater than zero.
1.2.3 Cohesionless Materials: Cohesionless materials include materials
classified by ASTM D2487as GW, GP, SW, and SP. Materials classified as
GM and SM will be identified as cohesionless only when the fines have a
plasticity index of zero.
1.2.4 Compaction: The process of mechanically stabilizing a material by
increasing its density at a controlled moisture condition. "Degree of
Compaction" is expressed as a percentage of the maximum density
obtained by the test procedure described in ASTM D698 or ASTM D1557
for general soil types.
1.2.5 Controlled Fill and Controlled Backfill: A specified soil mix or gradation of
materials constructed to attain maximum bearing strength and minimize
consolidation or differential settlement under a load. Controlled fill is
sometimes called "structural fill."
1.2.6 Embankment: A "fill" having a top that is higher than adjoining ground.
1.2.7 Excavation: The removal of soil, rock, or hard material to obtain a
specified depth or elevation.
1.2.8 Fill: Specified material placed at a specified degree of compaction to
obtain an indicated grade or elevation.
1.2.9 Hard Material: Weathered rock, dense consolidated deposits or
conglomerate materials, (excluding manmade materials such as concrete)
which are not included in the definition of "rock" but which usually require
the use of heavy excavation equipment with ripper teeth or the use of jack
hammers for removal.
1.2.10 In Situ Soil: Existing in place soil.

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 Technical Specifications

1.2.11 Lift: A layer or course of soil placed on top of a previously prepared or

placed soil.
1.2.12 Rock: Solid, homogeneous, interlocking crystalline material with firmly
cemented, laminated, or foliated masses or conglomerate deposits, neither
of which can be removed without systematic drilling and blasting, drilling
and the use of expansion jacks or feather wedges, or the use of backhoe-
mounted pneumatic hole punchers or rock breakers; also large boulders,
buried masonry, or concrete other than pavement, exceeding 0.4 cubic
meter (½ cubic yard) in volume. [Material indicated in the soil boring logs
as having a standard penetration resistance as determined by ASTM
D1586 greater than 600 blows per 300 mm foot is arbitrarily defined herein
as "Rock."] Removal of "hard material" will not be considered rock
excavation because of intermittent drilling and blasting that is performed
merely to increase production.
1.2.13 Soil: The surface material of the earth's crust resulting from the chemical
and mechanical weathering of rock and organic material.
1.2.14 Subgrade: The material in excavation (cuts) and fills (embankments)
immediately below any subbase, base, pavement, or other improvement.
Also, as a secondary definition, the level below which work above is
referenced.
1.2.15 Topsoil: In natural or undisturbed soil formations, the fine-grained,
weathered material on the surface or directly below any loose or partially
decomposed organic matter. Topsoil may be a dark-colored, fine, silty, or
sandy material with a high content of well-decomposed organic matter,
often containing traces of the parent rock material. Gradation and material
requirements specified herein apply to all topsoil references in this
contract. The material shall be representative of productive soils in the
vicinity.
1.2.16 Unsatisfactory Material: Existing, in situ soil or other material which can be
identified as having insufficient strength characteristics or stability to carry
intended loads in fill or embankment without excessive consolidation or
loss of stability. Materials classified as PT, OH, or OL by ASTM D2487 are
unsatisfactory. Unsatisfactory materials also include man-made fills,
refuse, uncompacted backfills from previous construction, unsound rock or
soil lenses, or other deleterious or objectionable material.
1.2.17 Working Platform: A layer of compacted crushed rock or natural stone that
replaces the in situ soil to provide a stable, uniform bearing foundation for
construction equipment to facilitate further site construction.
1.3 DELIVERY AND STORAGE: Deliver and store materials in a manner to prevent
contamination or segregation.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.1 MATERIALS
2.1.1 Soil Materials: Provide materials free from debris, roots, wood, scrap
materials, vegetable matter, refuse or frozen material. Maximum particle
size permitted is 75 mm (3 inches). Use excavated material from the site
for the work indicated when material falls within the requirements specified
herein.
2.1.1.1 Controlled Fill: Provide materials classified as GW, GP, SW, SP,
by ASTM D2487 where indicated. [The liquid limit of such
material shall not exceed 35 percent when tested in accordance
with ASTM D4318. The plasticity index shall not be greater than

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 Technical Specifications

12 percent when tested in accordance with ASTM D4318, and

not more than 35 percent by weight shall be finer than 75
micrometers (No. 200) sieve when tested in accordance with
ASTM D1140.
2.1.1.2 General Backfill Beside Structures: Soft, spongy, highly plastic,
or otherwise unstable material is prohibited. Material shall be
classified as GP, GM, GC, SP or by ASTM D2487. If more
material is required than is available from on-site excavation,
then provide that material from approved sources.
2.1.1.3 General Site Fill, Backfill and Embankment Material: Provide a
soil material from the site or borrow that can be readily
compacted to the specified densities. Materials shall be classified
as GP, GM, GC, SP, SM, SC, or by ASTM D2487.
2.1.1.4 Working Platform: Material and thicknesses of working platform
for support of construction equipment shall be at the discretion of
the construction contractor. The gradation and placement of such
material shall not create large void spaces upon which overlying
work is indicated to be placed.
2.1.1.5 Topsoil: Provide material free of subsoil, stumps, rocks larger
than 19 mm (3/4 inch) diameter brush, weeds, toxic substances,
and other material or substance detrimental to plant growth.
Topsoil shall be a natural, friable soil representative of productive
soils in the vicinity. Modify topsoil provided if necessary conform
with the requirements specified in Table I.

TABLE I

DOA SSIR Laboratory Test for: Acceptable Limits

Sand Content 20 - 45 percent by weight
Silt Content 25 - 50 percent by weight
Clay Content 10 - 30 percent by weight
Organic Material (Walkley-Block) 5 percent minimum
pH 5.0 to 7.6
Soluble Salts 600 ppm maximum
Absorption Rate 0.21 mm (0.50 inch) per
second minimum

2.1.1.6 Borrow: Provide materials meeting requirements for general site

fill, controlled fill. Obtain borrow materials in excess of those
furnished from excavations described herein from other sources
approved by the Owner’s Representative.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 PROTECTION
3.1.1 Drainage and Dewatering: Plan for and provide the structures, equipment,
and construction for the collection and disposal of surface and subsurface
water encountered in the course of construction.
3.1.1.1 Drainage: Dispose of surface water which may accumulate in
open excavations, unfinished fills, or other low areas. Remove
water by trenching where approved, pumping, or other methods
to prevent softening of exposed surfaces. Surface dewatering

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 Technical Specifications

plan shall include rerouting of any storm water runoff or natural

drainage if necessary and shall comply with requirements
specified in Section 01575N, "Temporary Environmental
Controls." Collect and dispose of surface and subsurface water
encountered in the course of construction.
3.1.1.2 Dewatering: Groundwater flowing toward or into excavations
shall be controlled to prevent sloughing or excavation slopes and
walls, boils, uplift and heave in the excavation and to eliminate
interference with orderly progress of construction. French drains,
sumps, ditches or trenches will not be permitted within 0.91 m (3
feet) of the foundation of any structure, except with specific
written approval, and after specific contractual provisions for
restoration of the foundation area have been made. Control
measures shall be taken by the time the excavation reaches the
water level in order to maintain the integrity of the in situ material.
While the excavation is open, the water level shall be maintained
continuously.
Operate the dewatering system until construction work below
existing water levels is complete. Have a back-up pump and
system available for immediate use. See Section 01575,
"Temporary Environmental Controls" for additional requirements.

3.1.2 Protection and Restoration of Surfaces: Protect newly graded areas from
traffic, erosion, and settlements. Repair and reestablish damaged or
eroded slopes, elevations or grades and restore surface construction prior
to acceptance. Protect existing streams, ditches and storm drain inlets
from water-borne soil. Conduct work in accordance with requirements
specified in Section 01575, "Temporary Environmental Controls."
3.1.2.1 Disposal of Excavated Material: Dispose of excavated material in
such a manner that it will not obstruct the flow of runoff, streams,
endanger a partly finished structure, impair the efficiency or
appearance of facilities, or be detrimental to the completed work.
3.1.2.2 Stockpile Rock: Stockpile rock from on site excavations and use
to construct slopes or embankments adjacent to streams, or side
and bottoms of channels and for protection against erosion.
Remove excess stockpiled rock upon completion of construction.
3.2 SURFACE PREPARATION
3.2.1 Clearing and Grubbing: Perform as specified in Section 02231, "Clearing
and Grubbing." Unless indicated otherwise, remove trees, logs, stumps,
shrubs, and brush within the limits of construction. Grub out matted roots
and roots over 50 mm (2 inches) in diameter to at least 450 mm (18
inches) below the existing surface. Conduct work in accordance with
requirements specified in Section 01575, "Temporary Environmental
Controls."
3.2.2 Stockpiling Topsoil: Strip approved topsoil to a depth of 100 mm (4
inches) from the site where excavation or grading is indicated and
stockpile separately from other excavated material. Locate topsoil so that
the material can be used readily for the finished grading. Protect and store
in segregated piles until needed.
3.2.3 Unsatisfactory Material: Remove organic matter, sod, muck, rubbish, and
unsuitable soils under embankments which are less than 0.90 m (3 feet) in
thickness and under pavements or slabs on grade.

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 Technical Specifications

3.2.3.1 Subgrade Proof Rolling: After removal of topsoil or other

overburden, proof roll the existing subgrade with six passes of a
minimum 13.65 metric tons (15 ton) pneumatic-tired roller.
Operate the roller in a systematic manner to assure the number
of passes over all areas, and at speeds between 4 and 5.5 km
per hour (2.5 and 3.5 miles per hour). When proof rolling under
structures, one-half of the passes made with the roller shall be in
a direction perpendicular to the other passes. Proof rolling shall
be done in the presence of the Owner’s Representative. Rutting
or pumping shall indicate unsatisfactory material and that material
shall be undercut, to a depth of 200 mm inches, and replaced
with the appropriate fill material. Perform proof rolling only when
weather conditions permit. Do not proof roll wet or saturated
subgrades. Materials degraded by proof rolling a wet or saturated
subgrade shall be replaced by the Contractor as directed by the
Owner’s Representative at no cost to the Government. Notify the
Owner’s Representative prior to proof rolling.
3.3 EXCAVATION: Excavate to contours and dimensions indicated. Keep excavations
free from water while construction is in progress. Notify the Owner’s Representative
immediately in writing in the event that it becomes necessary to remove rock, hard
material, or other material defined as unsatisfactory to a depth greater than indicated.
Refill excavations cut below the depths indicated with controlled fill and compact as
specified herein. Excavate soil disturbed or weakened by construction operations or
soils soften from exposure to weather. Refill with controlled fill and compact as
specified herein at no additional cost to the Owner.
3.4 BORROW MATERIALS: Select borrow materials to meet requirements and
conditions of the particular fill or backfill materials to be used. [Perform necessary
clearing, grubbing, disposal of debris, and satisfactory drainage of borrow pits as
incidental operations to the borrow excavation.
3.4.1 Borrow Pits: Do not open borrow pits without approval of the Owner’s
Representative or before elevations and measurements are completed on
the undisturbed surface. Excavate borrow pits to afford adequate drainage.
Overburden and other soil material shall be used for refilling the borrow
area.
3.5 FILLING AND BACKFILLING
3.5.1 Subgrade Preparation: Scarify the underlying subgrade surface to a depth
of 150 mm (6 inches) before the fill is started. Step, bench, or break up
sloped surfaces steeper than one vertical to 4 horizontal so that the fill
material will bond with or be securely keyed to the existing material. Scarify
existing surface to a minimum depth of 150 mm (6 inches) if subgrade
density is less than the degree of compaction specified and recompact.
When the subgrade is part fill and part excavation or natural ground,
scarify the excavated or natural ground portion to a depth of 300 mm (12
inches) and recompact as specified for the adjacent or overlying fill.
Compact with equipment well suited to the soil being compacted. Moisten
or aerate material as necessary to provide the moisture content that will
readily facilitate obtaining the specified compaction with the equipment
used.
3.5.2 Fill and Backfill Beside Structures: Place required backfill material
adjacent to structures and compact in a manner that prevents wedging
action or eccentric loading upon or against the structures. Step or serrate
slopes bounding or within areas to be backfilled to prevent sliding of the fill.
Moisten or aerate material as necessary to provide the moisture content

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 Technical Specifications

that will readily facilitate obtaining the specified compaction with the
equipment used. Do not place material on surfaces that are muddy. Do not
use equipment for backfilling operations or for the formation of
embankments against structures that will overload the structure. Backfilling
against concrete will be done only after the concrete has attained its 28-
day compressive strength or only after approval has been obtained from
the Owner’s Representative.
3.5.3 Controlled Fill: Place controlled fill under pavements in loose lifts of 150
mm (6 inches). Do not place material on surfaces that are muddy.
Compact with equipment well suited to the soil being compacted. Moisten
or aerate material as necessary to provide the moisture content that will
readily facilitate obtaining the specified compaction with the equipment
used. Compact each lift as specified herein before placing the overlaying
lift. Compaction shall be accomplished continuously over the entire area.
Sufficient passes shall be made to ensure that specified density is
obtained.
3.5.4 Final Backfill for Utilities: Construct backfill (final backfill) for storm drains,
manholes, utility lines, and other utility appurtenances using the material
and compaction requirements specified herein for the adjacent or overlying
work. Bedding and initial backfill requirements are specified in Section
02302, "Excavation, Backfilling, and Compacting for Utilities." Backfilling
against concrete will be done only after the concrete has attained its 28-
day compressive strength or only after approval has been obtained from
the Owner’s Representative.
3.5.5 Weather Limitations: Fill shall not be constructed when weather conditions
detrimentally affect the quality of the finished course. Do not construct fill
and backfill in the rain or on saturated subgrades. If weather conditions are
windy, hot or arid, with high rate of evaporation, schedule the placement in
cooler portions of the day and furnish equipment to add moisture to the fill
or backfill during and after placement.
3.6 COMPACTION: Compact each layer or lift of material specified so that the in-place
density tested is not less than the percentage of maximum density specified in Table
III.

TABLE II
Percent ASTM D1557
Maximum Density
Cohesive Cohesionless
Material Material

Fill, Embankment and Backfill

General Fill under steps and parking lots 90 95
General Fill under sidewalks and grassed areas 85 90
General Fill beside structures 90 95
Controlled fill and under footings, pavements 95 100
and structures
Refill overblasts and undercut N/A 100
materials
Under Roadways, top 300 mm 95 100

Subgrade (Top of fill, backfill or cut)

Under, steps 93 98

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 Technical Specifications

And parking lots, top 300 mm

Under sidewalks, and grass 85 90
areas, top 150 mm

3.7 FINISH OPERATIONS

3.7.1 Site Grading: Grade to finished grades indicated within 30 mm (0.10 foot).
Grade areas to drain water away from structures [and to provide suitable
surfaces for mowing machines. Existing grades which are to remain but
are disturbed by the Contractor's operations shall be restored [as specified
herein].
3.7.2 Finishing Subgrades Under Pavements: Finish surface of top lift of fill or
top of subgrade to the elevation and cross section indicated. Finished
surface shall be smooth and of uniform texture. Lightly scarify or blade the
finished surface to bring the finished surface to within 15mm (0.05 foot) of
the indicated grade and to eliminate imprints made by compaction and
shaping equipment. Surface shall show no deviations in excess of 10 mm
(3/8 inch) when tested with a 3 m. (10 foot) straightedge.
3.7.3 Spreading Topsoil: Clear areas indicated or specified to receive topsoil of
materials interfering with planting and maintenance operations. Do not
place topsoil when subgrade is extremely wet or dry, or in other conditions
detrimental to seeding, planting, or grading. Spread topsoil to a uniform
depth of 100 mm (4 inches) over the designated area.
3.7.4 Disposition of Surplus Material: Surplus or other soil material not required
or suitable for filling, backfilling, or embankment shall be wasted by
disposition in the area designated by the Owner’s Representative. Comply
with the requirements of Section 01575, "Temporary Environmental
Controls."
3.7.5 Protection of Surfaces: Protect newly graded areas from traffic, erosion,
and settlements that may occur and as required in the Section 01575,
"Temporary Environmental Controls" and as specified in the paragraph
entitled "Protection and Restoration of Surfaces." Repair or reestablish
damaged grades, elevations, or slopes prior to acceptance of work.

3.8 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

3.8.1 Sampling: Furnish one 30 kg (50 pound) composite sample taken at

random times daily of subgrade being compacted and fill material being
placed. Submit samples, in the number directed, whenever the source or
character of the fill, backfill, or embankment material changes. Contain
each sample in a clean container and fasten to prevent loss of material.
Tag each sample for identification. Tag shall contain the following
information:

Contract No. ____________________

Sample No. ______________________
Date of Sample _________________
Sampler ________________________
Source _________________________
Intended Use ___________________

3.8.2 Tests

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 Technical Specifications

Table III

Material Location of
Type ____ Material ____ Test Frequency

Fills and Backfills Structures One test per side of

(beside) structure per 185 square
meters taken 300 mm
below finished grade.
Controlled Fills primary roadways One test per lift per
structures (under) 835 square meters.

Subgrades Site 1672 square meters.

Embankments of Borrow Any One test per lift per

385 cubic meters placed.

Native soil subgrade Any One test or one test per

other than structures 930
square meters and parking
whichever is greater.

Borrow Any One test per lift per

385 cubic meters placed.

Test fill backfill using ASTM C136for conformance to ASTM C33, and
ASTM D2487 gradation limits. Test fill backfill for material finer than the 75
micrometers (No. 200) sieve using ASTM D1140. Test fill backfill for liquid
limit and plasticity index using ASTM D4318. Test fill backfill and subgrade
in cut materials for moisture density relations using ASTM D698, ASTM
D1557 or ASTM D4253 and ASTM D4254. Test fill backfill for permeability
in accordance with ASTM D2434. Perform one of each of the required
tests for each material used when directed. Provide additional tests as
specified above for each source change. Perform density tests in randomly
selected locations using ASTM 1556, ASTM D2922 and ASTM D3017 as
follows: one test per 1,670 square meters (18,000 square feet in each
layer of lift 380 cubic meters (500 cubic yards) placed 840 square meters
(1,000 square yards) subgrade in cut.

3.8.3 Acceptance: Acceptance of the compacted materials shall be determined

in each unit by the results of a series of three consecutive field in-place
density tests. Method of in-place tests shall be in accordance with
paragraph "Tests." The average of three tests shall equal or exceed the
specified average density requirement. Fill shall be accepted or rejected by
units with a complete unit being reworked in the event of rejection. A unit
shall consist of 1530 cubic meters (2000 cubic yards) of fill or 20 percent of
the total embankment fill quantity, whichever is less and have a minimum
of 600 mm (2 feet) of fill.

***End of Section ***

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 Technical Specifications

SECTION 02302

EXCAVATION, BACKFILLING, AND COMPACTING FOR UTILITIES

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES: The publications listed below form a part of this specification to
the extent referenced. The publications are referred to in the text by the basic designation
only.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

ASTM C33 Concrete Aggregates

ASTM D422 Particle-Size Analysis of Soils

ASTM D698 Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of

Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft
(600 kN-m/m))

ASTM D1140 Amount of Material in Soils Finer Than the

No. 200 (75-Micrometer) Sieve

ASTM D1556 Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by

the Sand-Cone Method

ASTM D1557 Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of

Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft
(2,700 kN-m/m))

ASTM D1586 Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of

Soils

ASTM D2487 Classification of Soils for Engineering

Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)

ASTM D2922 Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place

by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)

ASTM D3017 Water Content of Soil and Rock in Place by

Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)

ASTM D4318 Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity

Index of Soils

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (USDA)

DOA SSIR Soil Survey Investigation Report No. 1, Soil

Survey Laboratory Methods and Procedures
for Collecting Soil Samples, Soil
Conservation Service

1.2 DEFINITIONS

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 Technical Specifications

1.2.1 Backfill: Material used in refilling a cut, trench or other excavation.

1.2.2 Cohesive Materials: Soils classified by ASTM D2487 as GC, SC, ML, CL, MH,
and CH. Materials classified as GM and SM will be identified as cohesive only when fines
have a plasticity index greater than zero.

1.2.3 Cohesionless Materials: Soils classified by ASTM D2487 as GW, GP, SW, and
SP. Materials classified, as GM and SM will be identified as cohesionless only when the
fines have a plasticity index of zero.

1.2.4 Compaction: The process of mechanically stabilizing a material by increasing its

density at a controlled moisture condition. "Degree of Compaction" is expressed as a
percentage of the maximum density obtained by the test procedure described in ASTM
D698 or ASTM D155 for general soil types."

1.2.5 Granular Pipe Bedding: A dense, well-graded aggregate mixture of sand,

gravel, or crushed stone (mixed individually, in combination with each other, or with
suitable binder soil) placed on a subgrade to provide a suitable foundation for pipe.
Granular bedding material may also consist of poorly graded sands or gravels where fast
draining soil characteristics are desired.

1.2.6 In-Situ Soil: Existing in place soil.

1.2.7 Lift: A layer or course of soil placed on top of subgrade or a previously prepared
or placed soil in a fill or backfill.

1.2.8 Refill: Material placed in excavation to correct overcut in depth.

1.2.9 Rock: Solid homogeneous interlocking crystalline material with firmly cemented,
laminated, or foliated masses or conglomerate deposits, neither of which can be removed
without systematic drilling, drilling and the use of expansion jacks, or the use of backhoe-
mounted pneumatic hole punchers or rock breakers; also large boulders, buried masonry,
or concrete other than pavement exceeding 0.76 cubic meter (1 cubic yard) in volume.
Material identified in the soil boring logs as having a standard penetration resistance as
determined by ASTM D1586 greater than 1968 blows per meter (600 blows per foot) is
arbitrarily defined herein as "Rock."

1.2.10 Topsoil: In natural or undisturbed soil formations, the fine-grained, weathered

material on the surface or directly below any loose or partially decomposed organic
matter. Topsoil may be a dark-colored, fine, silty, or sandy material with a high content of
well-decomposed organic matter, often containing traces of the parent rock material.
Gradation and material requirements specified herein apply to all topsoil references in this
contract. The material shall be representative of productive soils in the vicinity.

1.2.11 Unyielding Material: Rock rib, ridge, rock protrusion, or soil with cobbles in the
trench bottom requiring a covering of finer grain material or special bedding to avoid
bridging in the pipe or conduit.

1.2.12 Unsatisfactory Material: In-Situ soil or other material, which can be identified as
having insufficient strength characteristics or stability to carry intended loads in the trench
without excessive consolidation or loss of stability. Also backfill material, which contains
refuse, large rocks, debris, soluble particles, and other material, which could damage the
pipe or cause the backfill not to compact. Materials classified as PT, OH, or OL by ASTM
D2487 are unsatisfactory.

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 Technical Specifications

1.2.13 Unstable Material: Material in the trench bottom which lacks firmness to
maintain alignment and prevent joints from separating in the pipe, conduit, or
appurtenance structure during backfilling. This may be material otherwise identified as
satisfactory which has been disturbed or saturated.

1.3 SUBMITTALS:

Test Reports

Trench backfill material tests

Pipe bedding material tests

1.4 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING: Deliver and store materials in a

manner to prevent contamination, segregation, and other damage.

1.5 PROTECTION

1.5.1 Utilities: Movement of construction machinery and equipment over pipes and
utilities during construction shall be at the Contractor's risk. Excavation made with power-
driven equipment is not permitted within 600 mm (two feet) of known Government-owned
utility or subsurface construction. For work immediately adjacent to or for excavations
exposing a utility or other buried obstruction, excavate by hand or light equipment. Start
hand light equipment excavation on each side of the indicated obstruction and continue
until the obstruction is uncovered or until clearance for the new grade is assured. Support
uncovered lines or other existing work affected by the contract excavation until the
Engineer grants approval for backfill. Report damage to utility lines or subsurface
construction immediately to the Engineer.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 SOIL MATERIALS: Provide soil materials as specified below free of debris, roots,
wood, scrap material, vegetable matter, refuse, soft unsound particles, ice, or other
deleterious and objectionable materials.

2.1.1 Backfill: Bring trenches to grade indicated on the drawings using material
excavated on the site of this project. This material will be considered unclassified and no
testing other than for compaction will be required before use as backfill, classified as GM,
SM, SC by ASTM 2487 with a maximum particle size of 75 mm (3 inches).

2.1.2 Special Backfill for Roads and Paved Areas: Backfill trenches under roads,
structures, and paved areas as specified in Section 02301, "Earthwork for Structures and
Pavements." With material conforming to the requirements stated above except that the
liquid limit of the material cannot exceed 35 percent when tested in accordance with
ASTM D4318, the plasticity index cannot exceed 12 percent when tested in accordance
with ASTM D4318, and not more than 35 percent by weight can be finer than the 75
micrometers No. 200 sieve when tested in accordance with ASTM D1140.

2.1.3 Sand: Clean, coarse-grained sand classified as SW or SP by ASTM D2487 for

bedding and backfill as indicated.

2.1.4 Gravel: Clean, coarsely graded natural gravel, crushed stone or a combination
thereof having a classification of GW GP in accordance with ASTM D2487 for bedding
and backfill as indicated. Maximum particle size shall not be more than 25mm per 300mm
(one inch per foot) of pipe diameter or 75mm (3 inches) maximum.

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 Technical Specifications

2.1.5 Topsoil Material: Salvaged topsoil from stockpile. Topsoil should be free of
subsoil, stumps, rocks larger than 19 mm (3/4 inch) in diameter with maximum 3 percent
retained on 6 mm (1/4 inch) sieve, brush, weeds, toxic substances, and other material or
substance detrimental to plant growth. Topsoil shall be a natural, friable soil
representative of productive soils in the vicinity. Modify the topsoil provided if necessary
to meet the requirements specified in Table 2. Furnish additional topsoil from approved
sources off the Site meeting requirements specified in Table 2 if stockpiled material is
insufficient to complete work indicated.

TABLE 2

DOA SSIR Soil Survey Investigation Acceptable

Report No. 1, Laboratory Test for: Limits

Sand Content 20 - 45 percent by weight

Silt Content 25 - 50 percent by weight
Clay Content 10 - 30 percent by weight
Organic Material (Walkley-Block) 5 percent

TABLE 2

DOA SSIR Soil Survey Investigation Acceptable

Report No. 1, Laboratory Test for: Limits

pH 5.0 to 7.6
Soluble Salts 600-ppm maximum
Absorption Rate 0.21 mm per second minimum

2.1.6 Borrow: Provide materials meeting requirement for general site fill, backfill,
granular fill, and topsoil. Obtain borrow materials in excess of those furnished from
excavations specified herein from sources off the project area.

2.1.9 Pipe Bedding: Provide material for pipe bedding consisting of GW GP GM GC

SW SP SM SC sand gravel as classified in accordance with ASTM D2487.

2.2 CONCRETE PIPE CRADLES : Concrete pipe cradles where indicated

conforming to lines and dimensions indicated. Construct cradles in accordance with
Section 03307, "Concrete for Minor Structures." with concrete having a 28 day
compressive strength of 20.7 MPa (3000 psi).
PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 PROTECTION

3.1.1 Drainage and Dewatering

3.1.2.1 Drainage: Surface water shall be directed away from excavation and
construction sites so as to prevent erosion and undermining of foundations. Diversion
ditches, and grading shall be provided and maintained as necessary during construction.
Excavated slopes and backfill surfaces shall be protected to prevent erosion and
sloughing. Excavation shall be performed so that the site and the area immediately
surrounding the site and affecting operations at the site shall be continually and
effectively drained.

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3.1.3 Dewatering: Groundwater flowing toward or into excavations shall be controlled

to prevent sloughing of excavation slopes and walls, boils, uplift and heave in the
excavation and to eliminate interference with orderly progress of construction. Control
measures shall be taken by the time the excavation reaches the water level in order to
maintain the integrity of the in situ material. Operate the dewatering system until
construction work below existing water levels is complete.

3.1.4 Underground Utilities: The Contractor shall physically verify the location and
elevation of the existing utilities prior to starting construction. The Contractor shall mark
the surface of the ground where existing underground utilities are discovered.

3.1.5 Structures and Surfaces: Protect newly backfilled areas slopes, or grades from
traffic, erosion settlement, or any other damage. Repair and reestablish damaged or
eroded grades and slopes and restore surface construction prior to acceptance. Protect
existing streams, ditches, and storm drain inlets from water-borne soil. Perform work in
accordance with requirements specified in Section 01575, "Temporary Environmental
Controls."

3.1.5.1 Disposal of Excavated Material

3.3 SURFACE PREPARATION

3.3.1 Stockpiling Topsoil: Strip suitable soil from the site where excavation or grading
is indicated and stockpile separately from other excavated material. Material unsuitable
for use as topsoil shall be wasted. Locate topsoil so that the material can be used readily
for the finished grading. Where sufficient existing topsoil conforming to the material
requirements is not available on site, provide borrow materials suitable for use as topsoil.
Protect topsoil and keep in segregated piles until needed.

3.3.2 Cutting Pavement, Curbs, and Gutters; Saw cut with neat, parallel, straight lines
300 mm (one foot) wider than trench width on each side of trenches and 300 mm (one
foot) beyond each edge of pits. When the saw cut is within 300 mm (one feet) of an
existing joint, remove pavement to the existing joint.

3.4 GENERAL EXCAVATION AND TRENCHING: Keep excavations free from water
while construction is in progress. Notify the Engineer immediately in writing if it becomes
necessary to remove rock or hard, unstable, or otherwise unsatisfactory material to a
depth greater than indicated. Make trench sides as nearly vertical as practicable except
where sloping of sides is allowed. Sides of trenches shall not be sloped from the bottom
of the trench up to the elevation of the top of the pipe. Excavate ledge rock, boulders, and
other unyielding material to an overdepth at least 150 mm (6 inches) below the bottom of
the pipe and appurtenances unless otherwise indicated or specified. Over excavate soft,
weak, or wet excavations. Use bedding material placed in 150 mm (6 inch) maximum
layers to refill over depths to the proper grade. At the Contractor's option, the excavations
may be cut to an overdepth of not less than 100 mm (4 inches) and refilled to required
grade as specified. Grade bottom of trenches accurately to provide uniform bearing and
support for each section of pipe or structure on undisturbed soil, or bedding material as
indicated or specified at every point along its entire length except for portions where it is
necessary to excavate for bell holes and for making proper joints. Dig bell holes and
depressions for joints after trench has been graded. Dimension of bell holes shall be only
13 mm ½ inch greater than length, width, and depth of bell as required for properly
making the particular type of joint to ensure that the bell does not bear on the bottom of
the excavation. Trench dimensions shall be as indicated.

3.5 BEDDING: Bedding shall be Of materials and depths as indicated for utility lines
and utility line structures. Place bedding in 150 mm (6 inch) maximum loose lifts. Provide

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uniform and continuous support for each section of structure except at bell holes or
depressions necessary for making proper joints.

3.5.1 Concrete Cradles; Specified in lieu of other types of bedding for a particular
type of pipe material, shall be as specified.

3.6 BACKFILLING; Construct backfill in two operations (initial and final) as indicated
and specified in this section. Place initial backfill in 150 mm (6 inch) maximum loose lifts
to 300 mm (one foot) above pipe unless otherwise specified. Ensure that initially placed
material is tamped firmly under pipe haunches. Bring up evenly on each side and along
the full length of the pipe, or structure. Ensure that no damage is done to the utility or its
protective coating. Place the remainder of the backfill (final backfill) in 225 mm (9 inch)
maximum loose lifts unless otherwise specified. Compact each loose lift as specified in
the paragraph entitled "General Compaction" before placing the next lift. Do not backfill
where the material in the trench is muddy, except as authorized. Provide a minimum
cover from final grade of 600mm (2 feet) for storm drains and 1200 mm (3.9 feet) for
sewer mains. Where settlements greater than the tolerance allowed herein for grading
occur in trenches and pits due to improper compaction, excavate to the depth necessary
to rectify the problem, then backfill and compact the excavation as specified herein and
restore the surface to the required elevation. Coordinate backfilling with testing of utilities.
Testing for the following shall be complete before final backfilling: water distribution, storm
drainage and sanitary sewer

3.9 COMPACTION: Use hand-operated, plate-type, vibratory, or other suitable hand

ampers in areas not accessible to larger rollers or compactors. Avoid damaging pipes and
protective pipe coatings. Compact material in accordance with the following unless
otherwise specified. If necessary, alter, change, or modify selected equipment or
compaction methods to meet specified compaction requirements.

3.9.1 Compaction of Material in Subcuts or Overexcavations: In rock, compact to 95

percent of ASTM D1557 maximum density. In soft, weak, or wet soils, tamp refill material
to consolidate to density of adjacent material in trench wall. In stable soils, compact to 90
percent of ASTM D1557maximum density.

3.9.2 Compaction of Pipe and Conduit Bedding: In rock, compact to 95 percent and in
soil, compact to 90 percent of ASTM D1557 maximum density.

3.9.3 Compaction of Backfill: Compact initial backfill material surrounding pipes, or

conduits, to 90 percent of ASTM D1557 maximum density except where bedding and
backfill are the same material. Where bedding and backfill are the same material,
compact initial backfill to the density of the bedding. Under areas to be seeded or sodded,
compact succeeding layers of final backfill to 85 percent of ASTM D1557 maximum
density. For utilities under road or highway right-of-way, structures and pavements
compact layers of final backfill as specified under paragraph entitled "Special Earthwork
Installation Requirements."

3.10 SPECIAL EARTHWORK INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS

3.10.1 Concrete Culvert Piping Under Embankment: Construct the embankment to 150
mm (6 inches) above elevation of top of pipe for 600 mm (24 inch) size pipe and to 750
mm (30 inches) above elevation of top of pipe where the pipe diameter is larger than
600mm (24 inches). After pipe installation, backfill and compact in accordance with
requirements stated in paragraphs entitled "Backfilling and Compaction."

3.10.2 Manholes and Other Appurtenances: Provide at least 300 mm (12 inches) clear
from outer surfaces to the embankment or shoring. Remove rock as specified herein.

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Remove unstable soil that is incapable of supporting the structure to an overdepth of 300
mm (one foot) and refill with gravel or sand to the proper elevation. Stabilize soft, weak,
or wet excavations as indicated. Refill over depths with gravel or sand to the required
grade and compact to 90 percent of ASTM D1557 maximum density.

3.10.3 Compaction under Roads, Streets, and other Areas to be Paved: Place final
backfill in 150 mm (6 inch) maximum loose lifts. If a vibratory roller is used for compaction
of final backfill, the lift thickness can be increased to 225 mm (9 inches). Compact all
backfill surrounding pipes, conduits, and other structures to 90 percent of ASTM D1557
maximum density except compact the top 300 mm (12 inches) of subgrade to 95 percent
of ASTM D1557 maximum density. Backfill to permit the rolling and compacting of the
completed excavation with the adjoining material, providing the specified density
necessary to enable paving of the area immediately after backfilling has been completed.
Compaction requirements for materials in pavement sections above the subgrade level
shall be as specified in Section 02301, "Earthwork for Structures and Pavement."

3.14 FINISH OPERATIONS

3.14.1 Grading: Finish to grades indicated within 30 mm (one-tenth of a foot). Grade

areas to drain water away from structures. Grade existing grades that are to remain but
have been disturbed by the Contractor's operations.

3.14.2 Spreading Topsoil: Clear areas to receive topsoil for the finished surface of
materials that would interfere with planting and maintenance operations. Scarify subgrade
to a depth of 50 mm (2 inches). Do not place topsoil when the subgrade is extremely wet
or dry, or in other conditions detrimental to seeding, planting, or grading. Spread topsoil to
a uniform depth of 100 mm (4 inches) over the designated areas.

3.14.3 Disposition of Surplus Material; Surplus or other soil material not required or
suitable for filling, backfilling, or grading shall be wasted by disposition off the work site,
Comply with requirements of Section 01575, "Temporary Environmental Controls."

3.14.4 Protection of Surfaces: Protect newly graded areas from traffic, erosion, and
settlements that may occur and as required in Section 01575, "Temporary Environmental
Controls." Repair or reestablish damaged grades, elevations, or slopes.

3.15 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL: Test sand, gravel, bedding, backfill and topsoil for
conformance to specified requirements. Test backfill to be used under roads and paved
areas for conformance to special requirements. Test bedding and backfill for moisture-
density relations in accordance with ASTM D1557 and as specified herein. Perform at
least one of each of the required tests for each material provided. Perform sufficiently in
advance of construction so as not to delay work. Provide additional tests as specified
above for each change of source. Perform final tests on topsoil to ensure adjustment of
parameters into the ranges specified. Perform density and moisture tests in randomly
selected locations and in accordance with ASTM D1556, ASTM D2922 and ASTM D3017
as follows:

a. Bedding and backfill in trenches: One test per 15 meters: (50 linear feet) in each lift.

b. Appurtenance structures: One test per 9 square meters (100 square feet) or
fractions thereof in each lift.

Where ASTM D2922 and ASTM D3017 are used to test field compaction densities,
verify test results by performing at least one test per day using ASTM D1556 at a location
already tested in accordance with ASTM D2922. Perform at least one additional test

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 Technical Specifications

using ASTM D1556 for every ten tests performed with a nuclear device, at locations
checked in accordance with ASTM D2922.

***End of Section ***

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SECTION 02630

STORM-DRAINAGE SYSTEM

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES: The publications listed below form a part of this specification to
the extent referenced. The publications are referred to in the text by basic designation
only.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

ASTM A 123/A 123M Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and

Steel Products

ASTM C 14M Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe

(Metric)

ASTM C 76M Reinforced Concrete Culverts, Storm Drain, and

Sewer Pipe (Metric)

ASTM C 139 Concrete Masonry Units for Construction of Catch

Basins and Manholes

ASTM C 231 Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the

Pressure Method

ASTM C 270 Mortar for Unit Masonry

ASTM C 924M Concrete Pipe Sewer Lines by Low-Pressure Air

Test Method (Metric)

ASTM C 1103M Joint Acceptance Testing of Installed Precast

Concrete Pipe Sewer Lines (Metric)

ASTM D 1557 Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using

Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/cu. ft. (2,700 kN-
m/cu.m.))

ASTM D 2167 Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the

Rubber Balloon Method

ASTM D 2922 Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by

Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)

ASTM D 3017 Water Content of Soil and Rock in Place by Nuclear

Methods (Shallow Depth)

1.2 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

1.2.1 Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains: The length of pipe installed will be measured
along the centerlines of the pipe from end to end of pipe without deductions for diameter
of manholes. Pipe will be paid for at the contract unit price for the number of linear meters
of culverts or storm drains placed in the accepted work.

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1.2.2 Manholes and Inlets: The quantity of manholes and inlets will be measured as
the total number of manholes and inlets of the various types of construction complete with
frames and gratings or covers and, where indicated, with fixed side-rail ladders,
constructed to meters, feet, in the accepted work. The depth of manholes and inlets will
be measured from the top of grating or cover to invert of outlet pipe.

1.2.3 Walls and Headwalls: Walls and headwalls will be measured by the number of
cubic meters yards of reinforced concrete, plain concrete, or masonry used in the
construction of the walls and headwalls. Wall and headwalls will be paid for at the
contract unit price for the number of walls and headwalls constructed in the completed
work.

1.2.4 Rock Excavation: Payment will be made for the number of cubic meters of
material acceptably excavated, as specified and defined as rock excavation in Section
02301 EXCAVATION, BACKFILLING AND COMPACTING OF UTILITIES measured in
the original position, and computed by allowing actual width of rock excavation with the
following limitations: maximum rock excavation width, 750 mm for pipe of 300 mm or less
nominal diameter; maximum rock excavation width, 400 mm greater than outside
diameter of pipe of more than 300 mm nominal diameter. Measurement will include
authorized over depth excavation. Payment will also include all necessary drilling, and all
incidentals necessary for satisfactory excavation and disposal of authorized rock
excavation. No separate payment will be made for backfill material required to replace
rock excavation; this cost shall be included in the Contractor's unit price bid per cubic
meter yard for rock excavation. In rock excavation for manholes and other
appurtenances, 300 mm will be allowed outside the wall lines of the structures.

1.2.5 Backfill Replacing Unstable Material: Payment will be made for the number of
cubic meters yards of select granular material required to replace unstable material for
foundations under pipes or drainage structures, which will constitute full compensation for
this backfill material, including removal and disposal of unstable material and all
excavating, hauling, placing, compacting, and all incidentals necessary to complete the
construction of the foundation satisfactorily.

1.3 SUBMITTALS: The following shall be submitted in accordance with Section

01330 SUBMITTAL PROCEDURES:

Product Data

Placing Pipe;
Printed copies of the manufacturer's recommendations for installation procedures of the
material being placed, prior to installation.

Samples

Pipe for Culverts and Storm Drains;

Samples of the materials, before work is started.

Certificates

Pipeline Testing;
Determination of Density;
Frame and Cover for Gratings;

Certified copies of test reports demonstrating conformance to applicable pipe

specifications, before pipe is installed. Certification on the ability of frame and cover or
gratings to carry the imposed live load.

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 Technical Specifications

1.4 DELIVERIES, STORAGE, AND HANDLING

1.4.1 Delivery and Storage: Materials delivered to site shall be inspected for damage,
unloaded, and stored with a minimum of handling. Materials shall not be stored directly on
the ground. The inside of pipes and fittings shall be kept free of dirt and debris. The
Contractor shall have a copy of the manufacturer's instructions available at the
construction site at all times and shall follow these instructions unless directed otherwise
by the Owner’s Representative.

1.4.2 Handling: Materials shall be handled in a manner that ensures delivery to the
trench in sound, undamaged condition. Pipe shall be carried to the trench, not dragged.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 PIPES FOR CULVERTS AND STORM DRAINS: Pipe for culverts and storm
drains shall be of the sizes indicated and shall conform to the requirements specified.

2.1.1 Concrete Pipe: ASTM C 76M ASTM C 76, Class II, IV, or ASTM C 655, D-Load.

2.1.1.3 Nonreinforced Pipe: ASTM C 14M ASTM C 14, Class [1] [2] [3].

2.1.1.4 Cast-In-Place Nonreinforced Conduit: ACI 346/346R, except that testing shall
be the responsibility of and at the expense of the Contractor. In the case of other conflicts
between ACI 346/346R and project specifications, requirements of ACI 346/346R shall
govern.

2.1.2 PVC Pipe: The pipe manufacturer's resin certification, indicating the cell
classification of PVC used to manufacture the pipe, shall be submitted prior to installation
of the pipe.

2.1.2.1 Type PSM PVC Pipe: ASTM D 3034, Type PSM, maximum SDR 35,
produced from PVC certified by the compounder as meeting the requirements of ASTM D
1784, minimum cell class 12454-B.

2.1.2.2 Profile PVC Pipe: ASTM F 794, Series 46, produced from PVC certified by the
compounder as meeting the requirements of ASTM D 1784, minimum cell class 12454-B.

2.1.2.3 Smooth Wall PVC Pipe: ASTM F 679 produced from PVC certified by the
compounder as meeting the requirements of ASTM D 1784, minimum cell class 12454-B.

2.2 MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS

2.2.1 Concrete: Unless otherwise specified, concrete and reinforced concrete shall
conform to the requirements for 20.70 MPa 3000 psi concrete under Section 03307A
Concrete for Minor Structures. The concrete mixture shall have air content by volume of
concrete, based on measurements made immediately after discharge from the mixer, of 5
to 7 percent when maximum size of coarse aggregate exceeds 37.5 mm. (1-1/2 inches).
Air content shall be determined in accordance with ASTM C 231. The concrete covering
over steel reinforcing shall not be less than 25 mm (1 inch) thick for covers and not less
than 40 mm (1-1/2 inches) thick for walls and flooring. Concrete covering deposited
directly against the ground shall have a thickness of at least 75 mm (3 inches) between
steel and ground. Expansion-joint filler material shall conform to ASTM D 1751, or ASTM
D 1752, or shall be resin-impregnated fiberboard conforming to the physical requirements
of ASTM D 1752.

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 Technical Specifications

2.2.2 Mortar: Mortar for pipe joints, connections to other drainage structures, and
block construction shall conform to ASTM C 270, Type M, except that the maximum
placement time shall be 1 hour. The quantity of water in the mixture shall be sufficient to
produce a stiff workable mortar.

Water shall be clean and free of harmful acids, alkalis, and organic impurities. The
mortar shall be used within 30 minutes after the ingredients are mixed with water. The
inside of the joint shall be wiped clean and finished smooth. The mortar head on the
outside shall be protected from air and sun with a proper covering until satisfactorily
cured.

2.2.3 Precast Concrete Segmental Blocks: Precast concrete segmental block shall
conform to ASTM C 139, not more than 200 mm (8 inches) thick, not less than 200 mm (8
inches) long, and of such shape that joints can be sealed effectively and bonded with
cement mortar.

2.2.4 Frame and Cover for Gratings: Frame and cover for gratings shall be cast
gray iron, ASTM A 48M ASTM A 48, Class 35B; cast ductile iron, ASTM A 536, Grade 65-
45-12; or cast aluminum, ASTM B 26/B 26M, Alloy 356.OT6. Weight, shape, size, and
waterway openings for grates and curb inlets shall be as indicated on the plans.

2.3 STEEL LADDER: Steel ladder shall be provided where the depth of the manhole
exceeds 3.66 m (12 feet). These ladders shall be not less than 406 mm (16 inches) 16
inches in width, with 19 mm 3/4 inch diameter rungs spaced 305 mm (12 inches) apart.
The two stringers shall be a minimum 10 mm (3/8 inch) thick and 63 mm (2-1/2 inches)
wide.

2.4 HYDROSTATIC TEST ON WATERTIGHT JOINTS

2.4.1 Concrete Pipe: A hydrostatic test shall be made on the watertight joint types as
proposed. Only one sample joint of each type needs testing; however, if the sample joint
fails because of faulty design or workmanship, an additional sample joint may be tested.
During the test period, jointing material shall be protected from extreme temperatures
which might adversely affect the performance of such materials. Performance
requirements for joints in reinforced and Non-reinforced concrete pipe shall conform to
AASHTO M 198 or ASTM C 443M ASTM C 443.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 EXCAVATION FOR PIPE CULVERTS, STORM DRAINS, AND DRAINAGE

STRUCTURES: Excavation of trenches, and for appurtenances and backfilling for
culverts and storm drains, shall be in accordance with the applicable portions of
SECTION 02301 "EXCAVATION, BACKFILLING AND COMPACTING OF UTILITIES "
and SECTION 02300 "EARTHWORK" and the requirements specified below.

3.1.1 Trenching: The width of trenches at any point below the top of the pipe shall be
not greater than the outside diameter of the pipe plus 200 mm (8 inches minimum) to
permit satisfactory jointing and thorough tamping of the bedding material under and
around the pipe. Sheeting and bracing, where required, shall be placed within the trench
width as specified. Contractor shall not over excavate. Where trench widths are
exceeded, redesign with a resultant increase in cost of stronger pipe or special
installation procedures will be necessary. Cost of this redesign and increased cost of pipe
or installation shall be borne by the Contractor without additional cost to the Owner.

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3.1.2 Removal of Rock: Rock in either ledge or boulder formation shall be replaced
with suitable materials to provide a compacted earth cushion having a thickness between
unremoved rock and the pipe of at least 200 mm (8 inches) or 13 mm (1/2 inch) for each
meter of fill over the top of the pipe, whichever is greater, but not more than three-fourths
the nominal diameter of the pipe. Where bell-and-spigot pipe is used, the cushion shall be
maintained under the bell as well as under the straight portion of the pipe. Rock
excavation shall be as specified and defined in Section 02316 "Excavation, Trenching,
and Backfilling for Utilities Systems".

3.1.3 Removal of Unstable Material: Where wet or otherwise unstable soil incapable
of properly supporting the pipe, as determined by the Owner’s Representative, is
unexpectedly encountered in the bottom of a trench, such material shall be removed to
the depth required and replaced to the proper grade with select granular material,
compacted as provided in paragraph BACKFILLING. When removal of unstable material
is due to the fault or neglect of the Contractor in his performance of shoring and sheeting,
water removal, or other specified requirements, such removal and replacement shall be
performed at no additional cost to the Owner.

3.2 BEDDING: The bedding surface for the pipe shall provide a firm foundation of
uniform density throughout the entire length of the pipe.

3.2.1 Concrete Pipe Requirements: When no bedding class is specified or detailed on

the drawings, concrete pipe shall be bedded in a soil foundation accurately shaped and
rounded to conform to the lowest one-fourth of the outside portion of circular pipe or to
the lower curved portion of pipe arch for the entire length of the pipe or pipe arch. When
necessary, the bedding shall be tamped. Bell holes and depressions for joints shall be not
more than the length, depth, and width required for properly making the particular type of
joint.

3.2.2 Plastic Pipe: Bedding for PVC and PE pipe shall meet the requirements of
ASTM D 2321. Bedding, haunching, and initial backfill shall be either Class IB or II
material.

3.3 PLACING PIPE: Each pipe shall be thoroughly examined before being laid;
defective or damaged pipe shall not be used. Plastic pipe shall be protected from
exposure to direct sunlight prior to laying, if necessary to maintain adequate pipe stiffness
and meet installation deflection requirements. Pipelines shall be laid to the grades and
alignment indicated. Proper facilities shall be provided for lowering sections of pipe into
trenches. Lifting lugs in vertically elongated metal pipe shall be placed in the same
vertical plane as the major axis of the pipe. Pipe shall not be laid in water, and pipe shall
not be laid when trench conditions or weather are unsuitable for such work. Diversion of
drainage or dewatering of trenches during construction shall be provided as necessary.
Deflection of installed flexible pipe shall not exceed the following limits:

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
TYPE OF PIPE DEFLECTION (%)

Plastic 7.5

Not less than 30 days after the completion of backfilling, the Owner’s Representative
may perform a deflection test on the entire length of installed flexible pipe using a
mandrel or other suitable device. Installed flexible pipe showing deflections greater than
those indicated above shall be retested by a run from the opposite direction. If the retest
also fails, the suspect pipe shall be replaced at no cost to the Owner.

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 Technical Specifications

3.3.1 Concrete, PVC, and Ribbed PVC Pipe: Laying shall proceed upgrade with
spigot ends of bell-and-spigot pipe and tongue ends of tongue-and-groove pipe pointing
in the direction of the flow.

3.3.1 Multiple Culverts: Where multiple lines of pipe are installed, adjacent sides of
pipe shall be at least half the nominal pipe diameter or 1 meter (3 feet apart), whichever is
less.

3.4 JOINTING

3.4.1 Concrete Pipe

3.4.1.1 Cement-Mortar Bell-and-Spigot Joint: The first pipe shall be bedded to the
established grade line, with the bell end placed upstream. The interior surface of the bell
shall be thoroughly cleaned with a wet brush and the lower portion of the bell filled with
mortar as required to bring inner surfaces of abutting pipes flush and even. The spigot
end of each subsequent pipe shall be cleaned with a wet brush and uniformly matched
into a bell so that sections are closely fitted. After each section is laid, the remainder of
the joint shall be filled with mortar, and a bead shall be formed around the outside of the
joint with sufficient additional mortar. If mortar is not sufficiently stiff to prevent
appreciable slump before setting, the outside of the joint shall be wrapped or bandaged
with cheesecloth to hold mortar in place.

3.4.1.2 Cement-Mortar Tongue-and-Groove Joint: The first pipe shall be bedded

carefully to the established grade line with the groove upstream. A shallow excavation
shall be made underneath the pipe at the joint and filled with mortar to provide a bed for
the pipe. The grooved end of the first pipe shall be thoroughly cleaned with a wet brush,
and a layer of soft mortar applied to the lower half of the groove. The tongue of the
second pipe shall be cleaned with a wet brush; while in horizontal position, a layer of soft
mortar shall be applied to the upper half of the tongue. The tongue end of the second
pipe shall be inserted in the grooved end of the first pipe until mortar is squeezed out on
interior and exterior surfaces. Sufficient mortar shall be used to fill the joint completely
and to form a bead on the outside.

3.4.1.3 Flexible Watertight Joints: Gaskets and jointing materials shall be as

recommended by the particular manufacturer in regard to use of lubricants, cements,
adhesives, and other special installation requirements. Surfaces to receive lubricants,
cements, or adhesives shall be clean and dry. Gaskets and jointing materials shall be
affixed to the pipe not more than 24 hours prior to the installation of the pipe, and shall be
protected from the sun, blowing dust, and other deleterious agents at all times. Gaskets
and jointing materials shall be inspected before installing the pipe; any loose or
improperly affixed gaskets and jointing materials shall be removed and replaced. The
pipe shall be aligned with the previously installed pipe, and the joint pushed home. If,
while the joint is being made the gasket becomes visibly dislocated the pipe shall be
removed and the joint remade.

3.5 DRAINAGE STRUCTURES

3.5.1 Manholes and Inlets: Construction shall be of reinforced concrete, plain

concrete, complete with frames and covers or gratings; and with fixed galvanized steel
ladders where indicated.

3.5.2 Walls and Headwalls: Construction shall be as indicated.

3.6 STEEL LADDER INSTALLATION: Ladder shall be adequately anchored to the

wall by means of steel inserts spaced not more than 1.83 m (6 feet) 6 feet vertically, and

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shall be installed to provide at least 152 mm (6 inches) 6 inches of space between the
wall and the rungs. The wall along the line of the ladder shall be vertical for its entire
length.

3.7 BACKFILLING

3.7.1 Backfilling Pipe in Trenches: After the pipe has been properly bedded, selected
material from excavation or borrow, at moisture content that will facilitate compaction,
shall be placed along both sides of pipe in layers not exceeding 150 mm (6 inches) in
compacted depth. The backfill shall be brought up evenly on both sides of pipe for the full
length of pipe. The fill shall be thoroughly compacted under the haunches of the pipe.
Each layer shall be thoroughly compacted with mechanical tampers or rammers. This
method of filling and compacting shall continue until the fill has reached an elevation of at
least 300 mm (12 inches) above the top of the pipe. The remainder of the trench shall be
backfilled and compacted by spreading and rolling or compacted by mechanical rammers
or tampers in layers not exceeding 220 millimeters. Inches. Tests for density shall be
made as necessary to ensure conformance to the compaction requirements specified
below. Where it is necessary, in the opinion of the Owner’s Representative, that sheeting
or portions of bracing used be left in place, the contract will be adjusted accordingly.
Untreated sheeting shall not be left in place beneath structures or pavements.

3.7.2 Backfilling Pipe in Fill Sections: For pipe placed in fill sections, backfill material
and the placement and compaction procedures shall be as specified below. The fill
material shall be uniformly spread in layers longitudinally on both sides of the pipe, not
exceeding 150 mm (6 inches) in compacted depth, and shall be compacted by rolling
parallel with pipe or by mechanical tamping or ramming. Prior to commencing normal
filling operations, the crown width of the fill at a height of 300 mm (12 inches) above the
top of the pipe shall extend a distance of not less than twice the outside pipe diameter on
each side of the pipe or 4 m, (12 feet), whichever is less. After the backfill has reached at
least 300 mm (12 inches) above the top of the pipe, the remainder of the fill shall be
placed and thoroughly compacted in layers not exceeding 220 mm. inches.

3.7.3 Movement of Construction Machinery: When compacting by rolling or operating

heavy equipment parallel with the pipe, displacement of or injury to the pipe shall be
avoided. Movement of construction machinery over a culvert or storm drain at any stage
of construction shall be at the Contractor's risk. Any damaged pipe shall be repaired or
replaced.

3.7.4 Compaction

3.7.4.1 General Requirements: Cohesionless materials include gravels, gravel-sand

mixtures, sands, and gravelly sands. Cohesive materials include clayey and silty gravels,
gravel- silt mixtures, clayey and silty sands, sand-clay mixtures, clays, silts, and very fine
sands. When results of compaction tests for moisture-density relations are recorded on
graphs, cohesionless soils will show straight lines or reverse-shaped moisture-density
curves, and cohesive soils will show normal moisture-density curves.

3.7.4.2 Minimum Density: Backfill over and around the pipe and backfill around and
adjacent to drainage structures shall be compacted at the approved moisture content to
the following applicable minimum density, which will be determined as specified below.

a. Under airfield and heliport pavements, paved roads, streets, parking areas, and
similar-use pavements including adjacent shoulder areas, the density shall be not less
than 90 percent of maximum density for cohesive material and 95 percent of maximum
density for cohesionless material, up to the elevation where requirements for pavement
subgrade materials and compaction shall control.

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 Technical Specifications

b. Under unpaved or turfed traffic areas, density shall not be less than 90 percent of
maximum density for cohesive material and 95 percent of maximum density for
cohesionless material.

c. Under nontraffic areas, density shall be not less than that of the surrounding
material.

3.7.5 Determination of Density: Testing shall be the responsibility of the Contractor

and performed at no additional cost to the Owner. Testing shall be performed by an
approved commercial testing laboratory or by the Contractor subject to approval. Tests
shall be performed in sufficient number to ensure that specified density is being obtained.
Laboratory tests for moisture-density relations shall be made in accordance with ASTM D
1557 except that mechanical tampers may be used provided the results are correlated
with those obtained with the specified hand tamper. Field density tests shall be
determined in accordance with ASTM D 2167 or ASTM D 2922. When ASTM D 2922 is
used, the calibration curves shall be checked and adjusted, if necessary, using the sand
cone method as described in paragraph Calibration of the referenced publications. ASTM
D 2922 results in a wet unit weight of soil and when using this method ASTM D 3017
shall be used to determine the moisture content of the soil. The calibration curves
furnished with the moisture gauges shall be checked along with density calibration checks
as described in ASTM D 3017 or ASTM D 2922. Test results shall be furnished to the
Owner’s Representative. The calibration checks of both the density and moisture gauges
shall be made at the beginning of a job on each different type of material encountered
and at intervals as directed.

3.8 PIPELINE TESTING: Lines shall be tested for leakage by low-pressure air or
water testing or exfiltration tests, as appropriate. Low-pressure air testing for concrete
pipes shall conform to ASTM C 924M ASTM C 924. Low-pressure air testing for plastic
pipe shall conform to ASTM F 1417. Testing of individual joints for leakage by low-
pressure air or water shall conform to ASTM C 1103M ASTM C 1103. Prior to exfiltration
tests, the trench shall be backfilled up to at least the lower half of the pipe. If required,
sufficient additional backfill shall be placed to prevent pipe movement during testing,
leaving the joints uncovered to permit inspection. Visible leaks encountered shall be
corrected regardless of leakage test results. When the water table is 600 mm (2 feet) or
more above the top of the pipe at the upper end of the pipeline section to be tested,
infiltration shall be measured using a suitable weir or other device acceptable to the
Owner’s Representative. An exfiltration test shall be made by filling the line to be tested
with water so that a head of at least 600 mm (2 feet) is provided above both the water
table and the top of the pipe at the upper end of the pipeline to be tested. The filled line
shall be allowed to stand until the pipe has reached its maximum absorption, but not less
than 4 hours. After absorption, the head shall be reestablished. The amount of water
required to maintain this water level during a 2-hour test period shall be measured.
Leakage as measured by the exfiltration test shall not exceed 60 liters per mm in
diameter per kilometer (250 gallons per inch in diameter per mile) of pipeline per day 9
mL per mm in diameter per 100 meters (0.2 gallons per inch in diameter per 100 feet) of
pipeline per hour]. When leakage exceeds the maximum amount specified, satisfactory
correction shall be made and retesting accomplished. Testing, correcting, and retesting
shall be made at no additional cost to the Owner.

***End of Section ***

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 Technical Specifications

SECTION 02721
SUBBASE COURSES

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES: The publications listed below form a part of this specification to
the extent referenced. The publications are referred to in the text by basic designation
only.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

ASTM C 29/C 29M Bulk Density ("Unit Weight") and Voids in Aggregates

ASTM C 117 Materials Finer Than 75 micrometer (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral

Aggregates by Washing

ASTM C 131 Resistance to Degradation of Small Size Coarse Aggregate by

Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine

ASTM C 136 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse

Aggregates

ASTM D 75 Sampling Aggregates

ASTM D 1556 Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method

ASTM D 1557 Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort

(56,000 ft-lbf/cu. ft. (2,700 kN-m/cu.m.))

ASTM D 2167 Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Rubber Balloon

Method

ASTM D 2487 Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil

Classification System)

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 Technical Specifications

ASTM D 2922 Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods

(Shallow Depth)

ASTM D 3017 Water Content of Soil and Rock in Place by Nuclear Methods

(Shallow Depth)

ASTM D 4318 Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils

ASTM E 11 Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes

SUBMITTALS

Test Reports

Sampling and Testing;

Copies of initial and in-place test results.

1.3 DEGREE OF COMPACTION: Degree of compaction is a percentage of the

maximum density obtained by the test procedure presented in ASTM D 1557. In this
specification, degree of compaction shall be a percentage of laboratory maximum density.

1.4 SAMPLING AND TESTING: Sampling and testing shall be the responsibility of
the Contractor. An approved testing laboratory shall perform sampling and testing. Tests
shall be performed at the specified frequency. No work requiring testing will be permitted
until the testing laboratory has been inspected and approved. The materials shall be
tested to establish compliance with the specified requirements.

1.4.1 Sampling: Samples for laboratory testing shall be taken in conformance with
ASTM D 75. When deemed necessary, the Owner’s Representatives will observe the
sampling.

1.4.2 Tests

1.4.2.1 Sieve Analysis: Sieve analysis shall be made in conformance with ASTM C
117 and ASTM C 136. Sieves shall conform to ASTM E 11.

1.4.2.2 Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index: Liquid limit and plasticity index shall be
determined in accordance with ASTM D 4318.

1.4.2.3 Moisture-Density Determinations: The maximum density and optimum

moisture shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D 1557 or AASHTO T 180,
Method D.

1.4.2.4 Density Tests: Density shall be field measured in accordance with ASTM D
1556. The calibration curves shall be checked and adjusted, if necessary, using only the
sand cone method as described in paragraph Calibration, of the ASTM publication. Tests
performed in accordance with ASTM D 2922 result in a wet unit weight of soil and, when

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 Technical Specifications

using this method, ASTM D 3017 shall be used to determine the moisture content of the
soil. The calibration curves furnished with the moisture gauges shall also be checked
along with density calibration checks as described in ASTM D 3017. The calibration
checks of both the density and moisture gauges shall be made by the prepared
containers of material method, as described in paragraph Calibration, in ASTM D 2922,
on each different type of material to be tested at the beginning of a job and at intervals as
directed.

1.4.3 Testing Frequency

1.4.3.1 Initial Tests: One of each of the following tests shall be performed on the
proposed material prior to commencing construction to demonstrate that the proposed
material meets all specified requirements prior to installation.

a. Sieve Analysis

b. Liquid limit and plasticity index moisture-density relationship

1.4.3.2 In-Place Tests: One of each of the following tests shall be performed on
samples taken from the placed and compacted select-material subbase course. Samples
shall be taken for each 1000 square meters of each layer of material placed in each area.

a. Sieve Analysis [including] [not including] 0.02 mm size material

b. Field Density

c. Moisture liquid limit and plasticity index

1.4.4 Approval of Material: The source of the material shall be selected prior to the
time the material will be required in the work. Approval of the materials will be based on
tests for gradation, liquid limit, and plasticity index performed on samples taken from the
completed and compacted subbase course.

1.5 WEATHER LIMITATIONS: Construction shall be done when the atmospheric

temperature is above 2 degrees C.35 degrees F. Completed areas damaged by rainfall,
or other weather conditions shall be corrected to meet specified requirements.

1.6 EQUIPMENT: All plant, equipment, and tools used in the performance of the work
shall be maintained in satisfactory working condition at all times. The equipment shall be
adequate and shall have the capability of producing the required compaction, meeting
grade controls, thickness control, and smoothness requirements as set forth herein.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 MATERIALS

2.1.1 Subbase Course: Aggregates shall consist of crushed stone or slag, gravel,
shell, sand, or other sound, durable, approved materials processed and blended or
naturally combined. Aggregates shall be durable and sound, free from lumps and balls of
clay, organic matter, objectionable coatings, and other foreign material. Material retained
on the 4.75 mm No. 4 sieve shall have a percentage of wear not to exceed 50 percent
after 500 revolutions when tested as specified in ASTM C 131. Aggregate shall be
reasonably uniform in density and quality. Slag shall be an air-cooled, blast-furnace
product having a dry weight of not less than 1050 kg/cubic meter (.65 pcf). Aggregates

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 Technical Specifications

shall have a maximum size of 50 mm (2 inches) and shall be within the limits specified as
follows:

Maximum Allowable Percentage by Weight

Passing Square-Mesh Sieve
_______________________________________

Sieve Designation No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No.4

_______________________________________________________________________
_____

2 mm 50 80 -- 85
0.075 mm 15 15 15 15
Maximum Allowable Percentage by Weight
Passing Square-Mesh Sieve
_______________________________________

Sieve Designation No. 1 No.2 No. 3 No.4

_______________________________________________________________________

No. 10 50 80 -- 85
No. 200 15 15 15 15

Particles having diameters less than 0.02 mm ( 0.0008 inch) shall not be in excess of 3
percent by weight of the total sample tested as determined in accordance with ASTM D
422. The portion of any blended component and of the completed course passing the
0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall be either nonplastic or shall have a liquid limit not greater
than 25 and a plasticity index not greater than 5.

2.1.2 Select-Material Subbase Course: Materials shall consist of selected soil or other
materials from field excavation, stockpiles, or other sources. Material shall be free from
lumps and balls of clay and from organic and other objectionable matter. Not more than
25 percent by weight shall pass the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve. The portion of material
passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid limit less than 35 and a plasticity
index less than 12. The maximum particle size shall not exceed 75 mm. (3 inches).
Particles having diameters less than 0.02 millimeters shall not be in excess of 3 percent
by weight of the total sample tested as determined in accordance with ASTM D 422.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 STOCKPILING MATERIAL: Prior to stockpiling of material, storage sites shall be

cleared and leveled by the Contractor. All materials, including approved material available
from excavation and grading, shall be stockpiled in the manner and at the locations
designated. Aggregates shall be stockpiled on the cleared and leveled areas designated
by the Owner’s Representative so as to prevent segregation. Materials obtained from
different sources shall be stockpiled separately.

3.2 PREPARATION OF UNDERLYING MATERIAL: Prior to constructing the subbase

or select-material subbase course, the underlying course or subgrade shall be cleaned of
all foreign substances. The surface of the underlying course or subgrade shall meet
specified compaction and surface tolerances. Ruts, or soft yielding spots, in the
underlying courses, subgrade areas having inadequate compaction, and deviations of the
surface from the specified requirements, shall be corrected by loosening and removing

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 Technical Specifications

soft or unsatisfactory material and by adding approved material, reshaping to line and
grade, and recompacting to specified density requirements. For cohesionless underlying
courses or subgrades containing sands or gravels, as defined in ASTM D 2487, the
surface shall be stabilized prior to placement of the subbase course. Mixing subbase-
course material into the underlying course, and compacting by approved methods shall
accomplish stabilization. The stabilized material shall be considered as part of the
underlying course and shall meet all requirements for the underlying course. The finished
underlying course shall not be disturbed by traffic or other operations and shall be
maintained by the Contractor in a satisfactory condition until the subbase course is
placed.

3.3 GRADE CONTROL: The finished and completed subbase course shall conform
to the lines, grades, and cross sections shown. The lines, grades, and cross sections
shown shall be maintained by means of line and grade stakes placed by the Contractor at
the work site.

3.4 MIXING AND PLACING MATERIALS: The materials shall be mixed and placed to
obtain uniformity of the Subbase or select-material subbase material at the water content
specified. The Contractor shall make such adjustments in mixing or placing procedures or
in equipment as may be directed to obtain the true grades, to minimize segregation and
degradation, to reduce or accelerate loss or increase of water, and to insure a satisfactory
subbase course.

3.6 LAYER THICKNESS: The compacted thickness of the completed course shall be
as indicated. When a compacted layer of 150 mm (6 inches) is specified, the material
may be placed in a single layer; when a compacted thickness of more than 150 mm (6
inches) is required, no layer shall exceed 150 mm (6 inches) nor be less than 75 mm (3
inches) when compacted.

3.7 COMPACTION: Each layer of the subbase course or select-material subbase

shall be compacted as specified with approved compaction equipment. Water content
shall be maintained during the compaction procedure to within plus or minus 3 percent of
optimum water content, as determined from laboratory tests, as specified in paragraph
SAMPLING AND TESTING. In all places not accessible to the rollers, the mixture shall be
compacted with hand-operated power tampers. Compaction shall continue until each
layer is compacted through the full depth to at least 100 percent of laboratory maximum
density. The Contractor shall make such adjustments in compacting or finishing
procedures as may be directed to obtain true grades, to minimize segregation and
degradation, to reduce or increase water content, and to ensure a satisfactory subbase
course. Any materials that are found to be unsatisfactory shall be removed and replaced
with satisfactory material or reworked, as directed, to meet the requirements of this
specification.

3.7 EDGES: Approved material shall be placed along the edges of the subbase or
select-material subbase course in such quantity as will compact to the thickness of the
course being constructed. When the course is being constructed in two or more layers, at
least a 300 mm (1 foot) width of the shoulder shall be rolled and compacted
simultaneously with the rolling and compacting of each layer of the subbase course, as
directed.

3.8 SMOOTHNESS TEST: The surface of each layer shall not show deviations in
excess of 10 mm (3/8 Inch) when tested with a 3.6 m (12 foot) 12 foot straightedge
applied parallel with and at right angles to the centerline of the area to be paved.
Removing material, replacing with new material, or reworking existing material and
compacting, as directed, shall correct deviations exceeding this amount.

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 Technical Specifications

3.11 THICKNESS CONTROL: The completed thickness of the subbase or select-

material subbase course shall be in accordance with the thickness and grade indicated
on the drawings. The thickness of each course shall be measured at intervals providing at
least one measurement for each 400 square meters (500 square yards) or part thereof of
subbase course. The thickness measurement shall be made by test holes, at least 75 mm
(3 inches) in diameter through the course. The completed subbase course shall not be
more than 13 mm (1/2 inch) deficient in thickness nor more than 13 mm (1/2 inch) above
or below the established grade. Where any of these tolerances are exceeded, the
Contractor shall correct such areas by scarifying, adding new material of proper gradation
or removing material, and compacting, as directed. Where the measured thickness is 13
mm (1/2) inch or more thicker than shown, the course will be considered as conforming to
the specified thickness requirements plus 13 mm. (1/2 inch). The average job thickness
shall be the average of the job measurements as specified above but within 6 mm (1/4
inch) of the thickness shown.

3.12 MAINTENANCE: The subbase or select-material subbase course shall be

maintained in a satisfactory condition until accepted.

*** End of Section ***

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 Technical Specifications

SECTION 02722

AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

PART 1 GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES

The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced.
The publications are referred to in the text by basic designation only.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

ASTM C 29/C 29M Bulk Density ("Unit Weight") and Voids in

Aggregates

ASTM C 88 Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate

or Magnesium Sulfate

ASTM C 117 Materials Finer Than 75 micrometer (No. 200)

Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing

ASTM C 127 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Course

Aggregate

ASTM C 128 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate

ASTM C 131 Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse

Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los
Angeles Machine

ASTM C 136 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates

ASTM D 75 Sampling Aggregates

ASTM D 1556 Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the

Sand-Cone Method

ASTM D 1557 Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using

Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/cu. ft. (2,700 kN-
m/cu.m.))

ASTM D 2487 Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes

(Unified Soil Classification System)

ASTM D 4318 Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of

Soils

ASTM E 11 Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes

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 Technical Specifications

1.2 DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of this specification, the following definitions apply.

1.2.1 Aggregate Base Course

Aggregate base course (ABC) is well graded, durable aggregate uniformly moistened and
mechanically stabilized by compaction.

1.2.3 Degree of Compaction

Degree of compaction shall be expressed as a percentage of the maximum density

obtained by the test procedure presented in ASTM D 1557.

1.3 SUBMITTALS

SD-06 Test Reports

Sampling and testing;

Field Density Tests;

Calibration curves and related test results prior to using the device or equipment being
calibrated.

1.5 SAMPLING AND TESTING

Sampling and testing shall be the responsibility of the Contractor. Sampling and testing
shall be performed by a testing laboratory approved in accordance with the Contract
Document . Work requiring testing will not be permitted until the testing laboratory has
been inspected and approved. The materials shall be tested to establish compliance with
the specified requirements; testing shall be performed at the specified frequency. The
Owner’s Representative may specify the time and location of the tests. Copies of test
results shall be furnished to the Owner’s Representative after 24 hours completion of the
tests.

1.5.1 Sampling

Samples for laboratory testing shall be taken in conformance with ASTM D 75. When
deemed necessary, the Owner’s Representative will observe the sampling

1.5.2 Tests

The following tests shall be performed in conformance with the applicable standards
listed.

1.5.2.1 Sieve Analysis

Sieve analysis shall be made in conformance with ASTM C 117 and ASTM C 136. Sieves
shall conform to ASTM E 11.

1.5.2.2 Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index

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 Technical Specifications

Liquid limit and plasticity index shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D 4318.

1.5.2.3 Moisture-Density Determinations

The maximum density and optimum moisture content shall be determined in accordance
with ASTM D 1557, Method D and corrected with AASHTO T 224.

1.5.2.4 Field Density Tests

Density shall be field measured in accordance with ASTM D 1556. For the method
presented in ASTM D 1556 the base plate as shown in the drawing shall be used.

1.5.2.5 Wear Test

Wear tests shall be made on Aggregate Base Course material in conformance with ASTM
C 131.

1.5.3 Testing Frequency

1.5.3.1 Initial Tests

One of each of the following tests shall be performed on the proposed material prior to
commencing construction to demonstrate that the proposed material meets all specified
requirements when furnished. If materials from more than one source are going to be
utilized, this testing shall be completed for each source.

a. Sieve Analysis

b. Liquid limit and plasticity index.

c. Moisture-density relationship.

d. Wear.

1.5.3.2 In Place Tests

Each of the following tests shall be performed on samples taken from the placed and
compacted Aggregate Base Course. Samples shall be taken and tested at the rates
indicated.

a. Density tests shall be performed on every lift of material placed and at a frequency of
one set of tests for every (250 square meters 250 square yards), or portion thereof, of
completed area.

b. Sieve Analysis shall be performed for every 500 metric tons (500 tons), or portion
thereof, of material placed.

c. Liquid limit and plasticity index tests shall be performed at the same frequency as the
sieve analysis.

1.5.4 Approval of Material

The source of the material shall be selected days prior to the time the material will be
required in the work. Tentative approval of material will be based on initial test results.

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 Technical Specifications

Final approval of the materials will be based on sieve analysis, liquid limit, and plasticity
index tests performed on samples taken from the completed and fully compacted
Aggregate Base Course.

1.6 WEATHER LIMITATIONS

Completed areas damaged by, rainfall, or other weather conditions shall be corrected to
meet specified requirements.

1.7 PLANT, EQUIPMENT, AND TOOLS

All plant, equipment, and tools used in the performance of the work will be subject to
approval before the work is started and shall be maintained in satisfactory working
condition at all times. The equipment shall be adequate and shall have the capability of
producing the required compaction, meeting grade controls, thickness control, and
smoothness requirements as set forth herein.

PART 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 AGGREGATES

The Aggregate Base Course shall consist of clean, sound, durable particles of crushed
stone, crushed gravel, crushed recycled concrete, angular sand, or other approved
material. Aggregate Base Course shall be free of lumps of clay, organic matter, and other
objectionable materials or coatings. The portion retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve)
shall be known as coarse aggregate; that portion passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve shall
be known as fine aggregate.

2.1.1 Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregates shall be angular particles of uniform density. When the coarse
aggregate is supplied from more than one source, aggregate from each source shall meet
the specified requirements and shall be stockpiled separately.

a. Crushed Gravel: Crushed gravel shall be manufactured by crushing gravels, and shall
meet all the requirements specified below.

b. Crushed Stone: Crushed stone shall consist of freshly mined quarry rock, and shall
meet all the requirements specified below.

2.1.1.1 Aggregate Base Course

Aggregate Base Course coarse aggregate shall not show more than 50 percent loss
when subjected to the Los Angeles abrasion test in accordance with ASTM C 131. The
amount of flat and elongated particles shall not exceed 30 percent. A flat particle is one
having a ratio of width to thickness greater than 3; an elongated particle is one having a
ratio of length to width greater than 3. In the portion retained on each sieve specified, the
crushed aggregates shall contain at least 50 percent by weight of crushed pieces having
two or more freshly fractured faces with the area of each face being at least equal to 75
percent of the smallest midsectional area of the piece. When two fractures are
contiguous, the angle between planes of the fractures must be at least 30 degrees in
order to count as two fractured faces. Crushed gravel shall be manufactured from gravel
particles 50 percent of which, by weight, are retained on the maximum size sieve listed in
TABLE 1.

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 Technical Specifications

2.1.2 Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregates shall be angular particles of uniform density. When the fine aggregate is
supplied from more than one source, aggregate from each source shall meet the
specified requirements.

2.1.2.1 Aggregate Base Course

Aggregate Base Course fine aggregate shall consist of screenings, angular sand,
crushed recycled concrete fines, or other finely divided mineral matter processed or
naturally combined with the coarse aggregate.

2.1.3 Gradation Requirements

The specified gradation requirements shall apply to the completed base course. The
aggregates shall have a maximum size of 50 mm inches and shall be continuously well
graded within the limits specified in TABLE 1. Sieves shall conform to ASTM E 11.

TABLE 1. GRADATION OF AGGREGATES

Percentage by Weight Passing Square-Mesh Sieve

Sieve
Designation No. 1 No. 2 No. 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50.0 mm(2-inch) 100 ---- ----

37.5 mm(1½-inch) 70-100 100 ----

25.0 mm(1-inch) 45-80 60-100 100

12.5 mm(1/2-inch) 30-60 30-65 40-70

TABLE 1. GRADATION OF AGGREGATES

Percentage by Weight Passing Square-Mesh Sieve

Sieve
Designation No. 1 No. 2 No. 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.75 mm(No.4) 20-50 20-50 20-50

2.00 mm(No.10) 15-40 15-40 15-40

0.425 mm(No.40) 5-25 5-25 5-25

0.075 mm(No.200) 0-8 0-8 0-8

NOTE 1: Particles having diameters less than 0.02 mm (0.0008 inch) shall not be in
excess of 3 percent by weight of the total sample tested.

NOTE 2: The values are based on aggregates of uniform specific gravity. If materials
from different sources are used for the coarse and fine aggregates, they shall be tested in
accordance with ASTM C 127 and ASTM C 128 to determine their specific gravities. If the
specific gravities vary by more than 10 percent, the percentages passing the various
sieves shall be corrected as directed by the Owner’s Representative.

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 Technical Specifications

2.1.4 Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index

Liquid limit and plasticity index requirements shall apply to the completed course and
shall also apply to any component that is blended to meet the required gradation. The
portion of any component or of the completed course passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40)
sieve shall be either nonplastic or have a liquid limit not greater than 25 and a plasticity
index not greater than 5.

PART 3 EXECUTION

3.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

When the Aggregate Base Course is constructed in more than one layer, the previously
constructed layer shall be cleaned of loose and foreign matter by sweeping with power
sweepers or power brooms, except that hand brooms may be used in areas where power
cleaning is not practicable. Adequate drainage shall be provided during the entire period
of construction to prevent water from collecting or standing on the working area. Line and
grade stakes shall be provided as necessary for control. Grade stakes shall be in lines
parallel to the centerline of the area under construction and suitably spaced for string
lining.

3.2 STOCKPILING MATERIAL

Prior to stockpiling of material, storage sites shall be cleared and leveled by the
Contractor. All materials, including approved material available from excavation and
grading, shall be stockpiled in the manner and at the locations designated. Aggregates
shall be stockpiled on the cleared and leveled areas designated by the Owner’s
Representative to prevent segregation. Materials obtained from different sources shall be
stockpiled separately.

3.3 PREPARATION OF UNDERLYING COURSE

Prior to constructing the Aggregate Base Course, the underlying course or subgrade shall
be cleaned of all foreign substances. The surface of the underlying course or subgrade
shall meet specified compaction and surface tolerances. The underlying course shall
conform to Section 02721 SUBBASE COURSES. Ruts or soft yielding spots in the
underlying courses, areas having inadequate compaction, and deviations of the surface
from the requirements set forth herein shall be corrected by loosening and removing soft
or unsatisfactory material and by adding approved material, reshaping to line and grade,
and recompacting to specified density requirements. For cohesionless underlying courses
containing sands or gravels, as defined in ASTM D 2487, the surface shall be stabilized
prior to placement of the Aggregate Base Course. Stabilization shall be accomplished by
mixing Aggregate Base Course into the underlying course and compacting by approved
methods. The stabilized material shall be considered as part of the underlying course and
shall meet all requirements of the underlying course. The finished underlying course shall
not be disturbed by traffic or other operations and shall be maintained by the Contractor
in a satisfactory condition until the Aggregate Base Course is placed.

3.5 INSTALLATION

3.5.1 Mixing the Materials

The coarse and fine aggregates shall be mixed in a stationary plant, or in a traveling plant
or bucket loader on an approved paved working area. The Contractor shall make
adjustments in mixing procedures or in equipment as directed to obtain true grades, to

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minimize segregation or degradation, to obtain the required water content, and to insure a
satisfactory Aggregate Base Course meeting all requirements of this specification.

3.5.2 Placing

The mixed material shall be placed on the prepared subgrade or subbase in layers of
uniform thickness with an approved spreader. When a compacted layer 150 mm (6
inches) or less in thickness is required, the material shall be placed in a single layer.
When a compacted layer in excess of 150 mm (6 inches) is required, the material shall be
placed in layers of equal thickness. No layer shall exceed 150 mm (6 inches) or less than
75mm (3 inches) when compacted. The layers shall be so placed that when compacted
they will be true to the grades or levels required with the least possible surface
disturbance. Where the Aggregate Base Course is placed in more than one layer, the
previously constructed layers shall be cleaned of loose and foreign matter by sweeping
with power sweepers, power brooms, or hand brooms, as directed. Such adjustments in
placing procedures or equipment shall be made as may be directed to obtain true grades,
to minimize segregation and degradation, to adjust the water content, and to insure an
acceptable Aggregate Base Course.

3.5.3 Grade Control

The finished and completed Aggregate Base Course shall conform to the lines, grades,
and cross sections shown. Underlying material(s) shall be excavated and prepared at
sufficient depth for the required thickness so that the finished Aggregate Base Course
with the subsequent surface course will meet the designated grades.

3.5.4 Edges of Base Course

The Aggregate Base Course shall be placed so that the completed section will be a
minimum of 1.5 m (5 feet) wider, on all sides, than the next layer that will be placed above
it. Additionally, approved fill material shall be placed along the outer edges of Aggregate
Base Course in sufficient quantities to compact to the thickness of the course being
constructed, or to the thickness of each layer in a multiple layer course, allowing in each
operation at least a 300 mm (1 foot) width of this material to be rolled and compacted
simultaneously with rolling and compacting of each layer of Aggregate Base Course. If
this base course material is to be placed adjacent to another pavement section, then the
layers for both of these sections shall be placed and compacted along this edge at the
same time.

3.5.5 Compaction

Each layer of the Aggregate Base Course shall be compacted as specified with approved
compaction equipment. Water content shall be maintained during the compaction
procedure to within the optimum water content determined from laboratory tests as
specified in paragraph SAMPLING AND TESTING. Rolling shall begin at the outside
edge of the surface and proceed to the center, overlapping on successive trips at least
one-half the width of the roller. Alternate trips of the roller shall be slightly different
lengths. Speed of the roller shall be such that displacement of the aggregate does not
occur. In all places not accessible to the rollers, the mixture shall be compacted with
hand-operated power tampers. Compaction shall continue until each layer has a degree
of compaction that is at least 100 percent of laboratory maximum density through the full
depth of the layer. The Contractor shall make such adjustments in compacting or finishing

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procedures as may be directed to obtain true grades, to minimize segregation and

degradation, to reduce or increase water content, and to ensure a satisfactory Aggregate
Base Course. Any materials that are found to be unsatisfactory shall be removed and
replaced with satisfactory material or reworked, as directed, to meet the requirements of
this specification.

3.5.6 Thickness

Compacted thickness of the aggregate course shall be as indicated. No individual layer

shall exceed 150 mm (6 inches) nor be less than 75 mm (3 inches) in compacted
thickness. The total compacted thickness of the Aggregate Base Course shall be within
13 mm (1/2) inch of the thickness indicated. Where the measured thickness is more than
13 mm (1/2) inch deficient, such areas shall be corrected by scarifying, adding new
material of proper gradation, reblading, and recompacting as directed. Where the
measured thickness is more than 13 mm (1/2) inch thicker than indicated, the course
shall be considered as conforming to the specified thickness requirements. Average job
thickness shall be the average of all thickness measurements taken for the job, but shall
be within 6 mm (1/4 inch) of the thickness indicated. The total thickness of the Aggregate
Base Course shall be measured at intervals in such a manner as to ensure one
measurement for each 500 square meters yards of base course. Measurements shall be
made in 75 mm (3 inch) diameter test holes penetrating the base course.

3.5.7 Proof Rolling

Proof rolling of the areas indicated shall be in addition to the compaction specified and
shall consist of the application of 30 coverages with a heavy pneumatic-tired roller having
four or more tires, each loaded to a minimum of 13,600 kg (30,000 pounds) and inflated
to a minimum of 1035 kPa. (150 psi). In areas designated, proof rolling shall be applied to
the top of the underlying material on which Aggregate Base Course is laid and to each
layer of Aggregate Base Course. Water content of the underlying material shall be
maintained at optimum or at the percentage directed from start of compaction to
completion of proof rolling of that layer. Water content of each layer of the Aggregate
Base Course shall be maintained at the optimum percentage directed from start of
compaction to completion of proof rolling. Any materials or any underlying materials that
produce unsatisfactory results by proof rolling shall be removed and replaced with
satisfactory materials, recompacted and proof rolled to meet these specifications.

3.5.8 Finishing

The surface of the top layer of Aggregate Base Course shall be finished after final
compaction and proof rolling by cutting any overbuilds to grade and rolling with a steel-
wheeled roller. Thin layers of material shall not be added to the top layer of base course
to meet grade. If the elevation of the top layer of Aggregate Base Course is 13 mm (1/2
inch) or more below grade, then the top layer should be scarified to a depth of at least 75
mm (3 inches) and new material shall be blended in, compacted and proof rolled to bring
to grade. Adjustments to rolling and finishing procedures shall be made as directed to
minimize segregation and degradation, obtain grades, maintain moisture content, and
insure an acceptable base course. Should the surface become rough, corrugated, and
uneven in texture or traffic marked prior to completion, the unsatisfactory portion shall be
scarified, reworked and recompacted or it shall be replaced as directed.

3.5.9 Smoothness

The surface of the top layer shall show no deviations in excess of 10 mm (3/8 inch) when
tested with a 3.05 meter (10 foot) straightedge. Measurements shall be taken in
successive positions parallel to the centerline of the area to be paved. Measurements

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shall also be taken perpendicular to the centerline at 15 meter (50 foot) intervals.
Deviations exceeding this amount shall be corrected by removing material and replacing
with new material, or by reworking existing material and compacting it to meet these
specifications.

3.6 TRAFFIC

Completed portions of the Aggregate Base Course may be opened to limited traffic,
provided there is no marring or distorting of the surface by the traffic. Heavy equipment
shall not be permitted except when necessary to construction, and then the area shall be
protected against marring or damage to the completed work.

3.7 MAINTENANCE

The Base Course shall be maintained in a satisfactory condition until the full pavement
section is completed and accepted. Maintenance shall include immediate repairs to any
defects and shall be repeated as often as necessary to keep the area intact. Any area of
that is damaged shall be reworked or replaced as necessary to comply with this
specification.

3.8 DISPOSAL OF UNSATISFACTORY MATERIALS

Any unsuitable materials that must be removed shall be disposed of as Directed. No

additional payments will be made for materials that must be replaced.

*** END OF SECTION ***

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SECTION 02752

PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT FOR ROADS AND SITE FACILITIES

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES: The publications listed below form a part of this specification to
the extent referenced. The publications are referred to in the text by the basic designation
only.

AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI)

ACI 211.1 Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete

ACI 301 Structural Concrete

ACI 305R Hot Weather Concreting

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

ASTM A615/A615M Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for

Concrete Reinforcement

ASTM A617/A617M Axle-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete

Reinforcement

ASTM A775/A775M Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars

ASTM C31/C31M Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field

ASTM C33 Concrete Aggregates

ASTM C78 Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point
Loading)

ASTM C94/C94M Ready-Mixed Concrete

ASTM C150 Portland Cement

ASTM C172 Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete

ASTM C231 Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method

ASTM C260 Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete

ASTM C309 Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for

Curing Concrete

ASTM C494/C494M Chemical Admixtures for Concrete

ASTM C1077 Laboratories Testing Concrete and Concrete Aggregates for Use in
Construction and Criteria for Laboratory Evaluation

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1.2 SUBMITTALS

SD-03 Product Data

Curing materials

Admixtures

Dowel

Reinforcement

Submit a complete list of materials including type, brand and applicable reference
specifications.

SD-05 Design Data

Concrete mix design

Thirty days minimum prior to concrete placement, submit a mix design, with applicable
tests, for each strength and type of concrete for approval. Submit a complete list of
materials including type; brand; source and amount of cement, and admixtures; and
applicable reference specifications. Provide mix proportion data using at least three
different water-cement ratios for each type of mixture, which will produce a range of
strength encompassing those required for each class and type of concrete required.
Submittal shall clearly indicate where each mix design will be used when more than one
mix design is submitted. Obtain acknowledgement of approvals prior to concrete
placement. Submit a new mix design for each material source change.

SD-06 Test Reports

Aggregate tests

Concrete slump tests

Air content tests

Flexural strength tests

SD-07 Certificates

Ready-mixed concrete plant

Cementitious materials

1.3 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING: ASTM C94/C94M.

1.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE

1.4.1 Required Information: Submit copies of laboratory test reports showing that the
mix has been successfully tested to produce concrete with the properties specified and
that mix will be suitable for the job conditions. The laboratory test reports shall include mill
test and all other test for cementitious materials, aggregates, and admixtures. Provide

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maximum nominal aggregate size, gradation analysis, percentage retained and passing
sieve, and a graph of percentage retained verses sieve size. Test reports shall be
submitted along with the concrete mix design. Sampling and testing of materials, concrete
mix design, sampling and testing in the field shall be performed by a commercial testing
laboratory, which conforms to ASTM C1077.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 MATERIALS

2.1.1 Cementitious Materials

2.1.1.1 Cement: ASTM C150, Type I or II. Cement certificate shall include test

results in accordance with ASTM C150, including equivalent alkalies indicated in the

Supplementary Optional Chemical Requirements.

2.1.2 Water: ASTM C94/C94M, fresh, clean, and potable.

2.1.3 Aggregate

2.1.3.1 Alkali Reactivity Test: Fine and Coarse aggregates to be used in all concrete
shall be evaluated and tested by the Contractor for alkali-aggregate reactivity in
accordance with ASTM C1260. The coarse and fine aggregates shall be evaluated in a
combination, which matches the contractors' proposed mix design, utilizing the modified
version of ASTM C1260. Test results of the combination shall have a measured
expansion of less than 0.08 percent at 16 days. Should the test data indicate an
expansion of greater than 0.08%, the aggregate(s) shall be rejected and the contractor
shall submit new aggregate sources for retesting or may submit additional test results
incorporating Lithium Nitrate for consideration.

2.1.3.2 Fine Aggregates: ASTM C33.

2.1.3.3 Coarse Aggregates: ASTM C33. Maximum nominal size of coarse

aggregates shall be 25mm.

2.1.4 Admixtures: ASTM C494/C494M: Type A, water reducing; Type B, retarding;

Type C, accelerating; Type D, water-reducing and retarding; and Type E, water- educing
and accelerating admixture. Do not use calcium chloride admixtures. Where not shown or
specified, the use of admixtures is subject to written approval of the Owner’s
Representative.

ASTM C260: Air-entraining.

2.1.6 Reinforcement

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2.1.6.1 Dowel Bars: Bars shall conform to ASTM A615/A615M, Grade 40 for plain
billet-steel bars of the size and length indicated. Remove all burrs and projections from
the bars.

2.1.6.2 Tie Bars: Bars shall be billet or axle steel deformed bars and conform to
ASTM A615M or A617M Grade 40.

2.1.7 Curing Materials

2.1.7.1 White-Burlap-Polyethylene Sheet: ASTM C171, 0.10 mm (0.004 inch) thick

white opaque polyethylene bonded to 0.31 Kg per meter (10 oz/linear yard) 1.0meter (40
inch) wide burlap.

2.1.7.2 Liquid Membrane-Forming Compound: ASTM C309, white pigmented, Type

2, Class B, free of paraffin or petroleum.

2.2 CONTRACTOR-FURNISHED MIX DESIGN: Contractor-furnished mix design

concrete shall be designed in accordance with ACI 211.1 except as modified herein, and
the mix design shall be as specified herein under paragraph entitled "Submittals." The
concrete shall have a minimum flexural strength of 4.48 MPa (650) pounds per square
inch at 90 days. The concrete may be air entrained. If air entrainment is used the air
content shall be 6.0 plus or minus 1.5 percent. The minimum cementitious factor is 335
kg per cubic meter (564 lbs per cubic yard) and slump shall be 25 mm to 75 mm (1 to 3
inches).

If the cementitious material is not sufficient to produce concrete of the flexural strength
required it should be increased as necessary, without additional compensation under the
contract.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 FORMS

3.1.1 Construction: Construct forms to be removable without damaging the concrete.

3.1.2 Coating: Before placing the concrete, coat the contact surfaces of forms except
existing pavement sections where bonding is required, with a non staining mineral oil,
non-staining form coating compound, or two coats of nitro-cellulose lacquer. When using
existing pavement as a form, clean existing concrete and then coat with asphalt emulsion
bond breaker before concrete is placed.

3.1.3 Grade and Alignment: Check and correct grade elevations and alignment of the
forms immediately before placing the concrete.

3.2 REINFORCEMENT

3.2.1 Dowel Bars: Install bars accurately aligned, vertically and horizontally, at
indicated locations and to the dimensions and tolerances indicated. Before installation
thoroughly grease the sliding portion of each dowel. Dowels must remain in position
during concrete placement and curing.

3.2.3 Tie Bars: Install bars, accurately aligned horizontally and vertically, at indicated
locations. For slipform construction, insert bent tie bars by hand or other approved
means.

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3.3 MEASURING, MIXING, CONVEYING, AND PLACING CONCRETE

3.3.1 Measuring: ASTM C94/C94M.

3.3.2 Mixing: ASTM C94/C94M, except as modified herein. Begin mixing within 30
minutes after cement has been added to aggregates. When the air temperature is greater
than 29.4 degrees C (85 degrees F), reduce mixing time and place concrete within 60
minutes. Additional water may be added to bring slump within required limits as specified
in Section 11.7 of ASTM C94/C94M, provided that the specified water-cement ratio is not
exceeded.

3.3.3 Conveying: ASTM C94/C94M.

3.3.4 Placing: Follow guidance of ACI 301, except as modified herein. Do not exceed
a free vertical drop of 0.90 m (3 feet) from the point of discharge. Place concrete
continuously at a uniform rate, with minimum amount of segregation, without damage to
the grade and without unscheduled stops except for equipment failure or other
emergencies. If this occurs within 3 m10 feet of a previously placed expansion joint,
remove concrete back to joint, repair any damage to grade, install a construction joint and
continue placing concrete only after cause of the stop has been corrected.

3.3.5 Vibration: Immediately after spreading concrete, consolidate concrete with

internal type vibrating equipment along the boundaries of all slabs regardless of slab
thickness, and interior of all concrete slabs 150 mm (6 inches) or more in thickness. Limit
duration of vibration to that necessary to produce consolidation of concrete. Excessive
vibration will not be permitted. Vibrators shall not be operated in concrete at one location
for more than 15 seconds. At the option of the Contractor, vibrating equipment of a type
approved by the Owner’s Representative may be used to consolidate concrete in
unreinforced pavement slabs less than 150 mm (6 inches) thick.

3.3.5.1 Vibrating Equipment: Operate equipment, except hand-manipulated

equipment, ahead of the finishing machine. Select the number of vibrating units and
power of each unit to properly consolidate the concrete. Mount units on a frame that is
capable of vertical movement and, when necessary, radial movement, so vibrators may
be operated at any desired depth within the slab or be completely withdrawn from the
concrete. Clear distance between frame-mounted vibrating units that have spuds that
extend into the slab at intervals across the paving lane shall not exceed 750 mm (30
inches). Distance between end of vibrating tube and side form shall not exceed 50 mm (2
inches). For pavements less than 250 mm (10 inches) thick, operate vibrators at mid-
depth parallel with or at a slight angle to the subbase. For thicker pavements, angle
vibrators toward the vertical, with vibrator tip preferably about 50 mm (2 inches) from
subbase, and top of vibrator a few mm (inches) below pavement surface. Vibrators may
be pneumatic, gas driven, or electric, and shall be operated at frequencies within the
concrete of not less than 8,000 vibrations per minute. Amplitude of vibration shall be such
that noticeable vibrations occur at 450 mm (1.5 foot) radius when the vibrator is inserted
in the concrete to the depth specified.

3.3.6 Hot Weather: Maintain required concrete temperature in accordance with Figure
2.1.5 in ACI 305R to prevent evaporation rate from exceeding 0.98 kg of water per square
meter (0.2 pound of water per square foot) of exposed concrete per hour. Cool
ingredients before mixing or use other suitable means to control concrete temperature
and prevent rapid drying of newly placed concrete. After placement, use fog spray, apply
monomolecular film, or use other suitable means to reduce the evaporation rate. Start

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curing when surface of fresh concrete is sufficiently hard to permit curing without damage.
Cool underlying material by sprinkling lightly with water before placing concrete. Follow
practices found in ACI 305R.

3.4 PAVING: Pavement shall be constructed with paving and finishing equipment
utilizing fixed forms.

3.4.1 Consolidation: The paver vibrators shall be inserted into the concrete not closer
to the underlying material than 50 mm. (2 inches). The vibrators or any tamping units in
front of the paver shall be automatically controlled so that they shall be stopped
immediately as forward motion ceases. Excessive vibration shall not be permitted.
Concrete in small, odd-shaped slabs or in locations inaccessible to the paver mounted
vibration equipment shall be vibrated with a hand-operated immersion vibrator. Vibrators
shall not be used to transport or spread the concrete.

3.4.2 Operation: When the paver is operated between or adjacent to previously

constructed pavement (fill-in lanes), provisions shall be made to prevent damage to the
previously constructed pavement, including keeping the existing pavement surface free of
any debris, and placing rubber mats beneath the paver tracks. Transversely oscillating
screeds and extrusion plates shall overlap the existing pavement the minimum possible,
but in no case more than 200 mm. (8 inches).

3.4.3 Required Results: The paver-finisher shall be operated to produce a thoroughly

consolidated slab throughout, true to line and grade within specified tolerances. The
paver-finishing operation shall produce a surface finish free of irregularities, tears, voids
of any kind, and any other discontinuities. It shall produce only a very minimum of paste
at the surface. Multiple passes of the paver-finisher shall not be permitted. The equipment
and its operation shall produce a finished surface requiring no hand finishing, other than
the use of cutting straightedges, except in very infrequent instances. No water, other than
true fog sprays (mist), shall be applied to the concrete surface during paving and
finishing.

3.4.4 Fixed Form Paving: Forms shall be steel, except that wood forms may be used
for curves having a radius of 45 m (150 feet) or less, and for fillets. Forms may be built up
with metal or wood, added only to the base, to provide an increase in depth of not more
than 25 percent. The base width of the form shall be not less than eight-tenths of the
vertical height of the form, except that forms 200 mm (8 inches) or less in vertical height
shall have a base width not less than the vertical height of the form. Wood forms for
curves and fillets shall be adequate in strength and rigidly braced. Forms shall be set on
firm material cut true to grade so that each form section when placed will be firmly in
contact with the underlying layer for its entire base. Forms shall not be set on blocks or on
built-up spots of underlying material. Holes in existing pavements for form stakes shall be
carefully drilled without cracking or spalling the existing pavement. Forms shall remain in
place at least 12 hours after the concrete has been placed. Forms shall be removed
without injuring the concrete.

3.4.5 Slipform Paving (Contractor’s Option): The slipform paver shall shape the
concrete to the specified and indicated cross section in one pass, and shall finish the
surface and edges so that only a very minimum amount of hand finishing is required.
Dowels shall not be installed by dowel inserters attached to the paver or by any other
means of inserting the dowels into the plastic concrete.

3.4.6 Placing Dowels and Tie Bars: Dowels shall be installed with alignment not
greater than 1 mm per 100 mm. (1/8 inch per ft). Except as otherwise specified below,
location of dowels shall be within a horizontal tolerance of plus or minus 15 mm (5/8 inch)
and a vertical tolerance of plus or minus 5 mm. (3/16 inch). The portion of each dowel

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intended to move within the concrete or expansion cap shall be painted with one coat of
rust inhibiting primer paint, and then oiled just prior to placement. Dowels and tie bars in
joints shall be omitted when the center of the dowel and tie bar is located within a
horizontal distance from an intersecting joint equal to or less than one-fourth of the slab
thickness.

3.4.6.1 Construction Joints-Fixed Form Paving: Installation of tie bars shall be by the
bonded-in-place method, supported by means of devices fastened to the forms.
Installation by removing and replacing in preformed holes will not be permitted.

3.4.6.2 Dowels Installed in Hardened Concrete: Installation shall be by bonding the

dowels into holes drilled into the hardened concrete. Holes approximately 3 mm (1/8 inch)
greater in diameter than the dowels shall be drilled into the hardened concrete. Dowels
shall be bonded in the drilled holes using epoxy resin injected at the back of the hole
before installing the dowel and extruded to the collar during insertion of the dowel so as to
completely fill the void around the dowel. Application by buttering the dowel shall not be
permitted. The dowels shall be held in alignment at the collar of the hole, after insertion
and before the grout hardens, by means of a suitable metal or plastic collar fitted around
the dowel. The vertical alignment of the dowels shall be checked by placing the
straightedge on the surface of the pavement over the top of the dowel and measuring the
vertical distance between the straightedge and the beginning and ending point of the
exposed part of the dowel. Where tie bars are required in longitudinal construction joints
of slipform pavement, bent tie bars shall be installed at the paver, in front of the
transverse screed or extrusion plate. If tie bars are required, a standard keyway shall be
constructed, and the bent tie bars shall be inserted into the plastic concrete through a
0.45 to 0.55 mm 26 gauge thick metal keyway liner. Tie bars shall not be installed in
preformed holes. The keyway liner shall be protected and shall remain in place and
become part of the joint. Before placement of the adjoining paving lane, the tie bars shall
be straightened, without spalling the concrete around the bar.

3.4.6.3 Expansion Joints: Dowels in expansion joints shall be installed by the bonded-
in-place method or by bonding into holes drilled in hardened concrete, using procedures
specified above.

3.5 FINISHING CONCRETE: Start finishing operations immediately after placement of

concrete. Use finishing machine, except hand finishing may be used in emergencies and
for concrete slabs in inaccessible locations or of such shapes or sizes that machine
finishing is impracticable. Finish pavement surface on both sides of a joint to the same
grade. Finish formed joints from a securely supported transverse bridge. Provide hand-
finishing equipment for use at all times. Transverse and longitudinal surface tolerances
shall be 6 mm in 3 m (1/4 inch in 10 feet).

3.5.1 Side Form Finishing: Strike off and screed concrete to the required slope and
cross-section by a power-driven transverse finishing machine. Transverse rotating tube or
pipe shall not be permitted unless approved by the Owner’s Representative. Elevation of
concrete shall be such that, when consolidated and finished, pavement surface will be
adequately consolidated and at the required grade. Equip finishing machine with two
screeds, which are readily and accurately adjustable for changes in pavement slope and
compensation for wear and other causes. Make as many passes over each area of
pavement and at such intervals as necessary to give proper compaction, retention of
coarse aggregate near the finished surface, and a surface of uniform texture, true to
grade and slope. Do not permit excessive operation over an area, which will result in an
excess of mortar and water being brought to the surface.

3.5.1.1 Equipment Operation: Maintain the travel of machine on the forms without
lifting, wobbling, or other variation of the machine, which tend to affect the precision of

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concrete finish. Keep the tops of the forms clean by a device attached to the machine.
During the first pass of the finishing machine, maintain a uniform ridge of concrete ahead
of the front screed for its entire length.

3.5.1.2 Joint Finish: Before concrete is hardened, correct edge slump of pavement,
exclusive of edge rounding, in excess of 6 mm (0.02 foot). Finish concrete surface on
each side of construction joints to the same plane, and correct deviations before newly
placed concrete has hardened.

3.5.1.3 Hand Finishing: Strike-off and screed surface of concrete to elevations slightly
above finish grade so that when concrete is consolidated and finished pavement surface
is at the indicated elevation. Vibrate entire surface until required compaction and
reduction of surface voids is secured with a strike-off template.

3.5.1.4 Longitudinal Floating: After initial finishing, further smooth and consolidate
concrete by means of hand-operated longitudinal floats. Use floats that are not less than
3.65 m (12 feet) long and 150 mm (6 inches) wide and stiffened to prevent flexing and
warping.

3.5.2 Texturing: Before the surface sheen has disappeared and before the concrete
hardens, the surface of the pavement shall be given a texture as described herein. The
concrete in areas of recesses for tie-down anchors, lighting fixtures, and other outlets in
the pavement shall be finished to provide a surface of the same texture as the
surrounding area.

3.5.2.1 Brooming: Finish the surface of the slab by brooming the surface with a new
wire broom at least 450 mm (18 inches) wide. Gently pull the broom over the surface of
the pavement from edge to edge just before the concrete becomes non-plastic. Slightly
overlap adjacent strokes of the broom. Broom perpendicular to centerline of pavement so
that corrugations produced will be uniform in character and width, and not more than 2
mm 1/16 inch in depth. Broomed surface shall be free from porous spots, irregularities,
depressions, and small pockets or rough spots such as may be caused by accidentally
disturbing particles of coarse aggregate embedded near the surface.

3.5.2.2 Surface Grooving: The areas indicated on the drawings shall be grooved with
a spring tine drag producing individual grooves. These grooves shall be cut perpendicular
to the centerline. Before grooving begins, the concrete shall be allowed to stiffen
sufficiently to prevent dislodging of aggregate. Grooves shall not be cut within 150 mm 6
inches of a transverse joint or crack.

3.5.4 Edging: At the time the concrete has attained a degree of hardness suitable for
edging, carefully finish slab edges, including edges at formed joints, with an edge having
a maximum radius of 3 mm (one-eighth inch). When brooming is specified for the final
surface finish, edge transverse joints before starting brooming, then operate broom to
obliterate as much as possible the mark left by the edging tool without disturbing the
rounded corner left by the edger. Clean by removing loose fragments and soupy mortar
from corners or edges of slabs that have crumbled and areas, which lack sufficient mortar
for proper finishing. Refill voids solidly with a mixture of suitable proportions and
consistency and refinish. Remove unnecessary tool marks and edges. Remaining edges
shall be smooth and true to line.

3.5.5 Repair of Surface Defects: Follow guidance of ACI 301.

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3.6 CURING AND PROTECTION: Protect concrete adequately from injurious action
by sun, rain, flowing water, mechanical injury, tire marks and oil stains, and do not allow it
to dry out from the time it is placed until the expiration of the minimum curing periods
specified herein. Use White-Burlap-Polyethylene Sheet or liquid membrane-forming
compound, except as specified otherwise herein. Do not use membrane-forming
compound on surfaces where its appearance would be objectionable, on surfaces to be
painted, where coverings are to be bonded to concrete, or on concrete to which other
concrete is to be bonded. Maintain temperature of air next to concrete above 5 degrees C
(40 degrees F) for the full curing periods.

3.6.1 White-Burlap-Polyethylene Sheet: Wet entire exposed surface thoroughly with a

fine spray of water, saturate burlap but do not have excessive water dripping off the
burlap and then cover concrete with White-Burlap-Polyethylene Sheet, burlap side down.
Lay sheets directly on concrete surface and overlap 300 mm (12 inches). Make sheeting
not less than 450 mm (18 inches) wider than concrete surface to be cured, and weight
down on the edges and over the transverse laps to form closed joints. Repair or replace
sheets when damaged during curing. Check daily to assure burlap has not lost all
moisture. If moisture evaporates, resaturate burlap and re-place on pavement (re-
saturation and re-placing shall take no longer than 10 minutes per sheet). Leave sheeting
on concrete surface to be cured for at least 7 days.

3.6.2 Liquid Membrane-Forming Compound Curing: Apply compound immediately

after surface loses its water sheen and has a dull appearance and before joints are
sawed. Agitate curing compound thoroughly by mechanical means during use and apply
uniformly in a two coat continuous operation by suitable power-spraying equipment. Total
coverage for the two coats shall be at least 4 liters one gallon of undiluted compound per
20 square meters (200 square feet). Compound shall form a uniform, continuous,
coherent film that will not check, crack, or peel and shall be free from pinholes or other
imperfections. Apply an additional coat of compound immediately to areas where film is
defective. Respray concrete surfaces that are subject to heavy rainfall within 3 hours after
curing compound has been applied in the same manner.

3.6.2.2 Protection of Treated Surfaces: Keep concrete surfaces to which liquid

membrane-forming compounds have been applied free from vehicular traffic and other
sources of abrasion for not less than 72 hours. Foot traffic is allowed after 24 hours for
inspection purposes. Maintain continuity of coating for entire curing period and repair
damage to coating immediately.

3.7 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

3.7.1 Sampling: The Contractor's approved laboratory shall collect samples of fresh
concrete in accordance with ASTM C172 during each working day as required to perform
tests specified herein. Make test specimens in accordance with ASTM C31/C31M.

3.7.2 Consistency Tests: The Contractor's approved laboratory shall perform

concrete slump tests in accordance with ASTM C143/C143M. Take samples for slump
determination from concrete during placement. Perform tests at the beginning of a
concrete placement operation and and for each batch (minimum) or every 16 cubic
meters (20 cubic yards) (maximum) of concrete to ensure that specification requirements
are met. In addition, perform tests each time test beams and cylinders are made.

3.7.3 Flexural Strength Tests: The Contractor's approved laboratory shall test for
flexural strength in accordance with ASTM C78. Make four test specimens for each set of
tests. Test two specimens at 7,28 days, and the other two at 90 days. Concrete strength
will be considered satisfactory when the minimum of the 28,90-day test results equals or

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exceeds the specified 28,90-day flexural strength, and no individual strength test is less
than 3.79 MPa (550 pounds per square inch). If the ratio of the 7,28-day strength test to
the specified 28,90-day strength is less than 65 percent, make necessary adjustments for
conformance. Frequency of flexural tests on concrete beams shall be not less than four
test beams for each 38 cubic meters (50 cubic yards) of concrete, or fraction thereof,
placed. Concrete, which is determined to be defective, based on the strength acceptance
criteria therein, shall be removed and replaced with acceptable concrete.

3.7.4 Air Content Tests: Test air-entrained concrete for air content at the same
frequency as specified for slump tests. Determine percentage of air in accordance with
ASTM C231 on samples taken during placement of concrete in forms.

3.7.6 Surface Testing: Surface testing for surface smoothness, edge slump and plan
grade shall be performed as indicated below by the Testing Laboratory. The
measurements shall be properly referenced in accordance with paving lane identification
and stationing, and a report given to the Owner within 24 hours after measurement is
made. A final report of surface testing, signed by a Registered Engineer, containing all
surface measurements and a description of all actions taken to correct deficiencies, shall
be provided to the Owner upon conclusion of surface testing.

3.7.6.1 Surface Smoothness Requirements: The finished surfaces of the

pavements shall have no abrupt change of 3 mm (1/8 inch) or more, and all pavements
shall be within the tolerances specified when checked with a 4 meter(12 foot)
straightedge: 5 mm(1/5) inch longitudinal and 6.5 mm(1/4) inch transverse directions for
roads and streets and 6.5 mm(1/4) inch for both directions for other concrete surfaces,
such as parking areas.

3.7.6.2 Surface Smoothness Testing Method: The surface of the pavement shall
be tested with the straightedge to identify all surface irregularities exceeding the
tolerances specified above. The entire area of the pavement shall be tested in both a
longitudinal and a transverse direction on parallel lines approximately 4.5 m (15 feet
apart). The straightedge shall be held in contact with the surface and moved ahead one-
half the length of the straightedge for each successive measurement. The amount of
surface irregularity shall be determined by placing the straightedge on the pavement
surface and allowing it to rest upon the two highest spots covered by its length and
measuring the maximum gap between the straightedge and the pavement surface, in the
area between these two high points.

3.7.8 Plan Grade Testing and Conformance: The surfaces shall vary not more than
18 mm (0.06 foot) above or below the plan grade line or elevation indicated. Each
pavement category shall be checked by the Contractor for conformance with plan grade
requirements by running lines of levels at intervals to determine the elevation at each joint
intersection.

3.7.9 Test for Pavement Thickness: Measure during concrete placement to determine
in-place thickness of concrete pavement.

3.7.10 Dowels: Inspect dowel placement prior to placing concrete to assure that
dowels are of the size indicated, and are spaced, aligned and painted and oiled as
specified. Dowels shall not deviate from vertical or horizontal alignment after concrete has
been placed by more than 3 mm per 300 mm (1/8 inch per foot).

*** End of Section ***

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 Technical Specifications

DIVISION 02 - SITE WORK

SECTION 02762

JOINTS, REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES: The publications listed below form a part of this

specification to the extent referenced. The publications are referred to in the text by

the basic designation only.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

ASTM A 615/A 615M Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement

ASTM A 617/A 617M Axle-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement

ASTM D 1751 Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete

Paving and Structural Construction (Nonextruding
and Resilient Bituminous Types)

ASTM D 2628 Preformed Polychloroprene Elastomeric Joint Seals

for Concrete Pavements

ASTM D 2835 Lubricant for Installation of Preformed Compression

Seals in Concrete Pavements

AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY (AWS)

U.S. GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (GSA)

FS L-C-530 Coating, Pipe, Thermoplastic Resin

FS TT-P-664 Primer Coating, Alkyd, Corrosion-Inhibiting, Lead

and Chromate Free, VOC-Compliant

FS SS-S-1401 Sealant, Joint, Non-Jet-Fuel-Resistant, Hot-Applied,

for Portland cement and Asphalt Concrete
Pavements

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1.2 SUBMITTALS

Shop Drawings

Load-transfer devices

Manufacturer's catalog data in the form of catalog cuts may be submitted

in lieu of drawings for the listed items.

Test Reports

Joint sealer

Certificates

Equipment list

Submit a list and description of equipment to be used. Equipment for

heating, mixing and installing joint seals shall be in accordance with
instructions provided by joint seal manufacturer.

Dowel

Reinforcement

Joint seal

Manufacturer's Instructions

Joint sealants

Dowel Assemblies

Instructions for joint sealants shall include, but not be limited to: storage requirements,
ambient temperature and humidity ranges, and moisture condition of joints for successful
installation; requirements for preparation of joints; safe heating temperature; mixing
instructions; installation equipment and procedures; application and disposal
requirements; compatibility of sealant with filler material; curing requirements; and
restrictions to be adhered to in order to reduce hazards to personnel or to the
environment. Submit instructions at least 30 days prior to use.

1.3 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING: Inspect for damage, unload, and store
materials delivered to site in accordance with manufacturer's instructions.

1.3.1 Joint Seal Materials: Deliver liquid joint sealants and lubricants in original

sealed containers and protect high temperatures. Store preformed joint fillers in a

manner to maintain straightness and avoid damage.

1.3.2 Dowel Bars: Dowel bars shall be stored in a manner to avoid cracking. Cover
stored dowel bars with tarpaulin or black colored polyethylene film.

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 Technical Specifications

1.3.3 Reinforcement: Store reinforcement on pallets or wooden sleepers in a

manner to avoid excessive rusting or contamination with soil, grease, oil, or other

objectionable material. Store reinforcement in separate piles or racks to avoid loss of

identification after bundles of reinforcing bars or mats are broken.

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS: Forming of joints or applying joint

sealants shall not proceed when, in the opinion of the Owner’s Representative,

weather conditions will prevent the proper installation of the joint sealants. During

installation, surfaces shall be dry and sealant shall be protected from moisture.

1.5 TRAFFIC CONTROL: Do not permit vehicular or heavy equipment traffic on the
pavement in area of the joints being sealed during the protection and curing period of joint
sealant. At end of curing period, traffic may be permitted on pavement when approved.

1.6 EQUIPMENT: Maintain machines, tools, and other equipment used in

performance of work in proper working conditions at all times. Furnish necessary

equipment and accessories to install preformed joint filler, and liquid sealant in

hardened concrete in accordance with equipment list. Concrete saws shall be

adequate to remove filler and saw grooves for all joints.

1.6.1 Joint and Pavement Cleaning Equipment

1.6.1.1 Sandblasting Equipment: Sandblasting equipment for cleaning joints shall

include an air compressor, hose, and nozzles of proper size, shape and opening to
produce a clean joint. Equip compressor with traps that will maintain compressed air free
of oil and water.

1.6.1.2 Power Saws: Concrete saws shall be self-propelled and capable of

sawing joints in concrete to indicated width, depth and alignment without spalling or
ravelling of concrete and at a production rate to avoid uncontrolled cracking.

1.6.1.3 Vacuum Sweeper: Self-propelled, vacuum pickup sweeper capable of

removing saw cuttings, loose sand, water, joint material, and debris from pavement
surface.

1.6.2 Joint Sealing Equipment: Joint sealing equipment shall be of a type required by
joint seal manufacturer's installation instructions. Equipment shall be capable of installing
sealant to depths, widths and tolerances indicated. Inspect equipment periodically during
installation of sealant as required but not less than once each work day, to ensure the
equipment is functioning properly. If malfunctions are noted, joint sealing shall not
proceed until they are corrected.

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 Technical Specifications

1.6.2.1 Hot-Poured Liquid Sealant: Unit applicators used for heating and installing

hot-poured sealant materials shall be mobile and equipped with a double-wall

agitator-type kettle with an oil medium in outer space for heat transfer, a direct-

connected pressure-type extruding device with nozzle or nozzles shaped for insertion

in the joints to be filled, and a positive device for controlling temperature of oil and

sealant. Applicator shall be so designed that sealer will circulate through delivery hose

and return to kettle when not sealing joint.

1.6.2.2 Two Component Cold-Applied Liquid Sealants: For two component cold-

applied machine mixed sealants equipment shall be capable of delivering each

component within an accuracy of 5 percent. Equip reservoirs for each component with

mechanical agitation devices. Equip equipment with thermostatically controlled

indirect heating of components when required. Equipment shall include screens over

each reservoir to eliminate foreign particles or partially polymerized material which

may clog lines. Equipment shall be capable of intimately mixing the two components

through a range of application rates from 0.01 to 0.06 liter per second (10 to 60

gallons per hour) and through a range of pressures from 345 to 1034 kPa (50 to 150

pounds per square inch). Hand-mixing of cold-applied two component sealant may be

done at the option of the Contractor for sealants.

1.6.2.3 Preformed Joint Seal: Install seals with equipment recommended in

writing by sealant manufacturer. Equipment shall be capable of installing joint seal to

indicated depth without damaging, distorting, or stretching seal material.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 MATERIALS

2.1.1 Joint Filler

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 Technical Specifications

2.1.1.1 For Expansion Joints: Preformed joint filler, ASTM D 1751. Filler must be

compatible with joint sealer material.

2.1.2 Bond Breakers

2.1.3 Joint Sealants

2.1.2.1 Sealant, Joint, Non-Jet Fuel Resistant, Hot-Applied: FS SS-S-1401, for

Portland cement and asphalt concrete pavements.

2.1.3 Dowel Bars: Bars shall conform to ASTM A 615/A 615M, Grade 40 for plain
billet steel bars of size and length indicated. Remove burrs and projections from bars.
Coat sliding portion of each bar with shop applied paint conforming to FS TT-P-664. For
doweled expansion joints, fit outer end of sliding portion of each dowel with a tight-fitting
metal sleeve which conforms to manufacturer's recommendation for dowel bars.

2.1.4 Dowel Assemblies: Support dowels with steel baskets or dowel

assemblies. Supports shall conform to manufacturers’ recommendations for rigid

welded dowel assemblies, heavy duty type. Weld spacer wires parallel to dowels and

weld alternate ends of dowels to sides of assembly. At expansion joints, fit dowels

with bar tubes or U-shaped channel caps. Sliding surfaces shall be parallel with

longitudinal axis of pavement within a tolerance of 3 mm per 3 m (1/8 inch per foot).

Sliding end of assembly crossing joint shall alternate on each side of joint for all

dowels in each joint.

2.1.5 Tie Bars: Bars shall be billet or axle steel deformed bars and conform to

ASTM A 615/A 615M or ASTM A 617/A 617M Grade 40.

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PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 PREPARATION OF SEALANTS

3.1.1 Liquid Sealants: Prior to use, inspect liquid joint seal to ensure product has not
become damaged during shipping and storage, material is of proper lot number and has
not reached its shelf life retest date.

3.1.2 Preformed Joint Fillers: Prior to installing inspect preformed joint fillers to
ensure they are straight, without damage, and resilient.

3.1.3 Hot-Applied Liquid Sealants: Do not heat sealing materials in excess of the safe
heating temperature as shown in manufacturer's instructions. Do not expose sealant to
direct heat or flame. Remove and waste sealant which has been over heated, heated in
excess of three hours, or has remained in application equipment at end of day's
operation.

3.1.4 Cold-Applied Two Component Type Liquid Sealants: Inspect sealant

components and containers prior to use, and reject materials that contain water, hard

caking of separated constituents, nonreversible gel, or that are otherwise

unsatisfactory. Settlement of constituents in a soft mass that can be readily and

uniformly remixed in field with simple tools will not be cause for rejection. Prior to

transfer of components from shipping containers to reservoirs of application

equipment, mix materials in shipping containers to ensure homogeneity of

components and incorporation of all constituents at time of transfer. When necessary

warm components of the sealer to a temperature not exceeding 32 degrees C (90

degrees F) by placing components in heated storage, but in no case shall

components be heated by direct flame or in single-walled, non-oil-bath heating kettles.

3.2 JOINTS: Joints shall be type shown and shall form a regular rectangular

pattern. Joints shall conform to details shown. Seal joints by procedures indicated.

Preformed joint filler installed for expansion joints shall be securely held in position

during concreting operations. Wherever curved pavement edges occur, make joints to

intersect tangents to curve at right angles. Joints shall be in a continuous straight line

extending from edge to edge of pavement. Do not stagger joints in abutting

pavements except where shown. Protect joints from curing compounds by covering

with tape or rope. Take necessary precautions to ensure proper curing at joints.

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 Technical Specifications

3.2.1 Sawing of Joints: Sawing will be conducted when concrete has hardened

sufficiently to prevent ravelling or flaking along edges of saw cut and before

uncontrolled shrinkage cracking of pavement occurs. Mark alignment of joints by

chalk line or other suitable guide. Saw cuts shall not vary from required alignment by

more than 13 mm in 3 m (1/2 inch in ten feet). Saw cutting shall be carried on both

during the day and at night as required. A supply of saw blades and at least one

stand-by sawing unit in working condition will be readily available during sawing

operations. Discontinue sawing if a crack develops ahead of a saw cut. If uncontrolled

cracking has occurred do not saw cut along the cracks but notify the Owner’s

Representative immediately.

3.2.2 Protection of Joints: Immediately after each joint is sawed, thoroughly

clean saw cut and adjacent concrete surface by flushing with water and blowing with

compressed air to remove waste. Respray curing compound on surfaces affected by

sawing and cleaning operations but do not permit curing compound into joints. Protect

joints from intrusion of foreign materials by installation of blocking media or separating

tape as indicated. Do not seal joints until concrete has cured sufficiently as required

by joint sealant manufacturer's instructions.

3.2.3 Joints at Vertical Surfaces: Construct joints where slabs abut light pads, catch
basins, manholes, footings, walls, columns, and structures as expansion joints, 19 mm
(3/4 inch) wide and full depth or thickness of slab. Provide joints with preformed joint filler
and joint sealant and form the joints by placing joint filler against the adjacent structure.
Keep filler in place with stakes or other approved means until concrete is placed against
filler. Fit abutting sections or ends of filler material tightly together to prevent concrete
from entering expansion joint space.

3.2.4 Expansion Joints: Expansion joints shall have dimensions and spacing shown,
and be filled with preformed joint filler and sealant. Hold filler in place accurately and
securely during the placing and finishing of concrete. Use metal supports to support filler
and protect material from damage during concrete operations. A bulkhead, when used,
shall have sufficient strength to remain straight from edge to edge of slab when concrete
is placed against it. Stake bulkhead in place securely at right angles to longitudinal or
transverse axis and surfaces of concrete slab. Space and drive flat metal stakes to hold
filler firmly in position. Deposit concrete and compact and strike off before bulkhead is
removed. Do not remove stakes until the concrete has been finished. Under no
circumstances shall concrete be left above expansion material or across joint at any

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 Technical Specifications

point. Cut away carefully concrete spanning ends of the joint next to forms after forms are
removed. Fit abutting sections of joint filler material tightly together to prevent concrete
from entering expansion joint space.

3.2.5 Contraction Joints: Saw joints to dimensions indicated. Joint lines shall be
within specified tolerance, straight, and extend for width of transverse joint, and for entire
length of longitudinal joint.

3.2.6 Construction Joints

3.2.6.1 Butt Type Joints: Provide butt type joints as indicated by placing fresh

concrete against hardened concrete. Clean vertical surface of hardened concrete and

then coat with curing compound or asphalt emulsion bond breaker before concrete is

placed. After concrete has cured, saw joint line in accordance with procedures

specified for sawing joints and to dimensions shown.

3.2.6.2 Emergency Stops: If an emergency stop occurs remove the concrete back
to indicated location of transverse joint and install a dowelled construction joint as shown.

3.2.6.3 Keyed Joints: Locate keyways as indicated. When concrete is placed

using side or stationary forms, use plastic or metal forms securely fastened to concrete
form to form keyway in plastic concrete. When concrete is placed using slip-form pavers,
form the keyway by metal forms permanently attached to side forms or during slip-form
operation by inserting preformed metal or plastic keyway liners which may be left in place.

3.2.8 Preparation of Joints: Seal joints unless otherwise indicated. Immediately

before installation of sealant, thoroughly clean joints until laitance, curing compound,

preformed joint filler, and protrusions of hardened concrete are removed from sides

and upper edges of joint space.

3.2.8.1 Cleaning of Sawed Joints: Use a power-driven concrete saw to saw

through preformed joint filler and to widen joint to indicated dimensions. Blow

loosened materials from joint with compressed air. Clean exposed concrete joint faces

and pavement surfaces extending at least 25 mm one inch from edges of joints by

thoroughly sandblasting and air blowing until surfaces are free of dust, dirt, curing

compound, preformed joint filler, and other material that might prevent bonding of

sealer to concrete.

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 Technical Specifications

3.2.9 Disposal of Debris: Remove from joints and pavement surface saw cuttings,
excess joint material, dirt, water, sand, and other debris. Dispose of the debris
immediately in accordance with Section 02220N, "Site Demolition."

3.3 INSTALLATION: Joint preparation, primer and sealant shall be in

accordance with joint seal manufacturer's instructions.

3.3.1 Bonding Agents and Primer: Apply joint seal bonding agents and primer in

accordance with joint seal manufacturer's instructions. When primed joint becomes

dusty or otherwise contaminated prior to sealing, re-sandblast, air blow, and re-prime

joint.

3.3.2 Installation of Liquid Sealants: Do not install liquid joint seals until test section
has been inspected and approved by Owner’s Representative. Joints shall be dry and
free of debris and contaminants prior to placement of sealant. Fill joints to depths and
tolerances indicated without formation of voids or entrapped air. Remove excess or
spilled sealant from pavement and discard.

3.3.3 Dowel Bars: Install bars accurately aligned, vertically and horizontally, at

indicated locations and to dimensions and tolerances indicated. Before installation

thoroughly grease sliding portion of each dowel. Dowels must remain in position

during concrete placement and curing.

3.3.4 Dowel Assemblies: At transverse expansion joints set dowels with dowel
assemblies. Before construction commences method for installing dowel bars shall be
approved.

3.3.5 Tie Bars: Install bars, accurately aligned horizontally and vertically, at indicated
locations.

3.4 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

3.4.1 Joints: Joints which have been cleaned and have backer rods or bond breaking
tape installed shall be inspected and approved prior to sealing.

3.4.2 Joint Seal Test Section: Inspect joint seal test section. Correct deficiencies and
obtain approval of test section by the Owner’s Representative prior to installing additional
joint seal.

3.4.3 Joint Sealer: Inspect installed joint seals for conformance to contract
requirements, joint seal manufacturer's instructions, and test section. Obtain approval for
each joint seal installation.

3.4.4 Reinforcement: Inspect reinforcement prior to installation to assure it is free of

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 Technical Specifications

loose flaky rust, loose scale, oil, mud, or other objectionable material.

3.4.5 Dowels: Inspect dowel placement prior to placing concrete to assure that
dowels are of size indicated, and are spaced, aligned and painted and oiled as specified.
Dowels shall not deviate from vertical or horizontal alignment after concrete has been
placed by more than 3 mm per 300 mm (1/8 inch per foot).

3.5 ACCEPTANCE: Joint sealer that fails to cure properly, or fails to bond to

joint walls, or reverts to uncured state or fails in cohesion, or shows excessive air

voids, blisters, surface defects, swelling, or other deficiencies, or is not recessed

within indicated tolerances shall be rejected. Remove rejected sealer and reclean and

reseal joints in accordance with the specifications.

***End of Section***

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 Technical Specifications

SECTION 02770

CONCRETE SIDEWALKS AND CURBS AND GUTTERS

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES: The publications listed below form a part of this specification to
the extent referenced. The publications are referred to in the text by basic designation
only.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field

ASTM C 143 Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
ASTM C 171 Sheet Materials for Curing Concrete
ASTM C 172 Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete
Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
Joint Sealants, Hot-Applied, for Concrete and Asphalt Pavements

1.2 SUBMITTALS

Product Data
Concrete;

SD-06 Test Reports

Field Quality Control;
Copies of all test reports.

1.3 WEATHER LIMITATIONS

1.3.1 Placing During Cold Weather: Concrete placement shall not take place when
the air temperature reaches 5 degrees C (40 degrees F) and is falling, or is already below
that point. Placement may begin when the air temperature reaches 2 degrees C (35
degrees F) and is rising, or is already above 5 degrees C (40 degrees F). Provisions shall
be made to protect the concrete from freezing during the specified curing period. If
necessary to place concrete when the temperature of the air, aggregates, or water is
below 2 degrees C, 35 degrees F, placement and protection shall be approved in writing.

1.3.2 Placing During Warm Weather: The temperature of the concrete as placed

shall not exceed 30 degrees C (85 degrees F) except where an approved retarder is

used. The mixing water and/or aggregates shall be cooled, if necessary, to maintain a

satisfactory placing temperature. The placing temperature shall not exceed 35

degrees C (95 degrees F) at any time.

1.4 PLANT, EQUIPMENT, MACHINES, AND TOOLS

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 Technical Specifications

1.4.1 General Requirements: Plant, equipment, machines, and tools used in the work
shall be subject to approval and shall be maintained in a satisfactory working condition at
all times. The equipment shall have the capability of producing the required product,
meeting grade controls, thickness control and smoothness requirements as specified.
Use of the equipment shall be discontinued if it produces unsatisfactory results. The
Owner’s Representative shall have access at all times to the plant and equipment to
ensure proper operation and compliance with specifications.

1.4.2 Slip Form Equipment: Slip form paver or curb forming machine, will be
approved based on trial use on the job and shall be self-propelled, automatically
controlled, crawler mounted, and capable of spreading, consolidating, and shaping the
plastic concrete to the desired cross section in 1 pass.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 CONCRETE: Concrete shall conform to the applicable requirements of Section

03307 CONCRETE FOR MINOR STRUCTURES except as otherwise specified.
Concrete shall have a minimum compressive strength of 17 MPa 2500 psi at 28 days.
Maximum size of aggregate shall be 25 mm. (1 inches).

2.1.1 Air Content: Mixtures shall have air content by volume of concrete of 5 to 7
percent, based on measurements made immediately after discharge from the mixer.

2.1.2 Slump: The concrete slump shall be 50 mm plus or minus 25 mm (2

inches plus or minus 1 inch) where determined in accordance with ASTM C 143.

2.2 CONCRETE CURING MATERIALS

2.2.1 Impervious Sheet Materials: Impervious sheet materials shall conform to ASTM
C 171, type optional, except that polyethylene film, if used, shall be white opaque.

2.2.2 Burlap: Burlap shall conform to AASHTO M 182.

2.3 CONCRETE PROTECTION MATERIALS: Concrete protection materials shall be

a linseed oil mixture of equal parts, by volume, of linseed oil and either mineral spirits,
naphtha, or turpentine. At the option of the contractor, commercially prepared linseed oil
mixtures, formulated specifically for application to concrete to provide protection against
the action of deicing chemicals may be used, except that emulsified mixtures are not
acceptable.

2.4 JOINT FILLER STRIPS

2.4.1 Contraction Joint Filler for Curb and Gutter: Contraction joint filler for curb

and gutter shall consist of hard-pressed fiberboard.

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 Technical Specifications

2.4.2 Expansion Joint Filler, Premolded: Expansion joint filler, premolded, shall

conform to ASTM D 1751 or ASTM D 1752, 10 mm (3/8 inch thick), unless otherwise

indicated.

2.5 JOINT SEALANTS

2.5.1 Joint Sealant, Hot-Poured: Joint sealant, hot-poured shall conform to

ASTM D 3405.

2.6 FORM WORK: Formwork shall be designed and constructed to ensure that the
finished concrete will conform accurately to the indicated dimensions, lines, and
elevations, and within the tolerances specified. Forms shall be of wood or steel, straight,
of sufficient strength to resist springing during depositing and consolidating concrete.
Wood forms shall be surfaced plank, 50 mm (2 inches) nominal thickness, straight and
free from warp, twist, loose knots, splits or other defects. Wood forms shall have a
nominal length of 3 m. (10 feet). Radius bends may be formed with 19 mm ¾ inch boards,
laminated to the required thickness. Steel forms shall be channel-formed sections with a
flat top surface and with welded braces at each end and at not less than two intermediate
points. Ends of steel forms shall be interlocking and self-aligning. Steel forms shall
include flexible forms for radius forming, corner forms, form spreaders, and fillers. Steel
forms shall have a nominal length of 3 m (10 feet) with a minimum of 3 welded stake
pockets per form. Stake pins shall be solid steel rods with chamfered heads and pointed
tips designed for use with steel forms.

2.6.1 Sidewalk Forms: Sidewalk forms shall be of a height equal to the full depth of
the finished sidewalk.

2.6.2 Curb and Gutter Forms: Curb and gutter outside forms shall have a height
equal to the full depth of the curb or gutter. The inside form of curb shall have batter as
indicated and shall be securely fastened to and supported by the outside form. Rigid
forms shall be provided for curb returns, except that benders or thin plank forms may be
used for curb or curb returns with a radius of 3 m (10 feet) or more, where grade changes
occur in the return, or where the central angle is such that a rigid form with a central angle
of 90 degrees cannot be used. Back forms for curb returns may be made of 38 mm (1-1/2
inch) benders, for the full height of the curb, cleated together. In lieu of inside forms for
curbs, a curb "mule" may be used for forming and finishing this surface, provided the
results are approved.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 SUBGRADE PREPARATION: The subgrade shall be constructed to the specified

grade and cross section prior to concrete placement. Subgrade shall be placed and
compacted as directed.

3.1.1 Sidewalk Subgrade: The subgrade shall be tested for grade and cross section
with a template extending the full width of the sidewalk and supported between side
forms.

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3.1.2 Curb and Gutter Subgrade: The subgrade shall be tested for grade and

cross section by means of a template extending the full width of the curb and gutter.

The subgrade shall be of materials equal in bearing quality to the subgrade under the

adjacent pavement.

3.1.3 Maintenance of Subgrade: The subgrade shall be maintained in a smooth,

compacted condition in conformity with the required section and established grade until
the concrete is placed. The subgrade shall be in a moist condition when concrete is
placed.

3.2 FORM SETTING: Forms shall be set to the indicated alignment, grade

and dimensions. Forms shall be held rigidly in place by a minimum of 3 stakes per

form placed at intervals not to exceed 1.2 meters (4 feet). Corners, deep sections,

and radius bends shall have additional stakes and braces, as required. Clamps,

spreaders, and braces shall be used where required to ensure rigidity in the forms.

Forms shall be removed without injuring the concrete. Bars or heavy tools shall not be

used against the concrete in removing the forms. Any concrete found defective after

form removal shall be promptly and satisfactorily repaired. Forms shall be cleaned

and coated with form oil each time before concrete is placed.

3.2.1 Sidewalks: Forms for sidewalks shall be set with the upper edge true to

line and grade with an allowable tolerance of 3 mm (1/8 inch) in any 3 m (10 foot) long

section. After forms are set, grade and alignment shall be checked with a 3 m (10

foot) straightedge. Side forms shall not be removed for 12 hours after finishing has

been completed.

3.2.2 Curbs and Gutters: The forms of the front of the curb shall be removed not less
than 2 hours nor more than 6 hours after the concrete has been placed. Forms back of
curb shall remain in place until the face and top of the curb have been finished, as
specified for concrete finishing. Gutter forms shall not be removed while the concrete is
sufficiently plastic to slump in any direction.

3.3 SIDEWALK CONCRETE PLACEMENT AND FINISHING

3.3.1 Formed Sidewalks: Concrete shall be placed in the forms in one layer. When
consolidated and finished, the sidewalks shall be of the thickness indicated. After

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concrete has been placed in the forms, a strike-off guided by side forms shall be used to
bring the surface to proper section to be compacted. The concrete shall be consolidated
with an approved vibrator, and the surface shall be finished to grade with a strike off.

3.3.2 Concrete Finishing: After straight edging, when most of the water sheen has
disappeared, and just before the concrete hardens, the surface shall be finished with a
wood float or darby to a smooth and uniformly fine granular or sandy texture free of
waves, irregularities, or tool marks. A scored surface shall be produced by brooming with
a fiber-bristle brush in a direction transverse to that of the traffic, followed by edging.

3.3.3 Edge and Joint Finishing: All slab edges, including those at formed joints,

shall be finished with an edger having a radius of 3 mm. (1/8 inch). Transverse joint

shall be edged before brooming, and the brooming shall eliminate the flat surface left

by the surface face of the edger. Corners and edges which have crumbled and areas

which lack sufficient mortar for proper finishing shall be cleaned and filled solidly with

a properly proportioned mortar mixture and then finished.

3.3.4 Surface and Thickness Tolerances: Finished surfaces shall not vary more than
8 mm (5/16 inch) from the testing edge of a 3 m 10-foot straightedge. Permissible
deficiency in section thickness will be up to 6 mm (1/4 inch).

3.4 CURB AND GUTTER CONCRETE PLACEMENT AND FINISHING

3.4.1 Formed Curb and Gutter: Concrete shall be placed to the section required in a
single lift. Consolidation shall be achieved by using approved mechanical vibrators. Curve
shaped gutters shall be finished with a standard curb "mule".

3.4.2 Curb and Gutter Finishing: Approved slipformed curb and gutter machines may
be used in lieu of hand placement.

3.4.3 Concrete Finishing: Exposed surfaces shall be floated and finished with a

smooth wood float until true to grade and section and uniform in texture. Floated

surfaces shall then be brushed with a fine-hair brush with longitudinal strokes. The

edges of the gutter and top of the curb shall be rounded with an edging tool to a

radius of 13 mm. (1/2 inch). Immediately after removing the front curb form, the face

of the curb shall be rubbed with a wood or concrete rubbing block and water until

blemishes, form marks, and tool marks have been removed. The front curb surface,

while still wet, shall be brushed in the same manner as the gutter and curb top. The

top surface of gutter and entrance shall be finished to grade with a wood float.

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3.4.4 Joint Finishing: Curb edges at formed joints shall be finished as indicated.

3.4.5 Surface and Thickness Tolerances: Finished surfaces shall not vary more

than 6 mm (1/4 inch) from the testing edge of a 3 m (10-foot) straightedge.

Permissible deficiency in section thickness will be up to 6 mm. (1/4 inch).

3.5 SIDEWALK JOINTS: Sidewalk joints shall be constructed to divide the surface
into rectangular areas. Transverse contraction joints shall be spaced at a distance equal
to the sidewalk width or 1.5 m 5 feet on centers, whichever is less, and shall be
continuous across the slab. Longitudinal contraction joints shall be constructed along the
centerline of all sidewalks 3 m 10 feet or more in width. Transverse expansion joints shall
be installed at sidewalk returns and opposite expansion joints in adjoining curbs. Where
the sidewalk is not in contact with the curb, transverse expansion joints shall be installed
as indicated. Expansion joints shall be formed about structures and features which project
through or into the sidewalk pavement, using joint filler of the type, thickness, and width
indicated.

3.5.1 Sidewalk Contraction Joints: The contraction joints shall be formed in the fresh
concrete by cutting a groove in the top portion of the slab to a depth of at least one-fourth
of the sidewalk slab thickness, using a jointer to cut the groove, or by sawing a groove in
the hardened concrete with a power-driven saw, unless otherwise approved. Sawed joints
shall be constructed by sawing a groove in the concrete with a 3 mm 1/8 inch blade to the
depth indicated. An ample supply of saw blades shall be available on the job before
concrete placement is started, and at least one standby sawing unit in good working
order shall be available at the jobsite at all times during the sawing operations.

3.5.2 Sidewalk Expansion Joints: Expansion joints shall be formed with 12 mm ½

Inch) joint filler strips. Joint filler shall be placed with top edge 6 mm 1/4 inch below the
surface and shall be held in place with steel pins or other devices to prevent warping of
the filler during floating and finishing. Immediately after finishing operations are
completed, joint edges shall be rounded with an edging tool having a radius of 3 mm, (1/8
inch), and concrete over the joint filler shall be removed. At the end of the curing period,
expansion joints shall be cleaned and filled with joint sealant. The joint opening shall be
thoroughly cleaned before the sealing material is placed. Sealing material shall not be
spilled on exposed surfaces of the concrete. Concrete at the joint shall be surface dry and
atmospheric and concrete temperatures shall be above 10 degrees C (50 degrees F) at
the time of application of joint sealing material. Excess material on exposed surfaces of
the concrete shall be removed immediately and concrete surfaces cleaned.

3.6 CURB AND GUTTER JOINTS: Curb and gutter joints shall be constructed at right
angles to the line of curb and gutter.

3.6.1 Contraction Joints: Contraction joints shall be constructed directly

opposite contraction joints in abutting portland cement concrete pavements and

spaced so that monolithic sections between curb returns will not be less than 1.5 m (5

feet) nor greater than 4.5 m (15 feet) in length. Contraction joints shall be constructed

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by means of 3 mm 1/8 inch thick separators and of a section conforming to the cross

section of the curb and gutter. Separators shall be removed as soon as practicable

after concrete has set sufficiently to preserve the width and shape of the joint and

prior to finishing.

3.6.2 Expansion Joints: Expansion joints shall be formed by means of preformed

expansion joint filler material cut and shaped to the cross section of curb and gutter.
Expansion joints shall be provided in curb and gutter directly opposite expansion joints of
abutting portland cement concrete pavement, and shall be of the same type and
thickness as joints in the pavement. Where curb and gutter do not abut portland cement
concrete pavement, expansion joints at least 12 mm ½ inch in width shall be provided at
intervals not exceeding 9 meters. feet. Expansion joints shall be provided in
nonreinforced concrete gutter at locations indicated. Expansion joints shall be sealed
immediately following curing of the concrete or as soon thereafter as weather conditions
permit. Expansion joints and the top 25 mm 1 inch depth of curb and gutter contraction-
joints shall be sealed with joint sealant. The joint opening shall be thoroughly cleaned
before the sealing material is placed. Sealing material shall not be spilled on exposed
surfaces of the concrete. Concrete at the joint shall be surface dry and atmospheric and
concrete temperatures shall be above 10 degrees C (50 degrees F) at the time of
application of joint sealing material. Excess material on exposed surfaces of the concrete
shall be removed immediately and concrete surfaces cleaned.

3.7 CURING AND PROTECTION

3.7.1 General Requirements: Concrete shall be protected against loss of moisture

and rapid temperature changes for at least 7 days from the beginning of the curing
operation. Unhardened concrete shall be protected from rain and flowing water. All
equipment needed for adequate curing and protection of the concrete shall be on hand
and ready for use before actual concrete placement begins. Protection shall be provided
as necessary to prevent cracking of the pavement due to temperature changes during the
curing period.

3.7.1.1 Mat Method: The entire exposed surface shall be covered with 2 or more
layers of burlap. Mats shall overlap each other at least 150 mm. (6 inches). The mat shall
be thoroughly wetted with water prior to placing on concrete surface and shall be kept
continuously in a saturated condition and in intimate contact with concrete for not less
than 7 days.

3.7.1.2 Impervious Sheeting Method: The entire exposed surface shall be wetted

with a fine spray of water and then covered with impervious sheeting material. Sheets

shall be laid directly on the concrete surface with the light-colored side up and

overlapped 300 mm (12 inches) when a continuous sheet is not used. The curing

medium shall not be less than 450 mm (18-inches) wider than the concrete surface to

be cured, and shall be securely weighted down by heavy wood planks, or a bank of

moist earth placed along edges and laps in the sheets. Sheets shall be satisfactorily

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repaired or replaced if torn or otherwise damaged during curing. The curing medium

shall remain on the concrete surface to be cured for not less than 7 days.

3.7.2 Backfilling: After curing, debris shall be removed and the area adjoining the
concrete shall be backfilled, graded, and compacted to conform to the surrounding area
in accordance with lines and grades indicated.

3.7.3 Protection: Completed concrete shall be protected from damage until accepted.
The Contractor shall repair damaged concrete and clean concrete discolored during
construction. Concrete that is damaged shall be removed and reconstructed for the entire
length between regularly scheduled joints. Refinishing the damaged portion will not be
acceptable. Removed damaged portions shall be disposed of as directed.

3.8 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

3.8.1 General Requirements: The Contractor shall perform the inspection and

tests described and meet the specified requirements for inspection details and

frequency of testing. Based upon the results of these inspections and tests, the

Contractor shall take the action and submit reports as required below, and any

additional tests to insure that the requirements of these specifications are met.

3.8.2 Concrete Testing

3.8.2.1 Strength Testing: The Contractor shall provide molded concrete

specimens for strength tests. Samples of concrete placed each day shall be taken not
less than once a day nor less than once for every 190 cubic meters (250 cubic yards) of
concrete. The samples for strength tests shall be taken in accordance with ASTM C 172.
Cylinders for acceptance shall be molded in conformance with ASTM C 31/C 31M by an
approved testing laboratory. Each strength test result shall be the average of 2 test
cylinders from the same concrete sample tested at 28 days, unless otherwise specified or
approved. Concrete specified on the basis of compressive strength will be considered
satisfactory if the averages of all sets of three consecutive strength test results equal or
exceed the specified strength, and no individual strength test result falls below the
specified strength by more than 4 MPa. (500 psi).

3.8.2.2 Air Content: Air content shall be determined in accordance with ASTM C
173 or ASTM C 231. ASTM C 231 shall be used with concretes and mortars made with
relatively dense natural aggregates. Two tests for air content shall be made on randomly
selected batches of each class of concrete placed during each shift. Additional tests shall
be made when excessive variation in concrete workability is reported by the placing
foreman or the Government inspector. If results are out of tolerance, the placing foreman
shall be notified and he shall take appropriate action to have the air content corrected at
the plant. Additional tests for air content will be performed on each truckload of material
until such time as the air content is within the tolerance specified.

3.8.2.3 Slump Test: Two slump tests shall be made on randomly selected batches of
each class of concrete for every 190 cubic meters, (250 cubic yards), or fraction thereof,

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of concrete placed during each shift. Additional tests shall be performed when excessive
variation in the workability of the concrete is noted or when excessive crumbling or
slumping is noted along the edges of slip-formed concrete.

3.8.3 Thickness Evaluation: The anticipated thickness of the concrete shall be

determined prior to placement by passing a template through the formed section or by

measuring the depth of opening of the extrusion template of the curb forming

machine. If a slip form paver is used for sidewalk placement, the subgrade shall be

true to grade prior to concrete placement and the thickness will be determined by

measuring each edge of the completed slab.

3.8.4 Surface Evaluation: The finished surface of each category of the completed
work shall be
uniform in color and free of blemishes and form or tool marks.

3.9 SURFACE DEFICIENCIES AND CORRECTIONS

3.9.1 Thickness Deficiency: When measurements indicate that the completed

concrete section is deficient in thickness by more than 6 mm (1/4 inch) the deficient
section will be removed, between regularly scheduled joints, and replaced.

3.9.2 High Areas: In areas not meeting surface smoothness and plan grade
requirements, high areas shall be reduced either by rubbing the freshly finished concrete
with carborundum brick and water when the concrete is less than 36 hours old or by
grinding the hardened concrete with an approved surface grinding machine after the
concrete is 36 hours old or more. The area corrected by grinding the surface of the
hardened concrete shall not exceed 5 percent of the area of any integral slab, and the
depth of grinding shall not exceed 6 mm. (¼ inch). Pavement areas requiring grade or
surface smoothness corrections in excess of the limits specified above shall be removed
and replaced.

3.9.3 Appearance: Exposed surfaces of the finished work will be inspected and any
deficiencies in appearance will be identified. Areas which exhibit excessive cracking,
discoloration, form marks, or tool marks or which are otherwise inconsistent with the
overall appearances of the work shall be removed and replaced.

*** End of Section***

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SECTION 03307

CONCRETE FOR MINOR STRUCTURES

PART 1 GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES

The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced.
The publications are referred to in the text by basic designation only.

ACI INTERNATIONAL (ACI)

ACI 308 Standard Practice for Curing Concrete

ACI 318/318R Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and

Commentary

ACI 318M Metric Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

and Commentary

ACI 347R Guide to Formwork for Concrete

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

ASTM A 185 Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain, for Concrete

Reinforcement

ASTM A 615/A 615M Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement

ASTM C 31/C 31M Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field

ASTM C 33 Concrete Aggregates

ASTM C 39/C 39M Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens

ASTM C 94/C 94M Ready-Mixed Concrete

ASTM C 150 Portland Cement

ASTM C 171 Sheet Materials for Curing Concrete

ASTM C 172 Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete

ASTM C 231 Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure

Method

ASTM C 260 Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete

ASTM C 309 Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing Concrete

ASTM C 494/C 494M Chemical Admixtures for Concrete

ASTM C 595 Blended Hydraulic Cements

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 Technical Specifications

ASTM C 685 Concrete Made by Volumetric Batching and Continuous

Mixing

ASTM C 920 Elastomeric Joint Sealants

ASTM D 75 Sampling Aggregates

ASTM D 1752 Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork Expansion Joint Fillers
for Concrete Paving and Structural Construction

1.2 SUBMITTALS

1.2.1 Product Data

Air-Entraining Admixture;
Water Reducing or Retarding Admixture;
Curing Materials;
Reinforcing Steel;
Joint Sealants - Field Molded Sealants;

Manufacturer's literature is available from suppliers which demonstrates compliance with

applicable specifications for the above materials.

1.2.2 Test Reports

Aggregates;

Aggregates will be accepted on the basis of certificates of compliance and test reports
that show the material(s) meets the quality and grading requirements of the specifications
under which it is furnished.

Concrete Mixture Proportions;

Ten days prior to placement of concrete, the contractor shall submit the mixture
proportions that will produce concrete of the quality required. Applicable test reports shall
be submitted to verify that the concrete mixture proportions selected will produce
concrete of the quality specified.

1.2.3 Certificates

Cementitious Materials;

Certificates of compliance attesting that the concrete materials meet the requirements of
the specifications shall be submitted in accordance with the Special Clause
"CERTIFICATES OF COMPLIANCE". Cementitious material will be accepted on the
basis of a manufacturer's certificate of compliance, accompanied by mill test reports that
the material(s) meet the requirements of the specification under which it is furnished.

Aggregates;

Aggregates will be accepted on the basis of certificates of compliance and tests reports
that show the material(s) meet the quality and grading requirements of the specifications
under which it is furnished.

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1.3 DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

The Owner thru his authorized representative will maintain the option to sample and test
aggregates and concrete to determine compliance with the specifications. The Contractor
shall provide facilities and labor as may be necessary to assist the owner in procurement
of representative test samples. Samples of aggregates will be obtained at the point of
batching in accordance with ASTM D 75. Concrete will be sampled in accordance with
ASTM C 172. Slump and air content will be determined in accordance with ASTM C
143/C 143M and ASTM C 231, respectively, when cylinders are molded. Compression
test specimens will be made, cured, and transported in accordance with ASTM C 31/C
31M. Compression test specimens will be tested in accordance with ASTM C 39/C 39M.
Samples for strength tests will be taken not less than once each shift in which concrete is
produced. A minimum of three specimens will be made from each sample; two will be
tested at 28 days for acceptance, and one will be tested at 7 days for information.

1.3.1 Strength

Acceptance test results will be the average strengths of two specimens tested at 28 days.
The strength of the concrete will be considered satisfactory so long as the average of
three consecutive acceptance test results equal or exceed the specified compressive
strength, f'c, and no individual acceptance test result falls below f'c by more than 3.4
MPa. (500 psi).

1.3.2 Construction Tolerances

A Class "C" finish shall apply to all surfaces except those specified to receive a Class "D"
finish. A Class "D" finish shall apply to all surfaces, which will be permanently concealed
after construction. The surface requirements for the classes of finish required shall be as
specified in ACI 347R.

1.3.3 Concrete Mixture Proportions

Concrete mixture proportions shall be the responsibility of the Contractor. Mixture

proportions shall include the dry weights of Cementitious material(s); the nominal
maximum size of the coarse aggregate; the specific gravities, absorptions, and saturated
surface-dry weights of fine and coarse aggregates; the quantities, types, and names of
admixtures; and quantity of water per cubic meter of concrete. All materials included in
the mixture proportions shall be of the same type and from the same source as will be
used on the project. Specified compressive strength f'c shall be 20.7 MPa (3,000) psi at
28 days. The maximum nominal size coarse aggregate shall be 19 mm (3/4 inch.), in
accordance with ACI 318M. ACI 318/318R. The air content shall be between 4.5 and 7.5
percent. The slump shall be between 50 and 125 mm. (2 and 5 inches). The maximum
water cement ratio shall be 0.50.

PART 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 MATERIALS

2.1.1 Cementitious Materials

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Cementitious materials shall conform to the appropriate specifications listed:

2.1.1.1 Portland Cement

ASTM C 150, Type I, IA, II, IIA, III, IIIA or V

2.1.2 Aggregates

Aggregates shall meet the quality and grading requirements of ASTM C 33 Class
Designations 4M or better

2.1.3 Admixtures

Admixtures to be used, when required or approved, shall comply with the appropriate
specification listed. Chemical admixtures that have been in storage at the project site for
longer than 6 months or that have been subjected to freezing shall be retested at the
expense of the contractor at the request of the Contracting Officer and shall be rejected if
test results are not satisfactory.

2.1.3.1 Air-Entraining Admixture

Air-entraining admixture shall meet the requirements of ASTM C 260.

2.1.3.2 Accelerating Admixture

Calcium chloride shall meet the requirements of ASTM D 98. Other accelerators shall
meet the requirements of ASTM C 494/C 494M, Type C or E.

2.1.3.3 Water-Reducing or Retarding Admixture

Water-reducing or retarding admixture shall meet the requirements of ASTM C 494/C

494M, Type A, B, or D.

2.1.4 Water

Water for mixing and curing shall be fresh, clean, potable, and free from injurious
amounts of oil, acid, salt, or alkali, except that unpotable water may be used if it meets
the requirements of COE CRD-C 400.

2.1.5 Reinforcing Steel

Reinforcing steel bar shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A 615/A 615M, Grade
40. Welded steel wire fabric shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A 185. Details of
reinforcement not shown shall be in accordance with ACI 318M, ACI 318/318R, Chapters
7 and 12.
2.1.6 Expansion Joint Filler Strips, Premolded

Expansion joint filler strips, premolded shall be sponge rubber conforming to ASTM D
1752, Type I.

2.1.7 Joint Sealants - Field Molded Sealants

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 Technical Specifications

Joint sealants - field molded sealants shall conform to ASTM C 920, Type M, Grade NS,
Class 25, use NT for vertical joints and Type M, Grade P, Class 25, use T for horizontal
joints. Bond-breaker material shall be polyethylene tape, coated paper, metal foil, or
similar type materials. The backup material shall be compressible, nonshrink, nonreactive
with the sealant, and a nonabsorptive material such as extruded butyl or polychloroprene
foam rubber. Immediately prior to installation of field-molded sealants, the joint shall be
cleaned of all debris and further cleaned using water, chemical solvents, or other means
as recommended by the sealant manufacturer or directed.

2.1.8 Formwork

The design and engineering of the formwork as well as its construction shall be the
responsibility of the Contractor.

2.1.9 Form Coatings

Forms for exposed surfaces shall be coated with nonstaining form oil, which shall be
applied shortly before concrete is placed.

2.1.10 Vapor Barrier

Vapor barrier shall be polyethylene sheeting with a minimum thickness of 0.15 mm 6 mils
or other equivalent material having a vapor permeance rating not exceeding 30
nanograms per pascal second square meter 0.5 perms as determined in accordance with
ASTM E 96.

2.1.11 Curing Materials

Curing materials shall conform to the following requirements.

2.1.11.1 Impervious Sheet Materials

Impervious sheet materials, ASTM C 171, type optional, except polyethylene

Film, if used, shall be white opaque.

2.1.11.2 Membrane-Forming Curing Compound

ASTM C 309, Type 1-D or 2, Class [A] [B].

PART 3 EXECUTION

3.1 PREPARATION

3.1.1 General

Construction joints shall be prepared to expose coarse aggregate, and the surface shall
be clean, damp, and free of laitance. Ramps and walkways, as necessary, shall be
constructed to allow safe and expeditious access for concrete and workmen. Standing or
flowing water, loose particles, debris, and foreign matter shall have been removed. Earth

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foundations shall be satisfactorily compacted. Spare vibrators shall be available. The

Owner’s representative shall accept the entire preparation. Prior to placing.

3.1.2 Embedded Items

Reinforcement shall be secured in place; joints, anchors, and other Embedded items shall
have been positioned. Internal ties shall be arranged so that when the forms are removed
all metal will be not less than 50 mm from concrete surfaces permanently exposed to
view or exposed to water on the finished structures. Embedded items shall be free of oil
and other foreign matters such as loose coatings or rust, paint, and scale. The
embedding of wood in concrete will be permitted only when specifically authorized or
directed. All equipment needed to place, consolidate, protect, and cure the concrete shall
be at the placement site and in good operating condition.

3.1.3 Formwork Installation

Forms shall be properly aligned, adequately supported, and mortar tight. The form
surfaces shall be smooth and free from irregularities, dents, sags, or holes when used for
permanently exposed faces. All exposed joints and edges shall be chamfered, unless
otherwise indicated.

3.1.5 Production of Concrete

3.1.5.1 Ready-Mixed Concrete

Ready-mixed concrete shall conform to ASTM C 94/C 94M except as otherwise specified.

3.1.5.2 Concrete Made by Volumetric Batching and Continuous Mixing

Concrete made by volumetric batching and continuous mixing shall conform to ASTM C
685.

3.1.5.3 Batching and Mixing Equipment

The contractor shall have the option of using an on-site batching and mixing facility. The
facility shall provide sufficient batching and mixing equipment capacity to prevent cold
joints. The method of measuring materials, batching operation, and mixer shall be
submitted for review.

3.2 CONVEYING AND PLACING CONCRETE

Conveying and placing concrete shall conform to the following requirements.

3.2.1 General

Concrete placement shall not be permitted when weather conditions prevent proper
placement and consolidation without approval. When concrete is mixed and/or
transported by a truck mixer, the concrete shall be delivered to the site of the work and
discharge shall be completed within 1-1/2 hours or 45 minutes when the placing
temperature is 30 degrees C (85 degrees F) or greater unless a retarding admixture is
used. Concrete shall be conveyed from the mixer to the forms as rapidly as practicable by
methods which prevent segregation or loss of ingredients. Concrete shall be in place and
consolidated within 15 minutes after discharge from the mixer. Concrete shall be
deposited as close as possible to its final position in the forms and be so regulated that it
may be effectively consolidated in horizontal layers 450 mm (18 inches) or less in

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thickness with a minimum of lateral movement. The placement shall be carried on at such
a rate that the formation of cold joints will be prevented.

3.2.2 Consolidation

Each layer of concrete shall be consolidated by rodding, spading, or internal vibrating

equipment. Internal vibration shall be systematically accomplished by inserting the
vibrator through the fresh concrete in the layer below at a uniform spacing over the entire
area of placement. The distance between insertions shall be approximately 1.5 times the
radius of action of the vibrator and overlay the adjacent, just-vibrated area by
approximately 100 mm. The vibrator shall penetrate rapidly to the bottom of the layer and
at least 150 mm (6 inches) into the layer below, if such a layer exists. It shall be held
stationary until the concrete is consolidated and then withdrawn slowly at the rate of
about 75 mm (3 inches) per second.

3.2.3 Hot-Weather Requirements

When the rate of evaporation of surface moisture, as determined by use of Figure 1 of

ACI 308, is expected to exceed 1 kilogram per square meter (0.2 pound per square foot)
per hour, provisions for windbreaks, shading, fog spraying, or covering with a light-
colored material shall be made in advance of placement, and such protective measures
shall be taken as quickly as finishing operations will allow.

3.3 FORM REMOVAL

Forms shall not be removed before the expiration of 24 hours after concrete placement
except where otherwise specifically authorized. Supporting forms and shoring shall not be
removed until the concrete has cured for at least 5 days. When conditions on the work
are such as to justify the requirement, forms will be required to remain in place for longer
periods.

3.4 FINISHING

3.4.1 General

No finishing or repair will be done when either the concrete or the ambient temperature is
below 10 degrees C. (50 degrees F).

3.4.2 Finishing Formed Surfaces

All fins and loose materials shall be removed, and surface defects including tie holes shall
be filled. All honeycomb areas and other defects shall be repaired. All unsound concrete
shall be removed from areas to be repaired. Surface defects greater than 13 mm (1/2
inch) in diameter and holes left by removal of tie rods in all surfaces not to receive
additional concrete shall be reamed or chipped and filled with dry-pack mortar. The
prepared area shall be brush-coated with an approved epoxy resin or latex bonding
compound or with a neat cement grout after dampening and filled with mortar or concrete.
The cement used in mortar or concrete for repairs to all surfaces permanently exposed to
view shall be a blend of Portland cement and white cement so that the final color when
cured will be the same as adjacent concrete.

3.4.3 Finishing Unformed Surfaces

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All unformed surfaces that are not to be covered by additional concrete or backfill shall be
float finished to elevations shown, unless otherwise specified. Surfaces to receive
additional concrete or backfill shall be brought to the elevations shown and left as a true
and regular surface. Exterior surfaces shall be sloped for drainage unless otherwise
shown. Joints shall be carefully made with a jointing tool. Unformed surfaces shall be
finished to a tolerance of 10 mm (3/8 inch) for a float finish and 8 mm (5/16 inch) for a
trowel finish as determined by a 3 m (10 foot) straightedge placed on surfaces shown on
the plans to be level or having a constant slope. Finishing shall not be performed while
there is excess moisture or bleeding water on the surface. No water or cement shall be
added to the surface during finishing.

3.4.3.11 Trowel Finish

Trowelling shall be done immediately following floating to provide a smooth, even, dense
finish free from blemishes including trowel marks. Finished surfaces shall be protected
from damage during the construction period.

3.4.3.12 Broom Finish

The concrete shall be screeded and floated to required finish plane with no coarse
aggregate visible. After surface moisture disappears, the surface shall be broomed or
brushed with a broom or fiber bristle brush in a direction transverse to that of the main
traffic or as directed.

3.4.3.13 Expansion and Contraction Joints

Expansion and contraction joints shall be made in accordance with the details shown or
as otherwise specified. Provide 12 mm (1/2 inch) thick transverse expansion joints where
new work abuts an existing concrete. Expansion joints shall be provided at a maximum
spacing of 10 m (30 feet) on center in sidewalks, unless otherwise indicated. Contraction
joints shall be provided at a maximum spacing of 2 linear meters (6 linear feet in
sidewalks, unless otherwise indicated. Contraction joints shall be cut at a minimum of 25
mm (1 inch) deep with a jointing tool after the surface has been finished.

3.5 CURING AND PROTECTION

Beginning immediately after placement and continuing for at least 7 days, [except for
concrete made with Type III cement, at least 3 days,] all concrete shall be cured and
protected from premature drying, extremes in temperature, rapid temperature change,
mechanical damage, and exposure to rain or flowing water. All materials and equipment
needed for adequate curing and protection shall be available and at the site of the
placement prior to the start of concrete placement. Preservation of moisture for concrete
surfaces not in contact with forms shall be accomplished by one of the following methods:

a. Continuous sprinkling or ponding.

b. Application of absorptive mats or fabrics kept continuously wet.

c. Application of sand kept continuously wet.

d. Application of impervious sheet material conforming to ASTM C 171.

e. Application of membrane-forming curing compound conforming to ASTM C 309, Type

1-D, on surfaces permanently exposed to view and Type 2 on other surfaces shall be
accomplished in accordance with manufacturer's instructions.

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The preservation of moisture for concrete surfaces placed against wooden forms shall be
accomplished by keeping the forms continuously wet for 7 days , except for concrete
made with Type III cement, 3 days. If forms are removed prior to end of the required
curing period, other curing methods shall be used for the balance of the curing period.
During the period of protection removal, the temperature of the air in contact with the
concrete shall not be allowed to drop more than 15 degrees C 25 degrees F within a 24
hour period.

3.6 TESTS AND INSPECTIONS

3.6.1 General

The individuals who sample and test concrete as required in this specification shall have
demonstrated a knowledge and ability to perform the necessary test procedures
equivalent to the ACI minimum guidelines for certification of Concrete Field Testing
Technicians, Grade I.

3.6.2 Inspection Details and Frequency of Testing

3.6.2.1 Preparations for Placing

Foundation or construction joints, forms, and embedded items shall be inspected in

sufficient time prior to each concrete placement by the Contractor to certify that it is ready
to receive concrete.

3.6.2.2 Air Content

Air content shall be checked at least once during each shift that concrete is placed for
each class of concrete required. Samples shall be obtained in accordance with ASTM C
172 and tested in accordance with ASTM C 231.

3.6.2.3 Slump

Slump shall be checked once during each shift that concrete is produced for each class of
concrete required. Samples shall be obtained in accordance with ASTM C 172 and tested
in accordance with ASTM C 143/C 143M.

3.6.2.4 Consolidation and Protection

The Contractor shall ensure that the concrete is properly consolidated, finished,
protected, and cured.

3.6.3 Action Required

3.6.3.1 Placing

The placing foreman shall not permit placing to begin until he has verified that an
adequate number of acceptable vibrators, which are in working order and have
competent operators, are available.

3.6.3.2 Air Content

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Whenever a test result is outside the specification limits, the concrete shall not be
delivered to the forms and an adjustment shall be made to the dosage of the air-
entrainment admixture.

3.6.3.3 Slump

Whenever a test result is outside the specification limits, the concrete shall not be
delivered to the forms and an adjustment should be made in the batch weights of water
and fine aggregate. The adjustments are to be made so that the water-cement ratio does
not exceed that specified in the submitted concrete mixture proportion.

3.6.4 Reports

The results of all tests and inspections conducted at the project site shall be reported
informally at the end of each shift and in writing weekly and shall be delivered within 3
days after the end of each weekly reporting period. See Section 01451 CONTRACTOR
QUALITY CONTROL.

***End of Section***

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