Electromagnetic scattering from a coated notched cylinder

R. RUPPINAND H. YATOM
Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne, Israel 70600
Received September 24, 1988

The problem of electromagnetic scattering of a normally incident plane wave from a coated conducting notched cylinder is
solved. The coating material and the notch material are arbitrary dielectrics, and the incident wave is either transverse electric
or transverse magnetic polarized. The numerical results of backscattering cross-section calculations are presented, and the
dependence of the cross section on the various physical parameters is investigated. The coated notched cylinder system possesses
characteristic electromagnetic resonances that manifest themselves in the scattering spectra.
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Le problkme de la diffusion ClectromagnCtique d'une onde plane, a incidence normale, par un cylindre conducteur encochC
recouvert d'un enduit est rCsolu. L'enduit et l'encoche sont faits d'un materiel dielectrique arbitraire, et l'onde incidente est
polarisCe transverse Clectrique ou transverse magnCtique. On prCsente des rCsultats numCriques de calculs de la section efficace
de rCtrodiffusion et on examine la variation de cette section efficace en fonction des divers paramktres physiques. Le systkme
du cylindre encochC avec enduit possbde des risonances ClectromagnCtiques caracteristiques qui se manifestent dans le spectre
de diffusion.
[Traduit par la revue]
Can.J. Phys. 67,587 (1989)

1. Introduction where the assumed eJW'time dependence is suppressed. Here

HA2) is the Hankel function of the second kind. For r, > r we
The problem of electromagnetic~scatteringat normal inci-
can expand [ 1] in the form
dence from a notched conducting cvlinder has been treated bv
2
. d

Billingsley and Sinclair (1). Their approach involves expan-

For personal use only.

sions of the fields in cylindrical wavefunctions and an appli- [2] El = -

W o l
- g,"'
(k,r,)~~(k,r)e~"~~-~)
cation of a reciprocity theorem. In the present work, an 4 ,=-,
improved version of this technique is applied to the more com- where Jn is the cylindrical Bessel function. Assuming a very
plicated case, in which the notched cylinder is coated by a die- distant source, we use the asymptotic form of HA2), so that [2]
lectric cylindrical shell. becomes
We consider a conducting notched cylinder of radius R,,
which is surrounded by a dielectric cylindrical shell with outer
radius R, (Fig. 1). The dielectric materials of regions one and
two have dielectric constants E , and E,, respectively. The cor-
responding propagation constants are k, = W ( E , ~ , , )where
~/~ where r = exp( -jkr,). To this we add a scattered
i = 1, 2 whereas that of medium three (free space) is k, = field of the same form but with Jnreplaced by Hi') and with
W(&,CL,)'/~. unknown coefficients a,,. Thus, the total electric field in region
We note here that our choice of the system of coordinates three is
differs from that of Billingsley and Sinclair (1). Whereas we
choose the x-axis to bisect the notch, they have employed a less
symmetric choice, with the x-axis along one of the walls of the
notch. As a result, in comparable cases (without a coating) our
formulas are considerably simpler than theirs. Furthermore,
unlike Billingsley and Sinclair we allow the notch material to
+ a,,H r ) (k0r)]ejn9
be a dielectric. We note also that the special case Q, = 90", and the c$ component of the corresponding magnetic field is
without a coating, has been treated by Hurd and Sachdeva (2),
who have employed a quasi-static method which is applicable
for kJ?, < 1.
The theory for transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse elec-
tric (TE) polarizations will be derived in Sect. 2 and 3, respec- x [JA (k,~) + a,,Hn(')' (kor)]ejn9
tively. The reduction to the simpler case of an uncoated notched
cylinder will be presented in Sect. 4. Our numerical results will The fields in region two are expanded in the form
be presented and discussed in Sect. 5 .
2. Theory for transverse magnetic polarization
The electric field has only a z component, and the source is
a current filament parallel to the z-axis at (r,, 4,) and of uniform
amplitude 1. The incident electric field due to this source is (3)
[71 ~ $ jkJr
-1 ~
4
2
.=-,
[A,,JA(k2r) + ~ , , ~ , ' , ( k ~ r ) ] e j ~ ' ~

where Nn is the cylindrical Neumann function. Let the real fields

at r = Ribe represented as
Pnnled in Canadailmprlmb au Canada
 CAN. J. PHYS. VOL. 67. 1989

where

[14] Nq,= 1
4/2
- 0/2
sin q+ s i n ( 2 ~ 1 + / 0 d+
)

E,(R,, +) is given by [ 8 ] in the interval S @ / 2 and vanishes

on the cylinder surface > @ / 2 . It is therefore known over
+
the complete range of and can be expanded in a Fourier series
as
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Equating the fields [ 6 ] and [ 7 ] , evaluated at r = R,, with the

corresponding fields [15] and [ 9 ] , we can solve for the coef-
ficients A, and B,, with the result

FIG. 1. Coated notched cylinder geometry and choice of coordinate

system.
In obtaining [16] and 1171 we have used the Wronskian
Ir " formula ( 5 )
For personal use only.

E2(Ri,+) = j-q - a, sin K+

Ri , = I 2
181 [ 181 J,(z)N:,(z) - N,(z)JA(z) = -
'Trz
We now impose the requirement that E, and H,+ be continuous
at the boundary between regions two and three. Equating [ 4 ]
and [ 5 ] with [ 6 ] and [ 7 ] , respectively, where all quantities are
evaluated at r = R e , we obtain
where -q = is the intrinsic impedance of free space.
Following Billingsley and Sinclair ( I ) , we apply the reci-
procity theorem to region one, taking some finite length in the
z direction. Since there exist no sources inside this region, the
reciprocity theorem requires ( 4 )
P

where the integration is over the surface enclosing region one.

Here E and H are the real fields and E l and H I are the auxiliary
fields, for which an appropriate choice is
where
+ J: einl(w/2) - $01
I
[ l l ] E, = J,(k,r)sin u+, v = 2'~rl/@, 1 = I , 2 , ...

Substituting the fields [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ l 1 1 , and [I21 into [ l o ] we find

that the integrations over the end caps of region one are the 1231 J:= Jn(k&e)Wn(Ri~ Re) +; $ ~ ; ~ ' ( k & e ) ~ n (Ri)
~ej
-2
same, because the fields are independent of z. Since the out-
ward normals to these surfaces are oppositely directed, the two [241 W,(R,, R,) = J,,(k$,)NA(k$,) - N,(k$a)J~l(k$b)
integrals cancel. Furthermore, the integrals over the walls of
the notch, += ? @ / 2 , do not contribute because the z corn- [25] c,(R,, R,) = j,(k$,)~,(k$,) - N,(k$,)J,(k$,)
ponent of the electric fields E and E l vanishes on these walls.
Thus, only the integration over the surface r = R,, < @/2, [261 D,(R,> Rb) = J;(k$,)N;(k$b) - NA(k$,)J;(k$d
remains and this yields

Substituting b , as given by [19] into [ 1 3 ] , we obtain the fol-

lowing system of linear equations for the coefficients a,:
 RUPPIN AND YATOM 589
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For personal use only.

FIG.2. The TE backscattering cross section of a notched cylinder FIG. 3. The TM backscattering cross section of a notched cylinder
(in units of the corresponding cross section of a full cylinder) with (in units of the corresponding cross section of a full cylinder) with
k,R = 10, E , = E,, and (a) @ = 10"; (b) @ = 20"; (c) @ = 30". +, k,R = 10, E , = E,, and (a) @ = 10"; (b) @ = 20"; (c) @ = 30". +,
is the angle of incidence. is the angle of incidence.

The derivation of the scattering properties is analogous to that

of Sect. 2, and only the results will be presented here. The ratio
of the scattered to incident magnetic field is given by
Using the coefficients a,,from [20], we find that the ratio of
the scattered to incident electric field is given by

+ (- 1)" J? cos n(+ - +o) where the coefficients a , are the solutions of the system of lin-
ear equations
In deriving [28] and [29] we have used the relation N - , =
- Nnp, which follows from [14].

3. Theory for transverse electric polarization

The magnetic field has a z component only, and the source
at (rO,+0) is a magnetic current filament of amplitude K. The
incident magnetic field due to this source is ( 3 )
 590 CAN. J. PHYS. VOL. 67, 1989
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For personal use only.

FIG.4. The TE backscattering cross section of a notched cylinder

with koR = 3 , @ = So, and (a) E , = E,; ( b ) E , = 5 ~ , (c)
; E, = 1 5 ~ ~ ;
(4 E l = 20Eo
F I G . 5 . The TE backscattering cross section of a coated notched
cylinder with koRi = 10, koR, = 10.5, E , = 5 ~ , E, , = E , , and (a)
@ = lo0; (b) @ = 30".
Here u = 2 ~ l / @ E, , = 1 if 1 = 0, el = 2 if 1 # 0, and
4.1. Transverse magnetic polarization
The coefficients a,, are obtained by solving the system of
linear equations

[36] Mql= J ' cos q+ cos(2al+/@) d+

- @/2 and the scattered to incident field ratio is

In deriving [3 11 and [32] we have used the symmetry property

M p q I= M,,.

4. Uncoated cylinder
The results for the case of a notched uncoated cylinder are 4.2. Transverse electric polarization
obtained from those of Sects. 2 and 3 by letting Ri = R, = R. The equations for a, are
We then find that C, and Dl, vanish, whereas W, = 2/nk2R
and GI, = 4 / ( ~ k , R ) ~The
. results of Sects. 2 and 3 reduce to
the following form.
 RUPPIN AND YATOM 59 1

of p . For a notched cylinder we obtain the coefficients a, by

solving the system of linear equations [28] for the TM case, or
the system [32] for the TE case. Of course, the equations have
to be~truncatedat some large enough value ofp. he appropriate
value ofp,,, is determined by comparing results for increasing
values of pMA, until convergence is achieved. The value of
pMAxincreases with k&,, and for the examples presented here
the value pMAX= 25 is found to be adequate.
We first present numerical results for uncoated cylinders, to
demonstrate some interesting effects, which to our knowledge
have not been discussed before. The backscattering cross sec-
tion of a cylinder of size koR = 10 with an empty (E, = 1)
notch and various openings (a = lo0, 20°, and 30") is shown
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in Fig. 2 (TE) and Fig. 3 (TM) as a function of the angle of

incidence. The cross section is found to oscillate around the full
cylinder value, and the magnitude of the oscillations increases
with increasing notch angle. The effect of the notch is smallest
for angles of incidence close to 180°, i.e., when the radiation
impinges on the unnotched side of the cylinder. We note also
that for the TM case, the cross section is exactly equal to that
of the full cylinder for incidence angles of 0" and 180" (as can
be proven directly from [29]). For small notch angles, in the
order of 10" or less, the deviation of the TM cross section from
that of a full cylinder is very small.
We next investigate the dependence of the cross section on
the dielectric constant E , of the notch material (still without a
FIG.6 . The TE backscattering cross section of a coated notched
+
coating). The TE results fork& = 3, = 5", and four different
For personal use only.

choices of E , are shown in Fig. 4. When the relative dielectric

cylinder with koRi = 5 , koR, = 5 . 1 , Q, = l o o , E~ = S E ~ and
, (a) E ,
= Eo; ( b ) E l = E 2 .
constant is increased from 1 to 5 the oscillations decrease
sharply. However, for E,/E, = 15 the oscillations are again
strong, while for E,/E, = 20 they are weak. These results, as
well as those of many other computer scattering experiments
that we have performed, provide a manifestation of the exist-
ence of electromagnetic resonances of the system. Thus, when
and the field ratios are the dielectric constant of the notch material is varied continu-
ously, the cross section oscillates, attaining its maxima at the
resonance frequencies of the structure. The electromagnetic
resonances can also be traced by other procedures, e.g., by
keeping E , unchanged and varying the radius of the cylinder
(or the frequency) continuously. Examples of results for a coated
notched cylinder are presented in Fig. 5. Again an oscillatory
behaviour occurs, and the magnitude of the oscillations
Comparing [37] - [40]with the corresponding formulas derived
increases with increasing notch angle. In Fig. 6, we demon-
by Billingsley and Sinclair (I), who have only treated the case
strate the large effects that can occur when the notch material
k, = ko, we find that our results are simpler. This is due to our
is changed from air (E, = E,) to the coating material (E, = E,).
more symmetric choice of the system of coordinates, as dis-
In conclusion, we have presented a method for calculating
cussed in Sect. 1.
the electromagnetic scattering from a coated notched cylinder.
We have found that the scattering spectra exhibit an oscillatory
5. Numerical results and discussion behaviour, which reveals the existence of electromagnetic res-
We have calculated the backscattering cross section per unit onances of the system. In the uncoated cylinder limit our method
length, which is defined by is similar to that of ref. 1, but our method is mathematically
simpler and also more general in that the notch material can be
[41] uTM= lim 2 n r l g / ~ t 1 ~
'r " a dielectric.
[42] u,, = lim 2 n r l ~ l X 1 ~ 1. J. B. BILLINGSLEY and G. SINCLAIR. Can. J. Phys. 44,3217 (1966).
r- m
2 . R . A. HURD and B. K. SACHDEVA. J. A p p l Phys. 46, 1547 (1975).
for the TM and TE polarizations, respectively, where the scat- 3 . R . F. HARRINGTON. Time harmon;cA electromagnetic fields.
tered field is evaluated at $ = +,. Our numerical results are McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. 1961.
4 . D . S. JONES.The theory of electromagnetism. Pergamon Press
presented in units of the corresponding backscattering cross Ltd., Oxford, England. 1964.
sections of a full cylinder. The results for unnotched cylinders 5 . M, ABRAMOWm and I. A . STEGUN. of mathematical
are obtained from [29] and [311 by letting a, = 0 for all values functions. Dover Publications Inc., New York, NY. 1965.