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The document provides an overview of the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), detailing its significance as a premier institute for pharmaceutical education in India. It outlines the admission process, entrance exam details, and various postgraduate and doctorate programs offered, along with essential dates and application procedures. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of balancing enjoyment and study for students preparing for the GPAT/GATE exams.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

1K views114 pages

Sample PDF - Niper at Your Fingertips - Theory - New

Uploaded by

ayush pathak

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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THEORY NIPER AT YOUR FINGERTIPS : NIPER ATA GLANCE

NIPER AT A GLANCE

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Now your GPAT/GATE result have been declared you might be enjoying last day of your college life (writing slams,
enjoying parties etc.) but remember that you have not still achieved your final destination because there is no place

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in India like NIPER for pursuing your post graduate education. So you should have proper balance between your
enjoyment and study.

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This Book NIPER AT YOUR FINGERTIPS,, will make your NIPER preparation easier and more oriented. Any rank

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qualified ranker in GPAT, also get admission in NIPER by their hard work in rest period of time, We will prove this
again in coming months.

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Information About NIPER

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The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) at S.A.S Nagar (Mohali) created as a
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Centre of Excellence for imparting higher education, research and development in pharmaceutical sciences and
management is the first Institute of its kind in the country, The Institute was declared as an Institute of National
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Importance by Government of India through an Act of Parliament, notified on 26th June 1998.
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NIPER conducts an entrance exam for candidates aspiring to make a career in Pharmacy by seeking admission into
various Postgraduate and Doctorate level courses. It evaluates the aptitude of candidates for courses like MS (Pharm.),
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M Pharma, MTech (Pharm.), PhD and MBA (Pharm.).

Different NIPER across India
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 NIPER, Mohali - www.niper.nic.in

 NIPER, Ahmedabad - www.niperahm.ac.in
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 NIPER, Guwahati - www.niperguwahati.ac.in

 NIPER, Hajipur - www.niperhajipur.ac.in
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 NIPER, Hyderabad - www.niperhyd.ac.in

 NIPER, Kolkata - www.niperkolkata.edu.in

 NIPER, Raebareli - www.niperraebareli.edu.in

NIPER Act empowers the Institute vide following Sections
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Section 7(ii) “to concentrate on courses leading to masters degree, doctoral and post doctoral courses and research in
pharmaceutical education”. Section 7 (iii) “to hold examinations and grant degrees”.
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Section 32 “Notwithstanding anything contained in the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 or in any other law
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for the time being in force, the Institute shall have power to grant degrees and other academic distinctions and titles
under this Act”.
Institute is awarding degrees like Ph.D.; M.Pharm.; M.Tech. (Pharm.); M.S.(Pharm.) and M.B.A. (Pharm.) As mandated
to it by Section 7 (ii), (iii) and Section 32 of the NIPER Act 1998.

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teaching institutes

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4. Collaboration with Indian industries to meet the global challenges

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5. National/International collaborative research
6. Curriculum and media development

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7. Study of sociological aspects of drug 'use and abuse', and rural pharmacy, etc
8. Conducting programmes on drug surveillance, community pharmacy and pharmaceutical management

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NIPER JEE Highlights

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EXAM PARTICULARS EXAM DETAILS

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National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Name of exam

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Education and Research Joint Entrance Exam

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National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Conducting body
Education and Research
Exam Level
Exam Frequency Once a year
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Postgraduate exam at the National level
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Mode of Exam Computed Based Test (CBT)
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M.Pharm, MTech (Pharm), MBA (Pharm), and

Courses offered through Entrance Exam
PhD
• Qualified degree with a minimum 60%
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Eligibility marks
• Qualified in GPAT/GATE/NET
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Exam Fees
Admission Test for M.S. (Pharm.) / Gen/OBC/PwBD/EWS 3,000/-
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M.Pharm. /MBA (Pharm.) courses SC/ST 1,500/-

Admission Test for M.Tech./ M.Tech.
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Gen/OBC/PwBD/EWS 3,000/-
Courses (Biotechnology / Process
Chemistry / Medicinal Chemistry and
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Medical Devices) SC/0.5ST 1,500/-

If any candidate willing to apply for Gen/OBC/PwBD/EWS 4,500/-

both the programmes SC/ST 2,500/-
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Exam Duration 120 minutes (2 hours)

No. of Papers and Total Marks Paper-1 of 100 marks
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Section – A
25% Question - General English, Aptitude,
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Reasoning, and General Knowledge

• 0.5 for each correct response

• -0.125 for each incorrect response
Marking Scheme
• No marks for unattempted or unanswered
questions
Language/Medium of Exam English

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NIPER (Mohali, Raebareli, Kolkata, Hajipur,
Colleges Accepting Exam Score

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Ahmedabad, Guwahati, Hyderabad)
No. of Test Cities 20 all over India (As per present data)

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http://www.niperguwahati.ac.in/ and
Official Website

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websites of other NIPERS
Technical helpline email address:
Contact Details
Helpdesk :- niperjee@niperguwahati.in

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Important Dates for Admission

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TENTATIVE IMPORTANT DATES FOR ADMISSION

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Commencement of online application

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Last date for online application
Check the important dates
Downloading of the Hall-tickets
Online NIPER JEE 2025 Examination
of NIPER JEE from the R
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official website of NIPER
Declaration of results on the website institutes.
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(www.niperguwahati.ac.in)
Group discussion of MBA candidates and Physical counselling
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NIPER JEE Admission Process

The NIPER exam admission process involves the whole procedure to secure a seat via any of the entrance examina-
tions. The process involves filling in application forms to attend the counselling and submitting the admission fee.
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Below are the brief steps of the admission process

 Registration/Application form filling: Candidates have to provide their personal details academic details,
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upload their recent passport-size photograph and the scanned image of their signature, and submit the
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application fee to conclude the process.

 Download the Admit Card: The conducting body will release the admit card at least ten or seven days
before the entrance exam, and candidates have to download and take a printout of the admit card.
 Appear for the entrance exam: The candidates must appear for the entrance exam by reporting to the
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allotted centre at the prescribed time and date. Candidates will not be allowed to enter the exam hall without
producing a hard copy of the admit card.
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 Attend the counselling: Candidates have to attend the counselling before a personal interview. According
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to the choice of selected college, candidates will be allotted seats as per their merit.
 Fee submission and attending classes: After the seats are allotted, candidates have to submit the admission
fee and the tuition fee at the allotted institutes and attend the classes on the prescribed dates.

How to Fill NIPER JEE Exam Application Form

NIPER has begun the application process. Candidates can start filling out the NIPER JEE application form in online
mode at the official website of NIPER. Candidates can apply by following the steps listed below:
 Visit the official website of NIPER, niperguwahati.ac.in or other NIPER website who conducted the exam

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 Click on the registration link and create a new user ID and password

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 Candidates have to log in to their account by clicking the link sent on the registered mail ID post the

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registration process.
 Candidates have to provide all the details in the application form, such as Name, Address, Date of Birth,

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Father’s Name, Category, and Subject applied for.
 After filling out the application form, candidates must pay the application fee.

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 The application fee is payable via Credit or Debit card, Net Banking or E-Challan
 A confirmation page will appear after the payment is done, and candidates now have to submit and initiate

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a digital signature.
 Candidates now have to upload their photo ID proof and Address proof, Tenth, and Twelfth Mark sheet,

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Reservation certificate (if applicable), Medical certificate (if applying under handicapped category), valid

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GATE, GPAT or NET Scorecard (if applicable), and Passport-sized Photograph along with the digital signature.

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 Candidates must take a printout of the filled application form for future reference.

How to Check NIPER JEE Exam Result R

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The conducting body of the exam will announce the NIPER JEE result on its official website. Candidates can access
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the result online and download the scorecards/result in PDF format.

Candidates can refer to the step-by-step guide on how to view and download the NIPER JEE exam result below:
 Visit the NIPER’s official website, www.niperguwahati.ac.in or other NIPER Website
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 Click on the ‘NIPER JEE’ button

 Click on ‘NIPER JEE– Result for MBA Programme’ and ‘NIPER JEE - Result for M.S.(Pharm.)/M.Pharm./
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M.Tech.(Pharm.) Programme’ link in the NIPER exam result Section at the top.
 The result will appear on the Screen in PDF format, and candidates can find their AIR by searching for their
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Application Number using Ctrl+F.

NIPER JEE Counselling

 After the results are announced, shortlisted candidates will be contacted for an interview and group discussion.
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 A new merit list will be published based on the combined marks of the online exam, interview, and community
discussion.
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 Candidates who are shortlisted will be able to engage in the counselling.

 Candidates will be asked to fill out their college preferences during the counselling.
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Documents to be Submitted
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During the counselling process, documents will be checked. Please see the list of necessary documents below.
 Matriculation Certificate (Proof of age and correct name)
 Mark sheets of all semesters/ years of the qualifying degree
 GPAT/ GATE/ NET score card (Wherever applicable)

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 Sponsorship certificate from the employer in case of Government/ Industry sponsored candidates.

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 Documentary proof supports the NRI status (Only for MBA Pharm.)

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 Affidavit to be provided in the form of Undertaking
 Undertaking to be given by the parents regarding ragging for their wards to abide by the rules of NIPER

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 Attested copy of Aadhar Card

Academic Program

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The institute offers the students various courses viz. M. Pharm, M. Tech. (Pharm), M.S (Pharm.) and Ph.D. Programmesin
various departments every year.

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First bring good rank in entrance
Specialization branch you can select at time of counseling.

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ACADEMIC PROGRAM: AVAILABILITY AT VARIOUS NIPERs AND QUALIFYING DEGREES
M.S.(Pharm.); M.Pharm.; M.Tech. (Pharm.), M.B.A. (Pharm.)
Departments/Disciplines, Offering NIPERs and Eligibility Criteria R
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Medicinal Chemistry M.S. (Pharm.)
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Offering NIPERs Ahmedabad, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Raebareli, S.A.S.

Nagar
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Qualifying Degrees B. Pharm. / M.Sc. (Organic Chemistry)

Natural Products M.S. (Pharm.)
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Offering NIPERs Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Kolkata, S.A.S. Nagar

Qualifying Degrees B.Pharm. / M.Sc. (Organic Chemistry)

Traditional Medicine M.S. (Pharm.)
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Offering NIPERs S.A.S. Nagar

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Qualifying Degrees B.Pharm./ B.A.M.S./ M.Sc. (Botany)

Pharmaceutical Analysis M.S. (Pharm.)
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Offering NIPERs Ahmedabad, Guwahati, Hajipur, Hyderabad, Kolkata, S.A.S.

Nagar, Raebareli
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Qualifying Degrees B.Pharm./ M.Sc. (Organic/Analytical Chemistry)

Pharmacology & Toxicology M.S. (Pharm.)

Offering NIPERs Ahmedabad, Guwahati, Hajipur, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Raebareli,
S.A.S. Nagar
Qualifying Degrees B.Pharm./ B.V.Sc./ M.B.B.S

Regulatory Toxicology M.S. (Pharm.)

Offering NIPERs Raebareli, S.A.S. Nagar
Qualifying Degrees B. Pharm./ B.V.Sc./ M.Sc (Pharmacology/ Toxicology /Life
Sciences/Biochemistry/Medical Biotechnology/ Zoology)/

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M.B.B.S

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Pharmaceutics M.S (Pharm.)

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Offering NIPERs Ahmedabad, Guwahati, Hajipur, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Raebareli,
S.A.S. Nagar

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Qualifying Degrees B. Pharm.
Pharmacoinformatics M.S. (Pharm.)

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Offering NIPERs Hyderabad, Kolkata, S.A.S. Nagar

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Qualifying Degrees B.Pharm./ B.Tech. (Bioinformatics)/ M.Sc. (Organic/ Physical/
Pharmaceutical Chemistry/Biochemistry/
Biotechnology/Molecular Biology/Bioinformatics/ Microbiology)

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Regulatory Affairs M.S. (Pharm.)

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Offering NIPERs Hyderabad, Raebareli

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Qualifying Degrees B.Pharm./ B. Tech./B.E. (Biotechnology/ Biomedical
Engineering/Chemical Engineering or equivalent), M.B.B.S / BDS
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/ B.V.Sc./ M.Sc. (Biotechnology/ Microbiology/Food Science/
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Life Sciences/ Chemical Sciences/Pharmacology/ Toxicology)
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MASTER OF PHARMACY (M.PHARM) PROGRAMMES

Pharmaceutical Technology M.Pharm.
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(Formulations)
Offering NIPERs Guwahati, S.A.S Nagar
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Qualifying Degree B.pharm.

Pharmacy Practice M.Pharm
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Offering NIPERs Guwahati, Hajipur, S.A.S Nagar

Qualifying Degree B.pharm.

Clinical Research M.Pharm

Offering NIPERs S.A.S Nagar

Qualifying Degree B.pharm.
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MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMMES

Biotechnology /
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Pharmaceutical Technology M.Tech

(Biotechnology)*
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Ahmedabad, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Raebareli, S.A.S.

Pharmaceutical Technology
(Process Chemistry)/ M.Tech
Medicinal Chemistry#
Offering NIPERs Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, S.A.S. Nagar

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B.Pharm./M.Sc. (Organic Chemistry), B.Tech (Chemical Engineering
Qualifying Degree
or equivalent)

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Medical Devices M.Tech

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Offering NIPERs Ahmedabad, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata, S.A.S. Nagar

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B. Pharm./ M.B.B.S / BDS / B.V.Sc / B.E or B.Tech (Biotechnology /
Biomedical / Biophysics / Electronics / Instrumentation /
Mechanical / Biochemical / Health Sciences or allied subjects) / 4-

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year BS course (Chemistry/ Mathematics & Computing/ Physics/

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Qualifying Degree Programming/Data Science) / Post Graduation in Chemical
Sciences / Life Sciences / Material Sciences / Physical Sciences /
Biotechnology / Biomedical / Biophysics / Electronics /

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Instrumentation / Biochemical / Health Sciences, Medical science

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& Technology or allied subjects as applicable in GATE/ NET.

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MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION PROGRAMMES
Pharmaceutical Management Pharmaceutical MBA
Offering NIPERs S.A.S Nagar
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Qualifying Degree B.Pharm./B.Tech (Chemical Engineering or Equivalent) M.Sc.

(Chemical/Life Science)

Seat Matrix o f M
Master
a ste Programmes at NIPERs
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S. N. COURSE/DISCIPLINE SEATS
Master of Science (M.S. Pharm.)
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1. Medicinal Chemistry 122

2. Natural Products 58
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3. Traditional Medicine 05
4. Pharmaceutical Analysis 108
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5. Pharmacology & Toxicology 140

6. Regulatory Toxicology 21
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7. Pharmaceutics 142
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8. Pharmacoinformatics 37
9. Regulatory Affairs 18
Master of Pharmacy (M. Pharm.)
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10. Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations) 23

11. Pharmacy Practice 35
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12. Clinical Research 09

Master of Technology (M. Tech.)
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13. Biotechnology / Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)* 120

NIPER S.A.S NAGAR

Indian Pharma Industry has been a global leader in generic drugs. In order to acquire leadership position in drug
discovery and development and to continue to excel in the formulations and Biological Sciences, the Government of
India recognized that the human resources/talent pool is very critical. Thus, the Government of India set up the
“National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) at S.A.S. Nagar Mohali” in 1991 as a registered

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society under Society Registered Act, 1860. NIPER S.A.S Nagar has secured 1st rank in India, 7th rank in Asia and 44th

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rank globally according to QS World University Rankings in Pharmacy and Pharmacology subject category. NIPER

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has also been ranked 4th in MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) in pharmacy category. NIPER S.A.S.
Nagar is a member of the Association of Indian Universities. Since its inception, 3395 Master’s, 744 MBA, and

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404 Ph.D. students have graduated from NIPER S.A.S. Nagar. Institute is involved in cutting-edge research in various
nationally recognized disease areas, very well documented and exemplified by the publication of 2984 research

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papers and filing of 237 patents out of which 131 have been granted and 5 trademarks.
The aims of NIPER S.A.S. Nagar are achieved by :

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1. Teaching activities M.S. (Pharm.), M.Tech. (Pharm.), MBA (Pharm.) & Ph.D. courses are being offered.
2. Research and Development activities - Sponsored research projects/consultancy/Project handling/upscaling.

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3. Support to industry - The Institute provides support to the industry through its service centres viz Library
& Information Centre, Central Instrumentation Laboratory, National Toxicology Centre, Small & Medium

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Pharmaceutical Industry Centre, Technical Development Centre, National Bioavailability Centre, NPIE etc.)

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Courses Disciplines No. of Seats
Medicinal Chemistry 22
Natural Products R 18
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Traditional Medicine 5
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Pharmaceutical Analysis 9
M.S. (Pharm)
Pharmacology & Toxicology 24
Regulatory Toxicology 9
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Pharmaceutics 21
Pharmacoinformatics 17
Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulation) 7
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M.Pharm Pharmacy Practice 9

Clinical Research 9
Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology) 30
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M.Tech. (Pharm) Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry) 10

Medical Devices 10
M.B.A. (Pharm) Pharmaceutical Management 50
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TOTAL SEATS 250

NIPER AHMEDABAD

Courses Disciplines No. of Seats

Medicinal Chemistry 20
Natural Products 20
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M.S. (Pharm) Pharmaceutical Analysis 20

Pharmacology & Toxicology 20
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NIPER HAJIPUR

Courses Disciplines No. of Seats

Pharmaceutical Analysis 12
M.S. (Pharm)
Pharmacology & Toxicology 18

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Pharmaceutics 20
M.Pharm Pharmacy Practice 10

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TOTAL SEATS 60

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NIPER HYDERABAD

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Courses Disciplines No. of Seats
Medicinal Chemistry 20

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Natural Products 10

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Pharmaceutical Analysis 20
M.S. (Pharm) Pharmacology & Toxicology 25

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Pharmaceutics 25
Pharmacoinformatics 10

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Regulatory Affairs 10

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Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology) 20
M.Tech. (Pharm) Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry) 20
Medical Devices R 10
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TOTAL SEATS 170
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NIPER GUWAHATI

Courses Disciplines No. of Seats

Medicinal Chemistry 25
Pharmaceutical Analysis 27
M.S. (Pharm)
Pharmacology & Toxicology 22
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Pharmaceutics 22
Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulation) 16
M.Pharm
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Pharmacy Practice 16
Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology) 20
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M.Tech. (Pharm)
Medical Devices 12
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TOTAL SEATS 160

NIPER KOLKATA

Courses Disciplines No. of Seats

Medicinal Chemistry 18
Natural Products 10
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Pharmaceutical Analysis 10
M.S. (Pharm)
Pharmacology & Toxicology 16
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NIPER RAEBARELI

Courses Disciplines No. of Seats

Medicinal Chemistry 17
Pharmaceutical Analysis 10

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Pharmacology & Toxicology 15
M.S. (Pharm)

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Regulatory Toxicology 12
Pharmaceutics 18

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Regulatory Affairs 8

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M.Tech. (Pharm) Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology) 20
TOTAL SEATS 100

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Note : Seats may subject to change

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Highlights From The Placement Cell

 NIPER AHMEDABAD PLACEMENT STATISTICS

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Opted for
Batch Total Students Higher Studies % of Placement
Placement

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2015-17 54 2 52 92.3%
2016-18 69 9 60 90.0%
2017-19 72 25 R 47 97.9%
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2018-20 96 18 78 83.3%
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2019-21 107 22 85 98.8%

2020-22 142 25 117 95.7% *
2021-23 151 25 126 93.65%
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2022-2024 164 28 136 90.4%

 NIPER GUWAHATI PLACEMENT STATISTICS
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 NIPER HYDERABAD PLACEMENT STATISTICS

No. of Students
No. of Students No. of Students % of
Year Opted for Higher
Registered Placed Placement
Studies
2017 105 84 14 92.3%

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2018 110 90 15 94.7%

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2019 119 95 22 97.9%
2020 132 106 26 80.30%

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2021 148 131 17 88.51%
2022 159 140 19 88.05%

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2023 180 155 25 86.11%

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 NIPER RAEBARELI PLACEMENT STATISTICS 2024

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Students Opted for Students % of
Discipline
Placement Placed Placement

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Medicinal Chemistry 26 15 57.69%

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Pharmaceutics 23 11 47.83%

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Pharmacology & Toxicology 17 11 64.71%
Regulatory Toxicology 08 08 100%
Biotechnology 11
R 04 36.36%
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NIPER Fee Structure

 M.S.(PHARM.), M.PHARM., M.TECH (PHARM.)

General/ OBC/ Govt./Industry sponsored.

Onetime payment of charges SC/ST (Rs.)
EWS (Rs.) (Rs.)*
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Admission Fee 5,000 5,000 -

Alumni Fund 8,500 8,500 -
Hostel Admission 3,496 3,496 -
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Group Insurance 4,000 4,000 -

(for 2 years)
Security Amount (Refundable) 27,500 27,500 -
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Note: Refundable after

successful completion of the

course
Placement Fee 4000 4000 -
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TOTAL (A) 52,496 52,496 75,698

CHARGES PAYABLE FOR EACH SEMESTER
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Tuition Fee 26,022 0 -

Examination/Evaluation Fee 1,150 1,150 -

Sports 1,150 1,150 -

Computer Contingency 1,150 1,150 -
Medical Charges 1,100 1,100 -
Hostel Rent 4,593 4,593 -
Electricity Charges 3,061 3,061 -

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Benevolent fund 696 696 -

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Laboratory Fee 11,483 11,483 -

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Library Fee 1,531 1,531 -
TOTAL (B) 53,328 27,306 92,535

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TOTAL CHARGES PAYABLE
Payable on Admission [Sem-
1,05,824 79,802 1,68,233

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1 (A+B)]
Payable for subsequent

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53,328 27,306 92,535
semesters (B)
 M.B.A. (PHARM.)

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General/ OBC/ SC/ST Govt./Industry
Onetime payment of charges
EWS (Rs.) (Rs.) sponsored. (Rs.)*

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Admission Fee 5,000 5,000 -
Alumni Fund 8,500 8,500 -
Hostel Admission 3,496
R 3,496 -
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Group Insurance 4,000 4,000 -
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(for 2 years)
Security Amount (Refundable) 27,500 27,500 -
Note: Refundable after successful
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completion of the course

Placement Fee 4000 4000 -
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TOTAL (A) 52,496 52,496 75,698

CHARGES PAYABLE FOR EACH SEMESTER
Tuition Fee 1,11,968 0 -
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Examination/Evaluation Fee 1,150 1,150 -

Registration Fee 1,392 1,392 -

Sports 1,150 1,150 -
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Computer Contingency 1,150 1,150 -

Medical Charges 1,100 1,100 -

Hostel Rent 4,593 4,593 -
Electricity Charges 3,061 3,061 -
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Benevolent fund 696 696 -

TOTAL (B) 1,26,260 14,292 2,30,294
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TOTAL CHARGES PAYABLE

Payable on Admission [Sem-1 1,78,756 66,788 3,05,992

(A+B)]
Payable for subsequent 1,26,260 14,292 2,30,294
semesters (B)

Study Guidelines

There will be a common paper for all Masters Programs including M.B.A. (Pharm.). The question paper will consist of
200 objective multiple type choice questions. The level of questions will be of B. Pharm.and M.Sc (relevant field).
Duration of the examination will be 2 hours.

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Well questions will be very easy so no need to go in depth of the topic, which clearly indicates that time management,

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is very important to get success in NIPER entrance. Understanding the question quickly is very important to pick the
right choice. It is wise to leave the question if you do not know the answer perfectly. Chemistry, Pharmacology,

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Pharmacognosy, Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical analysis are the core subjects from which questions are being asked.

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There is no need to worry about Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence as in GPAT, basic concepts
based questions are asked M. Pharm branches and M.B.A. has a common entrance paper. So read some GK, GS, Pharma
management, English language special Synonym and Antonym, Pharma News and Pharma Thrust area as given in the

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Book. Questions from various topics in a particular subject can vary from year to year, as exams are designed to test

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a student’s understanding and knowledge of the subject matter. Even if the same topic is covered in different years, the
questions asked may be different, and the level of difficulty can also vary.

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GPAT and NIPER JEE Exam

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GPAT EXAM NIPER JEE EXAM
Computer-based online exam, Duration (3 Computer-based online exam, Duration (2 hours),
hours), 125 MCQs (Max. marks -500) 200 MCQs (Max. marks -100)
You will have 1.44 minutes per question
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You will have 36 Sec per question (Speed and
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(Rereading and rethinking is possible) accuracy are must needed)
YO

Mostly, questions are asked directly, which require

Mostly, questions are asked, which require
absolute basic knowledge to reach correct options,
application of basic knowledge and logic, to
except some aptitude type questions, which require a
reach the correct answer.
AT

logical way to answer.

Exam contains some time taking questions,
requires more time to solve i.e. :–
ER

 Match the following Exam contains mostly one liner & straight forward
 Statement based questions (Less time Consuming) Requires basic
 PQRS Questions knowledge to reach correct option
IP

 Assertion-Reason
N

 Conceptual based MCQ

Syllabus, although same as GPAT, apart from pharma
F

knowledge, questions are asked related to:-

 Mental Aptitude,English
Syllabus is known and totally based on basic
 General Knowledge
pharma knowledge
 Business Processing
PE

 Indian Company,Banking,Acts & Rules

 Business Managementetc.
Questions from Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Questions are more related to basics of dosage form
M

engineering, Physical Pharmacy and and new drug delivery systems, polymers etc.
SA

Biopharmaceutics are asked in depth.

Basics of Organic chemistry are important and
Chemistry all topics are very important and
questions are asked regarding name of reactions,
questions are asked related to structure,
application of basic synthetic reagents, general rules
IUPAC, Basic rings, SAR, Synthesis.
and concepts of stereochemistry.

Approximately, (15% questions are asked from

Pharmacology, which mainly includes
 Molecular pharmacology (types of receptors,
transduction mechanisms and secondary
Approximately, 20% questions are asked from
messenger concepts)
Pharmacology.

C
 Drug classification
 Mechanism of Action

D
 Specific side effect

G
 Drug interactions & contraindications, uses.
Questions are more or less similar to GPAT, mainly

PS
General pharmacognosy and Microscopy, regarding :-
Chemical test, Chemical constituents, Chemical  Biological sources

TI
test  Active constituents
 Biogenetic pathway (alkaloids) and

ER
 Phytochemistry and Marine Drugs.
Instrumental part is less important, but thorough

G
Basic theory and instrumentation related knowledge of basic principles of all instrumental
questions are asked from analysis methods of analysis is required. EMR Range,

N
Chromatography

FI
In Biochemistry,more stress is given on :-
 Carbohydrates

Less numbers of questions are asked from

 Amino AcidsR
 Proteins and Peptides, Nucleic Acids
U
Biochemistry and rarely on Biotechnology.  Enzymes,Basic Cycles.
YO

Biotechnology partrelated to :-
 Proteins and peptides
 Genetic engineering
AT

Questions related to current affairs in science, 2-3 questions related to pharma news, which
Reasoning aptitude, English and pharma recent includes latest FDA approved drugs, company's brand
news have not been asked yet products and latest Nobel prize winners, asked in the
ER

examination.
IP
N
F
PD
PE
M
SA

C
D
G
Syllabus

PS
The NIPER does not have an official syllabus for its entrance examination. However, we have gathered information

TI
from our team and previous NIPER students to provide an expected syllabus. Our study materials and model question
papers can assist in reviewing the subjects and practicing time management. If you aim to achieve a good rank in the

ER
NIPER entrance exam, it is essential to plan and prepare accordingly. Let us now discuss the preparation required for
each subject in detail.

G
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND BULK DRUGS

N
1. IUPAC nomenclature, R and S nomenclature, E and Z isomerism, atropiisomerism, Conformations laws.

FI
2. Hybridization, aromaticity, Huckel's rule reaction mechanisms- Electrophilic, Nucleophilic, SN1, Sn2, SNi,
Elimination E1, E2 etc R
U
3. Ester hydrolysis, Aac1 Aac2..all eight mechanisms (Jerry march) Markovnikoves rule with examples, Bredts rule,
YO

Stereoselectivity, stereospecificity, regioselectivity, chemoselectivity, chirality, stereochemistry, conformations,

rearrangements, acids and bases.
4. Imine-enamine Tautomerism, keto-enol tautomerism, pericyclic reactions, racemic mixture, Resolution methods.
AT

5. Amino acids, proteins, various methods for amino acid detection, Ninhydrin test, peptide sequencing, structures
of amino acids, essential and nonessential amino acids.
ER

6. Introduction to thermal methods of analysis like, TGA, DSC, DTA etc.

7. Carbohydrates, osazone test, mutarotation, etc.
IP

8. Various Heterocycles, Heterocycle synthesis, reactions.

9. Introduction to Redox reactions.

10. Spectroscopy: (basics specially): Very very IMP topic. NMR, and C-NMR ranges from Morrison & Boyd or Pavia
PD

Mass -Basic concepts about various peaks M+1, molecular ion, base peak etc. (Silverstein) IR - Frequencies of
various groups specially carbonyls. UV.
11. Chromatography: Details of every chromatographic method.
PE

12. Reaction kinetics, first second third and pseudo first order reactions, radio labeling for determination of mechanism.
M

13. Common condensation reactions like Aldol, Claisen, Perkin, Dickmann, Darzen etc.
14. Other reactions like Cannizarro's reaction, Prins reaction, especially reactions of carbonyl compounds.
SA

15. Oxidizing & reducing agents like sodium borohydride, chromic acid & their use in named reactions
16. Stereochemistry chiefly very important.
17. UV ranges, IR delta values, NMR peaks, Numericals

 Important study points

 Computational drug design and molecular modeling: only few concepts need to be cleared.
 “Mechanism of Chemical Reactions’ from O.P. Tandon
 STEREOCHEMISTRY is very important as NIPER JEE point of view
 In name reaction, remember the name, starting product, catalyst, intermediate and end product.

C
No need to remember mechanisms and every step in detail.

D
 Carbohydrates and Amino acids chemistry can be covered from Satyanarayana biochemistry book.

G
 Ester hydrolysis should be covered. One question is asked on this every year.

PS
 Important books are Morrison and Boyd, Finar, Bahl and Bahl

PHARMACOGNOSY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS

TI
In natural products more stress should be given on phytochemistry part rather than biological aspects.

ER
1. Methods of extraction, isolation and characterization of natural products. Various separation techniques used
for isolation of natural products.

G
2. Biosynthetic pathways.

N
3. Primary metabolites, their examples.

FI
4. Secondary metabolites, various classes of secondary metabolites (e.g. Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, lignans,
saponins, lipids, flavonoids, coumarins, anthocyanidines etc.). Here most imp. Part is chemistry of these classes.
R
5. Important therapeutic classes: antidiabetics, hepatoprotectives, immmunomodulators, neutraceuticals, natural
U
products for gynecological disorders, anti-cancer, anti-viral (mainly anti HIV), adaptogens etc.
YO

6. Dietary antioxidants, Marine natural products, Plant growth regulators.

7. Spectroscopy: Basic concepts of UV, NMR, IR and Mass spectroscopy. Give more stress on IR and NMR.
8. Stereochemistry: Basic concepts.
AT

9. Fischer, sawhorse and newmon projection formulas.

10. Biological sources of important classes of natural products. (Selected ones only)
ER

11. Standardization of natural products.

12. What is difference between natural products and pharmacognosy?
IP

13. Natural products as anti viral & anti cancer agents with examples.

 Important study points

• Biological sources of selected ones should be studied only, especially of indigenous origin. Focus on Important
F

drugs only.
PD

• Microscopy See only types of stomata, trichomes etc, chemical tests of all from Kokate and
Khandelwal book
PE

• Synonym, Important chemical constituents and Cultivation and collection where needed
M

PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY

1. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacological effect, desired, undesired, toxic, adverse effects.

2. Bioavailability, bioequivalence, various factors of ADME. (From Bramhankar)
3. Drug metabolism: various pathways and other details.
4. Drug interactions, agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, protein binding, drug distribution, distribution volume,
excretion pathways etc.

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THEORY NIPER AT YOUR FINGERTIPS : NIPER ATA GLANCE
5. Pharmacological screening: general principles, various screening models, screening methodologies (in vitro
and in vivo tests).
6. Mechanism of drug action, drug-receptor interaction.
7. Various adrenergic, cholinergic and other receptors
8. Detailed study of CNS pharmacology

C
9. Study of basis of threshold areas of work in NIPER in pharmacology dept. mentioned in brochure.

D
10. Diseases: study of the pharmacology of the diseases and drugs used with mode of action especially of diabetes,

G
malaria, leishmaniasis, TB, hypertension, myocardial ischemia, inflammation, and immunomodualtion.
11. Chemotherapy and pathophysiology- knowledge of antibiotics, their mode of action and the microorganisms

PS
responsible for various common diseases.
12. Bioassay methods, various requirements. Brief knowledge of the statistical tests.

TI
13. Basic mechanism of all drugs with major side effects & classification.

ER
14. Receptors classification with examples.

G
 Important study points

N
• MOA, toxicity, classification, adverse effects and specific use is very important do know (K.D. Tripathi),

FI
• Drug interaction
• Syndrome
R
U
PHARMACEUTICS AND FORMULA
FORMULATION
YO

(PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY)

1. Drug delivery systems (DDS): NDDS models, osmotic pumps, various release patterns eg.Controlled release, delayed
AT

release. Sustained release etc. order of release. Oral controlled DDS, factors affecting controlled release.
2. Carriers in DDS: polymers and their classification, types, carbohydrates, surfactants, proteins, lipids, prodrugs etc.
ER

3. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS): principles, absorption enhancers, evaluation of TDDS.
4. Parenterals: requirements, advantages, disadvantages, release pattern, route of drug delivery.
5. Drug targeting: microspheres, nano particles, liposomes, monoclonal antibodies, etc.
IP

6. Preformulation detailed.
N

7. Complexation, solubilization, polymerization, viscosity measurements.

8. Dosage form development- stages, implications of dosage form.

9. Additives of formulation, types, examples, advantages, disadvantages, drug excepient interaction, incompatibility,
various types of incompatibilities.
10. Dosage forms: solid (tablets, capsules, pills etc), liquid (emulsion, suspension etc), sterile (injectables), aerosols.
PE

Principles, advantages, disadvantages and problems.

11. Coating - in detail.
M

12. Packaging: materials, labeling etc. Types of containers (Tamper-proof containers)

13. In process controls, Product specification, documentation.

14. Compartmental modeling. (From Bramhankar)
15. Bioavailability, bioequivalence studies. Methods of improvement of oral bioavailability.
16. Evaluation of formulation, principles and methods of release control in oral formulations.

 Important study points

 Preformulation study in detail from Lachman, focus more on bulk characterizations, specially
amorphous, crystalline, polymorphism, solvates, hydrates, crystal habits, mesophase, surface area,
aggregation, agglomeration, complexation, solubilization, polymerization

C
 Calculations, posology, weights and measures and Latin names must be remembered.

D
 All tables of Lachman and Martin. Units are very important. (You can refer GDC Digesters)

G
 Regulatory aspects covered from Ansel and all unit operations (Do from Lachman) are
recommended.

PS
 Read NDDS chapter minutely.
 Polymers are very important. Their name, class, monomer unit, use should be remembered.

TI
 Basic concepts of physical pharmacy should be clear, H-bonds, who invented polymorphism, number of

ER
polymorphs of particular drug, what are xerogels, solubility of -cyclodextrin,
-cyclodextrin, etc. Follow Martin’s book.

G
PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
YSIS

N
FI
1. Stability testing of pharmaceuticals, various stability tests, kinetic studies, shelf life determination, thermal
stability, formulation stability.
2. Various analytical techniques R
U
3. Tests: physical and chemical tests, limit tests, microbiological tests, biological tests, disintegration and
YO

dissolution tests.
4. Spectroscopic methods; UV, NMR, IR, MS, GCMS, FT-IR, FT-NMR, ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance),
FT-Raman- basics and applications.
AT

5. Thermal techniques: DSC, DTA, TGA, etc.

6. Particle sizing: law of diffraction.
ER

7. Electrophoresis: capillary electrophoresis.

8. Chromatography- detailed.
IP

9. QA and QC: GLP, TQM, ISO system.

10. Preformulation, cyclodextrin inclusion compounds
N

11. Solubility: pH, pka, surfactant HLB values, Rheology.

12. Crystallinity, polymorphism, solvates and hydrates, crystal habits, porosity, surface area flow properties.
PD

13. Dosage forms, Stages of dosage form development

14. Osmolality, osmolarity, osmotic pressure, conductivity, Preservatives, Media for bioassay.
PE

 Important study points

• Principle and theory involved in various techniques is sufficient

• Types of chromatography do in brief (only concept)
SA

• Focus more on spectroscopy, especially UV, IR. NMR and mass,

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Enzyme : Active site, Functional groups, Enz-Sub complex, Co-factors, Michaelis-menten eqn, Enzyme inhibition,
Isoenzymes, Allosterism, Mechanism of action of some selected enzyme (Chymotrypsin, Trypsin). (Read from
Zubey)
2. DNA replication, Transcription and Translation

C
3. Recombinant DNA technology : Bacterial transformation, transduction, etc. PCR, Southern, Northern

D
blotting, Plasmid-Vector concept. (Read Microbiology-Tortora chapter on r-DNA technology).

G
4. Immunology : Concepts of Innate/ Adaptive/ immunity, epitope. Hypersensitivity reactions. ELISA,
Immunofluorescence tests.

PS
5. Microorganism for amino acids, baker's yeast, ethanol, aceton-butanol, citric acid, lactic acid. Also, antibiotics
and vitamin producing organism.

TI
BIOCHEMISTRY

ER
1. Carbohydrates - Types of carbohydrates, Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, & gluconeogenesis. Hexose monophosphate
Shunt, associated diseases.

G
2. Proteins – Types, Denaturation, Biological activity, Renaturation, Urea formation, urea cycle, creatinine formation,

N
Proteins as enzymes.

FI
3. Lipids - Beta-Oxidation of fatty acids with energetics. Biosynthesis of cholesterol, bile acids /salts. Ketone bodies,
associated diseases.
R
4. Vitamins - Biochemical role, Deficiency symptoms, Vitamins as co-factors in biochemical reactions.
U
5. Enzymes – Classification, Enzyme co-factors, Enzyme kinetics, Enzyme inhibition, competitive & non-competitive,
& kinetics.
YO

6. Nucleic acids - Purine & pyrimidine bases, DNA & RNA molecules, genetic information, Central dogma, Replication
of DNA
AT

 Important study points

• Proteins, carbohydrate, lipids, enzymes & genetics are very important. Cover it from Satyanarayanan
ER

• Read only general and basic information like starting points of cycles and enzymes used, from Metabolism.
 Ramchandran plot
IP

• Symbols for amino acids. Read biomolecules chapter from Morrison and Boyd
N

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY
F

1. Microscopy and staining technique – Principle, working, Fluorescence & electron microscope, staining procedure
PD

2. Bacteria - Fine structure, growth curve, Counting Methods, IMVIC test, Reproduction
3. Fungi and Viruses - Industrial and medical significance, HIV and Prions, types of Tumor viruses.
4. Microbial Assay - Importance, general methods of assay of antibiotics, methods for fungicidal & antiviral
PE

compounds, assay, microbial limit tests

5. Vaccines & Sera- Manufacturing, quality control, Preparation of allergenic extracts & diagnostics.
M

 Important study points

• Staining, vaccines, understanding of HIV.

PHARMACEUTICAL JURISPRUDENCE

1. The Pharmacy Act

2. Drugs and Cosmetics Act & Rules
3. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act

C
4. Drugs and Magic Remedies

D
5. Medicinal and Toilet Preparations

G
6. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act
7. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Ac

PS
8. Drug (Price Control) Order.
9. Intellectual Property Rights and Indian Patent Act

TI
10. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act and Rules

ER
 Important study points

G
• All schedules, whole of D&C Act, various years, administrative

N
• Some knowledge of Intellectual Property Rights (Patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, etc.)

FI
PHARMACY PRACTICE

R
The best part for the preparation for this best reference for this would be Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. This
U
branch is quite new here, so till dates students of branch used to do case study of prescriptions in Fortis hospital, PGI
YO

Chandigarh and govt. college chd. This is much like pharmacology and drug-drug interactions and different interactions
are emphasized. Diabetes, heart diseases are main area of study.

PHARMACOINFORMATICS
PHARMACOINFORMA
AT

Terminologies related with new emerging informatics e.g. proteomics, genomics, QSAR (2D, 3D, regression
ER

correlation).

 Important study points

• Parametric/non-parametric test chi-square, t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank, goodness of fit.

• General: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, variance, probability, precision,
F

accuracy mean error, relative error, profit and loss analysis

• Regression: linear, multiple regressions, correlation concept

• Experimental design, factorial design, Latin square design, crossover and parallel design.
• See about ANOVA.
PE

PHARMACEUTICAL MANAGEMENT
M

 Organizational Behavior: Ways in which people interact within organizations, including topics
SA

such as motivation, leadership, communication, and team dynamics.

 Operations Management: Principles of operations management, including supply chain management, inventory
management, and production management.
 Strategic Management: Strategy for an organization, including topics such as SWOT analysis, competitive
analysis, and strategy formulation.
 Human Resource Management: Principles of managing people within organizations, including topics such as

C
recruitment, training, performance management, and employee relations.

D
 Project Management: Principles of managing projects, including project planning, scheduling, budgeting,

G
and risk management.

PS
MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS (A STUDENT MUST REFER)

 US FDA Approved Drugs  Nobel Prizes

TI
 Indian National Awards  Top Pharma Companies

ER
 Founders of Big Companies  Brand Name
 Branded Products  Abbreviation and full forms

G
 Important Software  Facts about Corona Virus

N
 Pharma news  New products from company

FI
 Drug Interaction of Common Drugs  Notable Epidemics And Pandemics
 General Knowledge, Logic & Aptitude  Mental Ability & General Aptitude
 Regulatory Authority of Different Countries  R
National Laboratories & Research Institutes
U
 Basic knowledge about NABARD, RBI, SBI, planning commission
YO

OTHERS (MOST IMPOR

IMPORTANT & SCORING)
AT

Statistics, general mathematics and aptitude questions. Use MBA entrance test books like CET or CAT in MBA.
 Additionally some General awareness questions, synonym & antonyms - 5-10 questions
ER

 Latest drugs banned & approved in US market, read latest journals, internet for this-5-6 questions
 Complete basics of organic chemistry.
IP

 Advancement in analytical chemistry.

NIPER'S THRUST AREAS

 Microbial and viral diseases: Yeast, and fungi.

 Parasitic and tropical diseases: Malaria, Leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, cancer, aids etc.
 Metabolic Disorders: Diabetes Strokes
PE

 Oxidizing, reducing agents & Stereochemistry

 Organic reactions & mechanisms
M

 Peptide and carbohydrate chemistry.

 Genomics and proteomics: yeast and fungi

 Hormonal disorders: Sex & TSH related diseases

Pharmaceutical
Technology

C
D
G
Preformulation

PS
 Analysis of physicochemical properties either of drug or with excipients to develop safe and effective

TI
dosage form.

ER
G
N
FI
R
U
YO
AT
ER
IP

 PRINCIPLE AREAS OF PREFORMULATION RESEARCH

• pKa Determinations
• pH Solubility Profile and Common Ion Effects
F

• Effect of Temperature
PD

SOLUBILITY STUDIES
• Solubilization
• Partition Coefficient
• Dissolution
PE

• Crystallinity and Polymorphism

• Hygroscopicity
•
M

BULK Micromeritic Properties

CHARACTERIZATION  Particle Characterization
SA

 Density and Porosity

 WETTING AGENTS
CONTACT ANGLE (COS θ) DEGREE OF WETTING
θ=0 Perfect wetting
0<θ<90° High wettability
90° ≤ θ < 180° Low wettability

C
θ = 180° Perfectly non-wetting

D
 EQUATIONS

G
EQUATION DETERMINATION

PS
dC DA
1. Noyes –Whitney equation - =  Cs - C Dissolution
dt hV

TI
2. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) (Adsorption method)

ER
P 1 (b -1)p Surface area
= +
V(p0 - p) Vm b Vm bp0

G
3. Poiseuille’s equation Kozeny – Carman equation

N
(Air Permeability method)

FI
πΔpr2t A ΔP ε2 Surface area
V= V= 2 + ×
8ηL ηS KL  1- ε 2
R
U
4. Stokes Equation
YO

2gr 2 (d1 - d2 ) Sedimentation

V=
9μ
AT

5. Higuchi
Release of drug from
Q =  D  C s / τ  2A   C s  t 
1/2
/τ granular matrix
ER

6. Arrhenius equation Stability of drug/product

k = Ae -Ea/RT at Room Temperature at
IP

accelerated temperature
N

Monophasic Dosage Form

F
PD

 Oral liquids are either homogeneous (solution) or heterogeneous (suspension and emulsions) liquid
preparations, usually contains one or more active ingredients in a suitable liquid base.
PE

 Liquid are dosage forms intended to be taken for internal as well as external use.
 They can be easily administered or applied and show rapid and efficient absorption and effects.
M

 Monophasic liquid dosage forms are represented by true solutions.

 SOLUBILITY
 Solubility of a given solute is defined as the “maximum concentration at which it can be dissolve in a
particular solvent to yield the homogenous monophasic System”.
Solution = Solute (Small proportion) + Solvent (large proportion)

Sorbitol /D-glucitol Trade name- Neosorb.

Optical isomer of mannitol and used for diabetic products.
Sorbitol is hygroscopic at humidities above 65%.
Calcium salts Non- hygroscopic and used with moisture sensitive drugs and
not used with tetracycline due to complex formation.
Example: Calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate. Contain water

C
for crystallization which do not release below 80oC.

D
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)
Grades of MCC Form
(Also act as disintegrating agents)

G
PH 101 Powder
PH 102 Granules

PS
PH 301 Crystalline
PH 302 Amorphous

TI
• Microcellac: 75% lactose and 25% MCC
• Ludipress: 93% α-lactose monohydrate + 3.5% PVP+ 3.5%

ER
cross-povidone
• Trade Name – Avicel → Microcrystalline Cellulose - directly

G
compression material - Enhancing solubility.
CO-PROCESSED DILUENTS

N
Combination of two or more materials and to provide better tableting properties than a single substance

FI
Ludipress Lactose Monohydrate (93%), Kollidon 30 (3.5%), and Kollidon
CL (3.5%)
Cellactose 80
StarLac
Lactose monohydrate (75%) and cellulose powder (25%)
α-Lactose R
α-Lactose monohydrate (85%) and maize starch (15%)
U
Pharmatose DCL14 Anhydrous P-lactose (95%) and lactitol (5%)
YO

Avicel CE-15 MCC and guar gum

Vitacel VE-650 MCC (65%) and calcium carbonate (35%)
Di-Pac Sucrose (97%) and dextrin (3%)
AT

Cal-Tab® Calcium sulfate 93% and vegetable gum 7%

Cal-Carb® Calcium carbonate 95% and malto-dextrins 5%
Nu-Tab® Sucrose 95–97%, invert sugar 3–4% & Magnesium stearate
ER

0.5%
Sugartab® Sucrose 90–93% and invert sugar 7–10%
Emdex® Dextrose 93–99% and maltose 1–7%
IP

BINDER OR TABLET ADHESIVE OR GRANULATING AGENT -

Promote cohesive compacts. Also improve the free-flowing qualities
N

Natural gums Concentration: 10 to 25 %

Examples: Acacia, tragacanth, alginic acid, Guar gum etc.
F

Starch paste Concentration: 5-10 %

Sucrose Concentration: 50-75 %

Gelatin Concentration: 10-20 %
Polymers  Hydroxy propyl cellulose - 2-6%
PE

 Hydroxy propyl methylcellulose - 2-5%

 Ethylcellulose-0.2 to 0.5%
M

 PVP (polyvinyl pyrrolidone)-2%

DISINTEGRANT
SA

Facilitates tablet breakup or disintegration

Starch Concentration: 5-20 %
Pregelatinized starch Concentration: 5-15 %
Examples: Starch 1500
Carboxymethyl starches Concentration: (1 - 8% & 4% as optimum)

C
D
G
PS
TI
ER
G
N
FI
R
U
 TYPES OF USP DISSOLUTION APPARATUS AND THEIR APPLICATION
YO

USP ROTATING
DESCRIPTION DOSAGE FORM
APPARATUS SPEED
AT

Conventional tablet, chewable tablet,

Type I Basket Apparatus 50-120 rpm
controlled release
Orally disintegrating tablet, chewable
Type II Paddle Apparatus 25-50 rpm
ER

tablet, controlled release, suspension

Reciprocating
Type III 6-35 rpm Controlled release, chewable tablet
Cylinder
IP

ER, poorly soluble API, Powder,

Type IV Flow Through Cell N/A
granules, microparticles, implants
N

Type V Paddle Over Disk 25-50 rpm Transdermal

Type VI Cylinder NA Transdermal
F

Type VII Reciprocating Holder 30 rpm Controlled Release Dosage Forms

 LIMITS OF DISINTEGRATION TEST IP AND USP

TYPESOF DISINTEGRATIONTIME(MIN)
DISINTEGRATION MEDIA
PE

TABLET/CAPSULES IP USP
Dispersibletablet Water (24-26C) 3 or less 3 or less
Water
M

Effervescent tablet 5 or less 5 or less

(250 ml at 20-30C)
SA

Uncoated tablet Water 15 or less 30 or less

C
Polystyrene Plastic syringes
Flexible poly-vinyl chloride Bags for I.V solution

D
Nylon & Silicon rubber I.V catheters

G
 RUBBER

PS
ADDITIVES EXAMPLES
Elastomer Natural rubber, Butyl rubber, Neoprene, Polypropylene

TI
Vulcanizing Sulfur peroxide
Accelerator Guanithidine and sulfide 2 -mercaptobenzothiazole

ER
Activator Zinc oxide, Stearic acid
Filler Carbon black, Clay

G
Antioxidant BHA, BHT
Pigments Zinc Chromate, Inorganic oxides

N
Plasticizers Dibutyl phthalate, Stearic acid

FI
 PHARMACOPEIAL STORAGE CONDITION FOR PARENTERAL PREPARATION
STORAGE CONDITION
Cold storage or under refrigeration
TEMPERATURE
Usually 2 to 8oC
R
U
Cool storage Between 8 to 25 oC
YO

Room temperature Between 20 to 25 oC

Warm Between 30 to 40 oC
Freezer Store between -5 to -20 oC
AT

 QUALITY CONTROL TEST FOR PARENTERAL PRODUCTS

ER
IP
N
F
PD
PE
M
SA

creams, and ointment.

C
D
G
PS
TI
ER
G
N
FI
R
U
YO
AT
ER
IP
N
F
PD
PE
M
SA

copolyester (PEPE) dendrimers, PEGylated dendrimers, peptide

dendrimers, etc.

Physical Pharmacy

C
D
G
States of Matter

PS
TI
 TYPES OF ATTRACTIVE INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
1. Vander  It is weak forces that involve the dispersion of charge across a molecule called a

ER
Waals dipole.
Forces  Vander Waal’s equation explains the behaviour of Real gases. .

G
Keesom forces  The permanent dipoles interact with one another in an ion
like fashion.

N
 Large groups of molecules may be associated through weak

FI
attractions known as dipole–dipole or Keesom forces.
 Keesom forces, also known as permanent dipole-
R
permanent dipole forces, are a type of Van der Waals
U
interaction that occurs when two permanent dipoles attract
Types each other.
YO

 Keesom interactions has a force of 1-7 kcal/mol.

Debye force Permanent dipoles are capable of inducing an electric dipole in
nonpolar molecules to produce dipole-induced dipole, or
AT

Debye, interactions.
London Nonpolar molecules can induce polarity in one another by
attraction/forces induced dipole-induced dipole, or London, attractions.
ER

2. Orbital  Dipole–dipole force is the interaction between pi-electron orbitals in systems.

Overlap  e.g.- Aromatic– aromatic interactions.
3. Ion-Induced  Attractions occur between polar or nonpolar molecules and ions.
IP

Dipole  e.g.
e.g.-- Attracts the relatively negative oxygen atom of water and the anion attracts
N

Forces the hydrogen atoms of the dipolar water molecules.

4. Ion–Ion  Electrovalent bond between two counter ions is the strongest bonding
F

Interactions interaction and can persist over the longest distance.

 Ion–ion interactions may be intermolecular (e.g. - a hydrochloride salt of a drug)

or intramolecular (e.g. - a salt bridge interaction between counter ions in
proteins).
PE

5. Hydrogen The interaction between a molecule containing a hydrogen atom and a strongly
Bonds electronegative atom such as fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen.
M

 GAS LAW
SA

S.NO. NAME OF LAW EQUATION USED COMMENTS

P1 P2
1 Gay – Lussac law = Volume Constant
T1 T2

2 Boyle’s law P1V1=P2V2 Temperature Constant

Examples  Flocculated Examples  Liquid dispersions Examples Suspension

particles in concentrated of natural and synthetic gums of corn starch in water;
suspension/ Suspension of (tragacanth, sodium alginate, Suspension containing
ZnO in mineral oil, certain methyl cellulose, and sodium high concentration of
paints, ointments carboxy methyl cellulose). solids; Inorganic
Jellies, liquid paraffin. pigments in water;

C
kaolin in water; zinc

D
oxide in water.

G
 Time dependent

PS
THIXOTROPY NEGATIVE/ ANTITHIXOTROPY
GEL-SOL-GEL system.  SOL-GEL-SOL system
 Also called rheopexy

TI
Shear thinning system.  Shear thickening system


ER
Time Dependent behavior Viscosity increases so, downward curve
 It is the decrease in viscosity as a function more towards right.
of time upon shearing, then recovery of

G
original viscosity as a function of time
without shearing.

N
e.g. – Procaine penicillin G (40-70% w/v in e.g. – Low solid content (1-10%) flocculating

FI
water) system; magnesia magma at equilibrium it
forms solution.
 CONCEPT OF VISCOSITY R
U
Viscosity  Flow property of a simple liquid is expressed in terms of viscosity.
YO

F
 Viscosity is calculated by :- η =
G
AT

Coefficient  The force per unit area required to maintain unit difference in
viscosity velocity between two parallel layers in the liquid, one meter apart.
 In CGS unit viscosity is expressed as poise.
ER

 It is also expressed as dyne/cm2.

 SI system units = Pascal second
IP

 1 Pa.s = 1N.s/m2 , 1 Poise = 1kg/m.s

 100 centipoise = 1 Poise, 1000 millipoise = 1 Poise
N

 1 mN.s/m2 = 1 centipoise
Fluidity Fluidity, Ø is used to denote the reciprocal of viscosity.
F

1
PD

Fluidity, Ø =
η
Kinematic  It is defined as the absolute viscosity divided by the density of the
PE

viscosity liquid at a specific temperature:

η
Kinematic viscosity =
M

ρ
SA

 The unit of kinematic viscosity is stokes and centistokes

 It is expressed as m2/s.
 1 Stoke (S) = 10-4 m2/s, 1 Centistoke = 10-6 m2/s
 1 Poise/(kg/m3) = 1 centistoke
Relative The coefficient, abbreviated,  , is defined as the ratio of viscosity of the

C
viscosity solvent alone.

D
η - η0
ηsp =

G
η0

PS
Reduced The ratio of specific viscosity to the concentration.
viscosity ηsp
ηred =

TI
c
Intrinsic  The reduced viscosity is determined at various concentration of a

ER
viscosity substance and the results are plotted.
 The resulting line can be extrapolated to c = 0 to obtain the intercept.

G
 The intercept value is known as intrinsic viscosity.

N
Plastic  The plastic viscosity is estimated using equation
viscosity f = Cf  Tf

FI
Tf = Torque at the shearing stress axis
Cf = Instrumental constant
R
U
 TYPES OF VISCOMETERS
YO

VISCOMETER NAME USES

Capillary viscometer  Ostwald viscometer, Liquid paraffin, dextran 40 injection,
 Suspended level methyl cellulose solution
AT

viscometer
Falling sphere Hoeppler viscometer This instrument can be used over the
viscometer range 0.5 to 200,000 poise
ER

Rotational Cup and bob  Couette type – Revolving cup type -

viscometer MacMichael viscometer
 Searle type: Revolving bob type –
IP

Stormer viscometer
Cone and plate Ferranti–Shirley Rheological evaluation of some
N

viscometer pharmaceutical semisolids.

Brookefield Rotational viscometer Suspension, emulsion, cream, lotions
F

viscometer
PD

(T-spindle)
PE

Suspension
M

 DIFFERENT BETWEEN FLOCCULATED AND DEFLOCCULATED SUSPENSION

FLOCCULATED SUSPENSION DEFLOCCULATED SUSPENSION

Biopharmaceutics

C
D
G
 IMPORTANT TERMS AND THEIR DEFINITION

PS
IMPORTANT TERMS DEFINITION
Biopharmaceutics is defined as the study of factors influencing the rate and

TI
Biopharmaceutics amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation and the use of this
information to optimise the therapeutic efficacy of drug products.

ER
Bioavailability Bioavailability is defined as Rate and extent (amount) of drug absorption.
Pharmacokinetic is a study of what the body does to the drug.
Pharmacokinetic

G
ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion)
The process of movementof drug fromits site of administration to the

N
Absorption
Systemic circulation.

FI
Movement or reversible transfer of drug between one compartment to another
Distribution
(Blood
Blood and the Extravascular tissue).
Biotransformation R
Usually inactivates the drug. Also known as Metabolism.
U
Elimination Process that tends to remove the drug from the body and terminates its action.
Excretion Responsible for exit of drug/metabolites from the body.
YO

Pharmacodynamics is a study of what the drug does to the body. It related

Pharmacodynamics
response to Concentration of drug in the body.
Dosage regimen is the manner in which the drug should be taken. The schedule
AT

Dosage regimen
of dosing (e.g., four times a day for 10 days) is referred to as the dosage regimen.
• Clearance is defined as the hypothetical volume of body fluids containing
drug from which the drug is removed or cleared completely in a specific period
ER

Clearance
of time.
• It is expressed in ml/min.
IP

 MECHANISMS OF DRUG ABSORPTION

MECHANISMS OF DRUG ABSORPTION

F
PD

Para-cellular Vesicular/
Transcellular/In
/Intercellular Corpuscular transport
tracellular
PE

transport (Endocytosis)
transport

(a) Permeation (a) Pinocytosis

through tight (b) Phagocytosis

Passive Active Junctions of
SA

Transport Transport epithelial cells

(a) Passive diffusion (a) Primary (b) Persorption
(b) Pore transport (b) Secondary
(c) Ion pair
(d) Facilitated or Carrier
mediated diffusion
Symport Antiport

ABSORPTION DRUGS GI
MEMBRANE BLOOD
MECHANISM ABSORBED LUMEN
Passive Most drugs having high lipophilicity
Diffusion and MW in the range 100-400
Pore Water-soluble drugs of MW less

C
Transport than 100

D
Drugs that ionize at all pH

G
Ion-Pair conditions absorbed after
Transport complexing with oppositely charged

PS
ions
Carrier- Structure – specific drugs with
Mediated affinity for carriers transported

TI
from specific sites
Transport

ER
Macromolecular nutrients and
Endocytosis drugs as solid particles or oily

G
droplets

N
 FACTORS INFLUENCING GI ABSORPTION OF A DRUG

FI
Factors influencing GI absorption of a drug

R
U
Pharmaceutical factors Patient related factors
YO

1. Age
2. Gastric emptying time
Physiochemical properties Dosage f orm characteristics 3. Intestinal transit time
AT

of drug substances and pharmaceutical ingredients 4. Gastrointestinal pH

5. Disease states
6. Blood f low through the GIT
1. Drug solubility and dissolution rate 7. Gastrointestinal contents:
2. Particle size and eff ective surf ace area 1. Disintegration time (tablets/capsules) (a) Other drugs
ER

3. Polymorphism and amorphism 2. Dissolution time (b) Food

4. Pseudopolymorphism (hydrates/solvates) 3. Manufacturing variables (c) Fluids
5. Salt form of the drug. 4. Pharmaceutical ingredients (d) Other normal GI contents
6. Lipophilicity of the drug (excipients/adjuvants) 8. Contact time with gastrointestinal mucosa
IP

7. pKa of the drug and gastrointestinal pH 5. Nature and type of dosage form 9. Presystemic metabolism by:
8. Drug stability Solution>Emulsion>Suspension>Capsules> (a) Luminal enzymes
N

9. Stereochemical nature of the drug Tablet>Coated Tablets>Enteric coated (b) Gut wall enzymes
tablets>sustained release product (c) Bacterial enzymes
6. Product age and storage conditions (d) Hepatic enzymes
F
PD

 BIOPHARMACEUTICS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DRUGS

RATE LIMITING
ABSORPTION
CLASS SOLUBILITY PERMEABILITY STEP IN EXAMPLES
PE

PATTERN
ABSORPTION
Diltiazem,
M

I High High Well absorbed Gastric emptying Metoprolol,

Propranolol
SA

Nifedipine,
Ketoprofen,
II Low High Variable Dissolution Carbamazepine
Beta-
cyclodextrin

Dispensing and
Hospital Pharmacy

C
D
G
Prescription

PS
Prescription:: A written order by a licensed professional for a pharmacist to prepare and dispense a specific

TI
medication for a patient.

ER
Prescription Medicine
Physician/Doctor/Dentist/Veterinarian Pharmacist Patient

G
 FORMAT OF PRESCRIPTION

N
FI
R
U
YO
AT
ER
IP
N
F
PD

 PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION
1. Date: Helps to find out the date of prescribing and date of presentation for filling the prescription.
2. Name, age, sex and address of patient: Serves to identify the prescription. In case of children, helps to
PE

check the prescribed dose of medication.

3. Superscription: Written before writing the prescription. Represented by (RX).
M

(Latin word You take 'Take thou')

Earlier Sign of Jupiter, God of healing

ON THE BASIS OF SURFACE AREA

QUE: Calculate a dose for a
Catzel’s child of 6 years old whose
formula/ surface area is 1.5 m2 when
Body  Body surface area of child (m2 )  adult dose is 100 mg.
Child dose =   × Adult dose
surface SOL: Surface area: 1.5, Adult

C
 Body surface area of adult (1.73) 
area dose: 100 mg

D
formula 1.5
×100 = 86.7 mg

G
1.73

ON THE BASIS OF CHILD DOSE WITH RESPECT OF ADULT DOSE

PS
PARTS OF ADULT QUE: Calculate the dose for
AGE UNDER (YEARS) 15 years old child, if adult
DOSE

TI
Under 1 1/12 dose is 650 mg.
SOL: Age of child: 15, Adult

ER
1-2 1/8
2-3 1/6 dose: 650 mg
Gaubin’s 3-4 1/4 2

G
× 650 = 433.3 mg
formula 4-7 1/3 3

N
7-14 1/2
14-20 2/3

FI
21-60 Full adult dose
60-70 4/5
70-80 3/4 R
U
Over 90 1/2
YO
AT

 A change resulting from mixing of two or more than two antagonistic substance is incompatibility.
ER
IP
N

 Types of incompatibilities
F
PD
PE
M
SA

Toxic or inactive product is formed

Due to oxidation reduction, acid base hydrolysis or combination reaction

C
 Examples of chemical incompatibilities and their methods of correction

D
1. Alkaloidal Incompatibility:

G
EXAMPLES METHOD OF CORRECTIONS
Alkaloidal salts with alkaline substances

PS
Strychnine hydrochloride + Aromatic spirit of ammonia
Rx (alkaline substance)
(alkaloidal salt)
Strychnine hydrochloride

TI
solution: 6 ml
Aromatic spirit of ammonia:
Quantity is more than Negligible amount of alcohol

ER
4 ml
Water upto: 120 ml its solubility which cannot Diffusible
in water dissolve strychnine precipitate
Alkaloidal salts with salicylates

G
Rx
Quinine hydrochloride + Sodium salicylate Quinine salicylate

N
Quinine hydrochloride:
0.12 g Separated

FI
Sodium salicylate: 4.0 g
Water upto: 100 ml Indiffusible precipitates
R
Alkaloidal salts with soluble iodides and bromides
U
Rx
Potassium iodide:
YO

1.5 g
Tincture of stramonium: Tincture stramonium Forms Diffusible precipitate of + Potassium iodide
8.5 g (Solanaceous alkaloid) hydro-iodides
Chloroform water to make:
AT

100 ml

2. Soluble salicylates Incompatibility:

EXAMPLES METHOD OF CORRECTIONS
ER

Soluble salicylates with ferric salt

Ferric + Sodium
IP

Ferric salicylate Separated as indiffusible

Rx chloride salicylate precipitates
Ferric chloride solution:
N

Sodium bicarbonate
2 ml
ppt remain soluble
sodium salicylate: 3.0 g
F

Water upto: 90 ml
PD

Clear mixture formed

(C) Therapeutic Incompatibility:

 Result of prescribing certain drugs to a
PE

patient with the intention to produce a

specific degree of pharmacological
M

action, but the nature or intensity of the

action produced is different from that

Beds between
Medium hospitals Budget Hospital
500-1000
Beds between Private Hospital
Small hospitals
100-500 Teaching hospital
 Number of Pharmacist required

C
HOSPITAL BED STRENGTH PHARMACIST REQUIRED

D
Up to 50 beds 3

G
Up to 100 beds 5
Up to 200 beds 8

PS
Up to 300 beds 10
Up to 500 beds 15

TI
 Requirement of a Hospital Pharmacist

ER
G
N
FI
 Pharmacist is a link between the medical professionals and public
R
U
 Drug required to be hospitals by purchased for medical superintendent
YO

 Minimum 500 hours training is for a pharmacy registration

 Floor space requirement
AT

AREA IN SQ. FT. FOR 50 BEDS 100 BEDS 200 BEDS

Compounding and dispensing area 205 350 495
ER

Parenteral solution laboratory 185 200

Store room 125 200
Manufacturing laboratory 120
IP

Office and library 105

Circulation 60
Total 205 630 1,180
F

 As per drug and cosmetics act, schedule M, a minimum 250 sq feet area is essential for a Hospital
PD

pharmacy
pharmacy.
 It increased 10 sq. m. per bed for 100 beds, 6sq. m. per bed for 200 beds and 5 sq. m. for more
PE

than 200 beds Hospital.

 Minimum space required for manufacturing ASU drug is 1200 sq. ft.
M

TERMINOLOGY DESCRIPTION
SA

A drug overdose is taking too much of a substance, whether it’s prescription, over-the-
Drug overdose
counter, legal, or illegal.
It refers to use of a drug by self-medication in a manner and amount that deviates
Drug abuse
from the approved medical and social patterns in a given culture at a given time.
The use of multiple medications in a patient, commonly an older adult. Polypharmacy
Polypharmacy
is being on five or more drugs at the same time on a regular therapeutic basis.
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Cosmetic
Technology

C
D
G
PS
COSMETICS PREPARATIONS

TI
External preparations and/or mean
to be applied skin, hair, nails etc The term cosmetic, arises from the Greek

ER
word "Kosmeticos" which means to adorn

Used for beautification and improvement

coloring, cleaning, softening, of appearance

G
setting, nursing, preservation, Purposes
protecting, removal, waving &

N
Cosmetics include such cleansing agents such as
mollification (to be soften) shaving creams, shampoos, cleansing creams and

FI
lotion but not include toilet and bath soaps

R
U
Preparation Preparation Preparation for Preparation for
YO

for Skin for Hair Nails hygienic purpose

CLASSIFICATION OF COSMETICS
ER

Skin Hair Nail Hygienic

Powders Creams Colourants Perfum Dental Bath

Lacquers
compacts es
N

Lotions Laquer Powders Soap,

Antiperspirants removers Bath salts
Face & Compacts Pastes
F

Deodorants
powders Nail dentrifices
PD

Body powders Lipsticks polishes

Prickly heat Rouges Lotions
powders Cuticle
Skin lotions removers Mouth washes
PE

Face pack
Astringent lotions
Cleansing lotion
Vanishing creams
M

Cold creams
All purpose creams Hair remover Hair wave prep. Shampoos
SA

Eye lash prep.

Night cream Depilatories Hair dressing Dyes Mascaras
Moisturing creams Epilatories Hair conditioner Hair lotions Eye brow pencils
Foundation creams Shaving prep. Dandruff lotions Kohls
Massage cream
Hand body cream

Pharmaceutical
Engineering

C
D
G
 MECHANISM OF HEAT FLOW

PS
Conduction • It is a process in which heat flow in a body is achieved by the transfer of the
momentum of individual atoms or molecules without mixing.

TI
• Conduction is a mode of heat transfer that occurs when heat energy is

ER
transferred between molecules through direct contact
Convection • It is a process in which heat flow is achieved by actual mixing of warmer
portion with cooler portions of the same material.

G
• Water heating primarily occurs through convection, which involves the

N
transfer of heat through the movement of fluids.
Radiation • Radiation is an energy transfer process in which heat is transferred through

FI
space by means of electromagnetic waves.
• Radiation does not require a medium for heat transfer.
R
U
 REYNOLDS NUMBER
YO

REYNOLDS NUMBER- It is used for measurement and types of flow determination. It is widely
used to classify flow behavior of fluids is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.
Reynold’s number,
AT

𝑫𝒖𝝆
Re = 

D = Diameter of pipe, m u = Average velocity, m/s

 = Density of liquid, kg/m3  = Viscosity of the fluid, Pa.

• When Re < 2100 then flow is laminar or viscous or streamline.
IP

• Re > 4000 then flow is turbulent.

• Re is 2100 – 4000 then flow is laminar or turbulent changes from laminar to turbulent.
N

• A large Reynold number is indication of highly turbulent flow.

 HYDRODYNAMIC METHOD
PD

HYDRODYNAMIC
USES
METHOD
Orifice meter • It measures the variation in the pressures across a fixed constriction
PE

(Variable head placed in the path of flow consisting of a constant area.

meter) • Used for testing purpose like for steam lines.
•
M

Venturi meter is referred to as variable head meter, i.e., it measures

Venturi meter
the variable differential pressure across a fixed constriction placed in
SA

(Variable head
the path of flow.
meter)
• It is used for liquids, especially water.
• It is used in on-line installation and for measurement of gases.
Pitot tube • It is used to measure the velocity head of the flow.
(Insertion meter) • Pitot tube measures the velocity at one point only.

Pharmaceutical
Jurisprudence

C
D
G
Years of Different Acts

PS
TI
AMMENDMENTS/
ACTS PASSED RULES CAME IN FORCE
REPLACEMENTS

ER
1976(Major), 1959,
Pharmacy Act 1948 -- 4th March 1948
1981
AICTE Act 1987 -- 28th March 1988 --

G
1972,1982 (Major),

N
Drugs & Cosmetics Act 1940 1945 --
2008 2016

FI
Narcotic Drugs and 14th November
1985 -- --
Psychotropic Substances Act 1985
Dangerous Drug Act 1930 1957 -- --
Opium Act 1878 --
R -- 1857, 1858
U
Medicinal and Toilet
YO

Preparations (Excise Duties) 1955 1956 1st April 1957 --

Act
Drugs and Magic Remedies
AT

(Objectionable 1954 1955 1st April 1955 1963

Advertisements) Act
1966, 1970, 1979,
Drugs (Prices Control) Order 2013 -- 15th May 2013
ER

1987, 1995, 2005

Essential Commodities Act 1955 -- 1st April, 1955
3rdSept.
IP

Poisons Act -- -- 1904

1919
Medical Termination of
N

1971 1975 10th August, 1971 --

Pregnancy Act
Prevention of Food 29th September,
F

1954 1955 1964, 1976, 1986

Adulteration Act 1954
PD

Prevention of Cruelty to 26 December,

th
1960 -- 1890
Animals Act 1960
Act- 20th April 1972
PE

March 1999, June

Patents Act 1970 2003 Rules- 20th May
2002, 2005
2013
M

Acts - 1911
Designs Act 2000 2001 11th May 2001
Rules - 1933
SA

1983, 1984, 1992,

• Indian Society of Blood Transfusion & Immunology

Pune • National Institute of Virology
• National AIDS Research Institute
Mumbai Enterovirus Research Centre, Haffkine Institute compound
Central Drugs Testing Laboratory (Intra-Uterine Devices and
Thane
Falope)

C
• National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) (For Polio

D
Vaccine)
New Delhi

G
• Indian Council of Medical Research
• Central Health Education Bureau

PS
Jaipur National Ayurvedic Institute
Geneva (Headquarter) World Health Organization
Kolkata (Headquarter) Patent Office

TI
Nagpur Patent Information Centre

ER
Noida National Institute of Biologicals
Coonoor Pasteur Institute of India (Oral Poliomyelitis)
National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS)

G
Bangalore
National Institute of Unani Medicines

N
Jaipur National Institute of Ayurveda

FI
Drug Regulatory Agencies off D
Different
if fere Countries
R
U
COUNTRY NAME OF REGULATORY AUTHORITY
YO

USA United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)

UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)
AT

Australia Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)

India Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)
Canada Health Canada (HC)
ER

Europe European Medicine Agency (EMA)

Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (ANVISA)/ Brazilian Health
Brazil
IP

Regulatory Agency
Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) [PMDA operates
N

Japan
under the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW)]
Ireland Health Products Regulatory Authority (HPRA)
F

Italy Italian Medicines Agency

Austria Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety

Belgium Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP)
PE

Germany Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices

Malaysia National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA)
M

Ukraine Ministry of Health of Ukraine

Switzerland Swiss agency for therapeutic product (SWISSMEDIC)
SA

Singapore Health Sciences Authority (HSA)

New Zealand New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority (MEDSAFE)
European Union European directorate for the quality of medicines (EDQM)
Pakistan Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP)

REPACKING Drugs other than those specified in schedule C and 24-B 25-B
LICENSE C1
SALE OF DRUGS
(A) (i)Homoeopathic Drugs 19B 20D
WHOLE SALE (ii) Drugs other than those specified in schedule C, 19 20B
C1 and X

C
(iii) Drugs other than those specified in schedule C, 19AA 20BB

D
C1 from a motor vehicle

G
(iv) Drug specified in schedule X 19C 20G
(v) Drugs specified in schedule C and C1 but not 19 21B

PS
included in schedule X
(vi) Drugs specified in schedule C and C1 from a 19AA 21BB
motor vehicle

TI
(B) (i) Homeopathic drugs 19B 20C

ER
RETAIL SALE (ii) Drugs other than those specified in schedule C, 19 20
C1 and X
(iii) Drugs specified in C and C1 excluding X. 19 21

G
(iv) Drugs specified in schedule X 19C 20F

N
(C) RESTRICTED (i) Drugs other than those specified in schedule C, ---- 20A
C1 & X

FI
(ii) Drug specified in C, C1 but not in schedule X ---- 21 A

R
U
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
opi c S
Substances Act And Rules
YO

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substance Act and Rules 1985

Act came in force 14th November 1985
AT

Opium Act 1857, 1878

Dangerous Drugs Act 1930
Dangerous Drugs Rules 1957
ER

 IMPORTANT POINTS
 Central govt. shall appoint “Narcotic Commissioner” have powers and
IP

perform all functions relating to the cultivation of the opium poppy

and production of opium.

 Central govt. constituent narcotic drugs and psychotropic substance
F

consultative committee (NMT 20 members)

 Govt. opium factory – Gazipur (UP), Neemuch (MP)

 District opium officer – appoint one of the cultivators of opium poppy
as Lambardar in each village where opium poppy is cultivated.
PE

 Coca, Opium and Hemp comes under Dangerous Drugs Act.

 DEFINITION
M
SA

Medicinal Medicinal hemp, means any extract or tincture of cannabis (hemp)

cannabis
Coca leaf, Cannabis (hemp), Opium, Poppy straw & included all
Narcotic drugs
manufactured drugs

International Organization For Standardization (ISO)

 INTRODUCTION
 It is an Independent, Non-governmental organization, whose membership
consists of different

C
National Standards Bodies.

D
 ISO was founded on 23 February 1947.

G
 It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
 STANDARDS IN THE 9000 FAMILY INCLUDE

PS
Quality Management and Quality Assurance Standards Guidelines for Selection
ISO 9000

TI
and Use.
Quality Systems- Model for Quality Assurance in Design, Development,

ER
ISO 9001
Production, Installation, and Servicing.
Quality Systems- Model for Quality Assurance in Production, Installation, &
ISO 9002

G
Servicing.
ISO 9003 Quality Systems- Model for Quality Assurance in Final Inspection and Test.

N
Guidelines for the applications of standards in quality management and quality

FI
ISO 9004
systems.
 POPULAR STANDARD OF ISO R
U
ISO 9001 Quality management
ISO 14001 Environmental management
YO

ISO 45001 Occupational health and safety

ISO 3166 Country codes
ISO 13485 Medical devices
AT

ISO 26000 Social responsibility

ISO 50001 Energy management
ISO 31000 Risk management
ER

ISO 22000 Food safety management

ISO 27001 Information security management
IP

ISO 20121 Sustainable events

ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems
N
F

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)

 In the law of the United States, the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the
PE

codification of the general and permanent regulations.

regulations
 It is promulgated by the executive departments and agencies of the federal
government of the United States.
M

 The CFR is divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas subject to federal
SA

Pharmacology

C
D
G
General Pharmacological Principles

PS
TI
INTRODUCTION OF PHARMACOLOGY

ER
 Pharmacology - Branch of science that concerned with study of drug and its action in the
body.
 Drug - It is a substance that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological

G
system or pathological states, for benefit of the recipient.

N
 HISTORICAL ASPECT OF PHARMACOLOGY

FI
DISCOVERIES SCIENTIST
Father of Pharmacology
Father of Indian Pharmacology
R Oswald Schmiedeberg
Ram Nath Chopra
U
Father of Indian Pharmacy Education Mahadeva Lal Schroff
YO

Father of Chemotherapy Paul Ehrlich

Father of Medicine Hippocrates
Founder of first Pharmacology Institute Rudolf Buchheim
AT

Discovery of Penicillin Alexander Fleming

Discovery of Streptomycin Selman Waksman
Discovery of Insulin Banting and Best
ER

Discovery of antimicrobial effect of Prontosil Gerhard Domagk

Discovery of Homeopathy Samuel Hahnemann
Discovery of Blood types Karl Landsteiner
IP

Discovery of Vaccination Edward Jenner

Discovery of Neurotransmitters Otto Loewi
N

 ORPHAN DRUGS
F

 These are drugs used for prevention and treatment of rare diseases.
PD

 Orphan drug may be life-saving drugs for some patients.

 An orphan drug is one that has special manufacturer economic.
PE

Trick – SR DDLG ka FAN hai

SR DDLG FAN
Somatotropin, Digoxin antibody, Fomepizole,
M

Sodium nitrite, Liothyronine (T3) Amphotericin B,

Rifabutin Nitrates
 ESSENTIAL DRUGS
 According to WHO, drug that satisfy priority healthcare and need of majority of population.
 WHO Model List of Essential Drugs – 1977 (First), 23rd list 2023 (Latest)  591 drugs.

C
 TYPES OF RECEPTORS AND THEIR MECHANISM

D
G
PS
TI
ER
G
N
FI
R
U
YO

Ligand-gated ion G-protein- coupled Enzymatic

Characteristic Nuclear Receptors
Channels Receptors Receptors
Time scale Milliseconds Seconds Hours Hours
AT

Location Membrane Membrane Membrane Intracellular

Effector Ion channel Channel or enzyme Enzyme Gene transcription
Coupling Direct
ER

G-proteins Direct Via DNA

(Gs, Gi, Gq etc.)
Examples Nicotinic, GABAA Muscarinic, Insulin, growth Steroid, thyroid
IP

–receptors adrenergic factor, cytokine hormone receptors

receptors receptors
N

 Ligand-gated ion channels are fastest acting receptor and nuclear receptor is slowest acting.
F

 G-Protein coupled receptor (Metabotropic receptor) and it is also known as heptahelical receptor or
PD

serpentine receptor. Largest family of cell membrane receptor.

 ED50 is a measure of Potency. LD50 is a measure of Toxicity.
 Therapeutic index (TI) is an indicator of: Safety.
PE

 CLINICAL TRIALS
PHASE NAME CONDUCTED ON PURPOSE
M

In human less than To obtain preliminary Pharmacokinetic data.

Micro-dosing 1/100th dose of test Preclinical Data: Subacute toxicity study in

C
D
G
PS
TI
ER
G
N
FI
R
U
YO

 ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS THEIR ACTIONS AND USES

MECHANISM
DRUGS USES
OF ACTION
Atropine (Hyoscyamine)
Antisecretory (preanesthetic), Mydriatic
ER

(ADR- Cycloplegia (blurred vision),

& Cycloplegic action, Organophosphorus
Photophobia, Tachycardia, Urinary M3 blocker
and, Mushroom poisoning,
retention, Atonia, Psychotic
IP

Antispasmodic, Digitalis toxicity

behaviour)
N

Scopolamine (Hyoscine)
(ADR-
ADR- Cycloplegia Marked CNS effect than Atropine, Motion
M3 blocker
F

CNS Depression effect sickness, Antisecretory, NARCO TEST

Loss of short-term memory)

Homatropine, Cyclopentolate M3 blocker Mydriatic & Cycloplegic action
Ipratropium, Tiotropium
M3 blocker Asthma (Bronchodilator)
Oxytropium
PE

Reduce tone of GI, Biliary and urogenital

Cimetropium M3 blocker
tract
M

Antispasmodic, Anti-secretory, Motion

Dicyclomine M3 blocker
SA

C
D
G
PS
TI
ER
G
N
FI
 ANTIHISTAMINICS (H1 receptor antagonist/Conventional Antihistaminic)
R
 H1 anti-histamine causes sedation, hence patients should be advised not to drive or use motor vehicles that
requires constant attention.
U
 Antihistaminic reduces severity of adverse effects of Dimercaprol injection.
YO

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1st AND 2nd GENERATION H1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST

1st GENERATION 2nd GENERATION
AT

They can cross BBB causes They can’t cross BBB

Causes sedation and drowsiness Not causes sedation and drowsiness
Have anticholinergic action No anticholinergic action
ER

Side effect- No side effect

Dryness, blurring of vision, constipation,
urinary retention
IP

Uses- Antiemetic, Drug induced Uses-

parkinsonism, Common cold Rhinitis, Allergy and Inflammation
N

 CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINIC
F
PD

CLASS DRUGS
First generation antihistaminic
Diphenhydramine, Dimenhydrinate, Promethazine,
Highly Sedative
Hydroxyzine
PE

Moderately Pheniramine, Cyproheptadine, Meclozine (Meclizine),

Sedative Cinnarizine, Antazoline, Cyclizine
M

Chlorpheniramine, Dexchlorpheniramine, Triprolidine,

Mild Sedative
Clemastine
SA

Second generation antihistaminic

Fexofenadine, Loratadine, Desloratadine, Cetirizine, Levocetirizine, Azelastine,
Mizolastine, Ebastine, Rupatadine, Terfenadine
 Olopatadine are topical H1 antihistaminic used by nasal route.
 Fexofenadine active metabolite of Terfenadine.

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161
GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY
 Terfenadine is the fastest acting antihistaminic drug.
 Loratadine are long-acting antihistaminic drug.
 Astemizole is slowest and longest acting agent and has arrhythmogenic property.
 Azelastine has maximum topical activity and used as nasal spray for allergic rhinitis.
 Alcaftadine is approved as ophthalmic solution for allergic conjunctivitis.

C
 Ebastine is converted to active metabolite Carbastine.
 DRUG CAUSING TORSADE’S DE POINTES

D
G
SOME OTHER DRUG THAT PROLONGS Q-T INTERVAL
(HAVE POTENTIAL TO PRECIPITATE TORSADE'S DE POINTES)

PS
Antiarrhythmics Quinidine, Procainamide, Disopyramide Propafenone, Amiodarone
Antimicrobials Quinine, Mefloquine, Artemisinin, Halofantrine, Sparfloxacin, Gatifloxacin
Antihistaminic Terfenadine, Astemizole, Ebastine

TI
Antidepressants Amitriptyline and other Tricyclics

ER
Antipsychotics Thioridazine, Risperidone
Prokinetic Cisapride

G
 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (5-HT, SEROTONIN)
 5-HT is -aminoethyl-5-hydroxyindole.

N
 Synthesized from the amino acid Tryptophan and degraded primarily by MAO.

FI
 RECEPTORS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SEROTONIN (5-HT) DRUGS
 There are seven subtypes of serotonin receptors (5HT1-5HT7).
R
U
YO
AT
ER
IP

 AGONIST AND ANTAGONIST OF 5HT

5HT1A Buspirone [Partial agonist] (Anti-anxiety drug)

5HT1
F

Agonist 5HT1B/1D Sumatriptan (Used in migraine)

5HT3 2-methyl 5HT

5HT4 Metoclopramide, Cisapride, Renzapride
5HT2A Ketanserin (Antihypertensive), Cyproheptadine
PE

5HT2A/2C Clozapine, Methysergide (Used in migraine)

Antagonist
Ondansetron, Granisetron (Choice for chemotherapy induced
5HT3
M

vomiting)
SA

ETHYL AND METHYL ALCOHOL

 PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS

C
D
G
PS
TI
Liver

ER
G
N
FI
R
U
YO
AT

 DRUGS USED IN TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL INTOXICATION

DRUG
ER

MECHANISM OF ACTION
Benzodiazepam Prevent withdrawal syndrome.
Naltrexone Opioid antagonist, prevent relapse of alcoholic form.
IP

Acamprosate NMDA antagonist, used for maintenance therapy.

Ondansetron 5 HT3 antagonist, blocks action of alcohol.
N

Disulfiram Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase

 DRUGS THAT GIVE DISULFIRAM LIKE REACTION

Acetaldehyde leads to severe distressing symptoms known as Disulfiram like reaction.

PE
M
SA

18. A-V block and bradycardia Atropine along with cardiac pacing
19. For very severe digitalis toxicity Digibind
20. Hypertensive emergencies Nicardipine + Esmolol

Drugs Acting On Kidney

C
D
 Nephron is the functional unit of kidney.

G
 Diuresis is condition where urine outflow increases.


PS
Urine formation begin with glomerular filtration (120 ml/min.)
 Volume filtered is about 180 L/day.
 Urine excretion is about – 1.5 L/day.

TI
 MECHANISM OF URINE FORMATION

ER
1. Glomerular Filtration 2. Tubular Reabsorption 3. Active Tubular Secretion
 SITES OF NEPHRON

G
1. SITE-I  Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
2. SITE -II  Thick Ascending Limb (TAL) of Loop of Henle

N
3. SITE -III Cortical Diluting Segment of Loop of Henle and early distal tubule

FI
4. SITE -IV  Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) and Collecting Duct (CD)

R
U
YO
AT
ER
IP
N
F
PD
PE
M

Fig.: Diagrammatical representation of Nephron labeled with their sites

 CLASS, SITE OF ACTION AND THEIR MECHANISM OF ACTION

Physical Chemistry

C
D
G
States of Matter

PS
TI
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
 The forces of attraction existing among the molecules of a substance (Gaseous, Liquid and Solid) are

ER
called intermolecular forces.
 The different types of intermolecular forces are:

G
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES DEFINITION

N
Dispersion forces or Dispersion forces or London forces are present among non-

FI
London forces polar atoms and molecules.
Dipole-dipole forces act between the molecules possessing
Dipole-dipole interactions
permanent dipoles.
Dipole-induced dipole
R
They act between the polar molecules having permanent dipole
U
forces and the molecules lacking permanent dipole.
YO

This is found in the molecules in which highly polar N-H, O-H or

Hydrogen bond
H-F bonds are present.
 GAS LAWS
AT

LAW DESCRIPTION RELATION

BOYLE’S The volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely V
1
LAW proportional to its pressure at constant temperature. P
ER

P1V1 = P2 V2
CHARLE’ S The volume of a given mass of a gas is directly VT
IP

LAW proportional to its absolute temperature at constant V1 V2

=
pressure. T1 T2
N

GAY The pressure of a given mass of a gas at constant PT

LUSSAC’S volume is directly proportional to absolute P1 P2
=
F

LAW temperature. T1 T2
PD

AVOGADRO’S It states that equal volumes of all gases under the same V n
LAW conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal V
=K
number of molecules. n
PE

 IMPORTANT EQUATION

LAW DESCRIPTION
M

Dalton’s law  At constant temperature, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-
SA

of partial reacting gases is the sum of partial pressures of different gases present in
pressure the mixture.
 P = P1 + P2 + P3 +………
Ideal gas  Ideal gas - The gas which obeys the equation pV =nRT at every

C
form. form.

D
 The container in which an exothermic  The container in which an endothermic

G
reaction is taking place will feel warm. reaction is taking place will feel cold.

PS
Electrochemistry

TI
TERMS DESCRIPTION
•

ER
Electrolyte Strong el ectrolyte: electrolytes which are completely ionized in aqueous solution are
called strong electrolytes. Eg - Salts, strong acids and strong bases
• Weak electrolyte: electrolytes which are not completely ionized i n aqueous solution are

G
called weak electrolytes. Eg - CH3COOH
Electrolysis  It is the process of decomposition of an electrolyte when electric current is passed

N
through either its aqueous solution or molten state.

FI
FARADAY’S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS
First law  The amount of the substanc e deposited or liberated at c athode is directly proportional
to the quantity of electricity passed through an electrolyte.
R W Q
U
Second law  When the same quantity of electricity is passed through different elec trolytes, the
YO

amounts of the substanc e deposited or liberated at the electrodes are directly

proportional to their equivalent weights. W E 1 1
=
W2 E2
AT

 REFERENCE ELECTRODE

The potential of a single electrode cannot be determined but the potential difference between two
ER

electrodes can be accurately measured using a reference electrode.

 ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTANCE
IP

Resistance (R)  Resistance of a conductor is the ratio of the applied potential

difference (V) to the current (I) flowing.
N

 R is expressed in ohms.
V
F

 R=
I
PD

Specific resistance/  The resistance (R) of a conductor is directly proportional to its length
resistivity () (l) and inversely proportional to its area of cross section (A).
 Unit of  = ohm cm
PE

l
 R=
A
M

Conductance  The conductance of a conductor is equal to reciprocal of resistance.

1

SA

Inorganic Chemistry

C
D
G
 LIMIT TEST
• Limit test is defined as quantitative or semi quantitative test designed to identify and control small

PS
quantities of impurities which are likely to be present in the substances.
• Identified by simple comparison of opalescence, Turbidity or colour is compared with the fixed standards

TI
as prescribed in the pharmacopoeia.

ER
• Usually, the limits are prescribed in parts per million (PPM).
 LIMIT TEST OF DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS

G
SUBSTANCE PRINCIPLE/ REACTION RESULT
Limit test of chloride based on reaction between  Reaction produces

N
chloride ion and silver nitrate in the presence of silver chloride as

FI
dilute nitric acid. precipitate.
CHLORIDE  Opalescence produce in
Cl- AgNO3 HNO 3 AgCl RNO3- sample solution should
U
Chloride ion Silver nitrate Silver chloride not be greater than
presipitate
standard solution.
YO

Limit test of sulphate depends upon the • This result in the

interaction of sulphates with barium chloride in precipitation of
the presence of hydrochloric acid. sulphates as barium
AT

SULPHATE SO4 2-
BaCl2 dil. HCl sulphate.
BaSO 2Cl-
4
Sulphate Barium
ion chloride Barium Chloride
ER

sulphate ion
Limit test of iron based on reaction between iron  Reaction produces iron
interact with thioglycolic acid in the presence of thioglycolate complex
IP

citric acid and ammonical alkaline solution. as purple color.

CH2SH
IRON COO  Citric acid form soluble
Fe2+ 2HSCH2COOH Citric acid + complex with iron and
Fe + 2H
F

Ferrous Ammonical
Thioglycollic
alkaline soln
prevent precipitation.
ion acid OOC
PD

HSH2C
Ferrous thioglycolate
(Purple colour complex)

Limit test of heavy metal based on reaction  To produce metal

between metal impurities and hydrogen sulphide as per

sulphide in acidic medium. reagent.
 These remain
M

Pb + H2S PbS + 2H + distributed in colloidal

HEAVY
SA

Lead sulphide state and produce

Organic Chemistry

C
D
G
Introduction of Organic Chemistry

PS
 INTRODUCTION

TI
 Organic chemistry is the major branch of 12
Mass number [Protons (P) + Neutrons (N)]

ER
chemistry which deals with the scientific C Symbol of
Atomic number (Protons) 6 element
study of preparation, structure, properties,
P=6
composition and reactions of carbon Electron

G
N=6 H
containing compounds. Orbit H

N
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBON ATOMS H C H or H C H

FI
 Atomic number of Carbon - 6 H
Nucleus H
 Electronic configuration is 2,4
 Valence of electrons - 4 R
C C C C C C
U
 Tendency to form multiple bonds
YO

 Due to tetravalency of carbon it has a tetrahedron shape.

Classification
a tio n a
and Nomenclature
AT

(A) Classification Based on Structure

 All the known organic compounds have been divided into two main types:
Organic compound
IP
N

Aliphatic (Acyclic) or open chain compounds Closed chain (Cyclic) compounds

(like- Methane, hexane, etc.)
F

Unsaturated
PD

Saturated Homocyclic or Heterocyclic compounds

hydrocarbons hydrocarbons
Carbocyclic compounds
- Alkanes - Alkenes
H3C CH3 H2C CH2
- Alkynes Alicyclic heterocyclic Aromatic heterocyclic
PE

HC CH
compounds compounds
Alicyclic compounds Aromatic (e.g. - Pyrrole, Thiophene)
(e.g. - Cyclohexane) H2 C CH2 H2 C CH2
compounds
M

O H2 C O
Epoxy ethane Oxetane NH S
SA

Benzenoid Aromatic compounds Non-Benzenoid Aromatic compounds

(e.g. - Benzene, Naphthalene) (e.g. - Azulene)

One Bridge head

carbon

C
1
bridge
CH

D
2 6
Two H2 C CH2

G
Two
carbon carbon 7
bridges CH2 bridges 3 5

PS
H2 C CH2
CH 4

TI
Bridge head
(Bicycloheptane)

ER
1 2 1
1 2 2 10
1 1
6 3

G
2 3 9
7 7 2 5
4

N
3 5 4 8 4
4 3 6
4 6

FI
5 5 7 3
Bicyclo [2.2.1] heptane. Bicyclo [4.4.0]
It's common name is Bicyclo [1.1.0] Bicyclo [4.1.0] decane Bicyclo[1.1.1]
norbomane butane heptane R (Decalin) pentane
U
1 1 8 9
1
YO

8 2 6 1 2
2 2 6
7 1 7
7 9 5
3 8
3 5 2
3 4 6
4
AT

6 5 4 5 5 4 3
3 4
Bicyclo [3.3.1] Bicyclo [2.1.0] Bicyclo [2.2.2] Bicyclo [3.2.2] Bicyclo [2.2.0]
ER

nonane pentane octane nonane hexane

 SPIRO COMPOUNDS
IP

First count in
N

4 smaller ring
5
3 1
Second count
F

in larger ring
PD

6 2
7
Spiro [2.4] [No of carbon present in smaller ring +
heptane no of carbon present in larger ring]
PE
M

4 5 1
5 4 6 5 1 5
4 1 1 6
1 4 3 3
SA

3 7 2
2 6 4
5 2 2 7
6 2
7 8 9 3 7 8 8 3
Spiro [2.4] Spiro [3.5] Spiro [2.2] Spiro [2.5] Spiro [3.4]
heptane nonane pentane octane octane

C
D
G
PS
TI
ER
G
N
FI
R
U
TEMPERATURE 1,2 ADDITION 1,4 ADDITION
YO

0oC 70% 30%

40oC 20% 80%
60 C
o 10% 90%
AT

80oC 5% 95%
< 0 → 1,2 addition (Major product)
> 0 → 1,4 addition (Major product)
ER

Isomerism
IP
N

 INTRODUCTION
 Organic compounds having same molecular formula but differing from each other at least in some
F

physical or chemical properties or both are known as isomers (Berzelius) and the phenomenon is known
PD

as isomerism.
 The difference in properties of isomers is due to the difference in the relative arrangements of various
atoms or groups present in their molecules.
PE
M
SA

 There are two main types of isomerism:

6-Membered Rings with one Heteroatom

N NH NH O O

C
Pyridine Dihydro Pyridine Piperidine Pyran 4H-thiopyran
Oxane

D
6-Membered Rings with two Heteroatom

G
6 6 6 4
N1 NH
5 N1 5
1NH
5
1NH 5 3 6 2 1

PS
6 2
2 3 2 3 2 5 3
4 4 4 6 N2 5 3 4
N3 NH NH N1 N4 NH

TI
Pyrimidine Tetrahydro Perhydro Pyridazine Pyrazine Piperazine
pyrimidine Pyrimidine

ER
7-10 Membered Rings with one heteroatom

G
S

N
FI
O S NH N N
Oxepane Thiepine Azepine
2H-azepine
R
3,4,5,6-tetrahydro- 1,4-thiazepine
U
YO

N NH S S
NH
AT

Azocine Azocane Thiocane Azonane Thionine

Partly carbocyclic and Partly heterocyclic

N
N
IP

N
N

NH O
H
Indole Benzofuran Carbazole Quinoline Isoquinoline
F

N N N
PD

N
Completely heterocyclic
HN N
N N
PE

Purine Pteridine
Fused or condensed heterocyclic compounds
M
SA

 Systematic method of Nomenclature

6 -ine -inane -ine -inane

7 -epine -epane -epine -epane
8 -ocine -ocane -ocine -ocane
9 -onine -onane -onine -onane
10 -ecine -ecane -ecine -ecane

C
 Naming Heterocycles with fused rings

D
• When naming such compounds, the side of the heterocyclic ring is labeled by the letters a, b, c, etc.,

G
starting from the atom numbered 1.
• Therefore side ‘a’ being between atoms 1 and 2, side ‘b’ between atoms 2 and 3, and so on as shown

PS
below for pyridine.
4

TI
5 c d 3

ER
b e Pyridine
a f
6 2

G
N
1

N
FI
 The name of the heterocyclic ring is chosen as the parent compound and the name of the fused ring is
attached as a prefix. The prefix in such names has the ending ‘o’, i.e., benzo, naphtho and so on.
R
U
4 4 5 4 5 4
YO

5 3 5 3 c d 3 6 d e
c c 6 3
b d b d b c f
a a e
6 e 2 6 e 2 7 a f 2 7 b a N2
NH 1 O 1 N1
7 7 8
AT

8 1
Benzo [b] pyrrole Benzo [b] furan Benzo [b]pyridine Benzo [c]pyridine
ER

FUSED POLYCYCLIC SYSTEM

NH NH NH
N
IP

NH
N

N N
Isoindoline (C8H9N)
Indole (C8H7N) Indoline (C8H9N)
Purine (C5H4N4)
F
PD

N NH
N
PE

Isoquinoline (C9H7N) Tetrahydro isoquinoline

Benzofuran Quinoline (C9H7N)
(C9H11N)
(C8H6O)
M

N
SA

N O O O O
Quinazoline Chromane Chromene Coumarin (C9H6O2)
(C8H6N2) (C9H10O) (Benzopyran) (C9H8O)
O

Markovnikov's rule Markovnikov's rule

Br
Br
CH3 HBr
HBr CH3 C CH3
CH3 CH CH 3
Isopropyl bromide CH3 C CH2
CH3 CH CH2 CH3
HBr Propene

C
Propene CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 Br HBr CH 3 CH CH 2 Br
Peroxide n-Propyl bromide

D
Peroxide CH 3
Anti Markovnikov's rule

G
Anti Markovnikov's rule

PS
 OPPENAUER OXIDATION
 It is the reverse reaction of Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction.
 It involves the oxidation of alcohols (2° alcohols) in to ketones in the presence of aluminium

TI
tertiary butoxide in toluene or benzene.

ER
O O
Al[CO(CH 3)3]3
R2CHOH H3C C CH3 R C R (CH3)2CHOH

G
Ketone Isopropanol
2oAlcohol Acetone

N
FI
 PERKIN REACTION
 When an aromatic aldehyde is heated with an aliphatic acid anhydride with atleast two -H atom in
R
presence of Na or K salt of corresponding acid, a condensation reaction giving , -unsaturated acid is
U
formed.
YO

O O
CHO (CH3 COONa) CH C COOH
C C
Base
+ CH2 O CH2 HOOC CH2 R + R
AT

Reflux
R R
Benzaldehyde , -unsaturated
Acid anhydride Carboxylic acid
aromatic acid
ER

O
CHO O O
IP

OH
+ Base
HOOC CH2 R +
N

O
Benzaldehyde Acetic anhydride Carboxylic acid Cinnamic acid
F

 PETERSON REACTION
PD

 -Hydroxy
-Hydroxy alkyl silane gives elimination reaction in presence of acid as well as base.
 It is stereoselective of E- and Z- isomers of alkene.
PE

H H (H3C) 3Si C3H7 KH, THF H C3H7

BF3, ether
C C H C C OH C C
M

Anti-elimination (Syn-elimination)
C3H7 H
C3H7 C3H7 H -(CH 3)3 Si-OH C 3 H7
SA

Z-alkene E-alkene
 PINACOL-PINACOLONE REARRANGEMENT
 Fully substituted 1,2-diols (Pinacol) reacts with mineral acid to form ketone (pinacolone), this is called
as Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement (dehydration followed by rearrangement occurs).

Medicinal Chemistry

C
D
G
 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

PS
Medicinal chemistry is the science, which deals with the discovery and design of new and better therapeutic
chemicals and development of these chemicals into new medicines and drugs.

TI
 DRUG DESIGN
Drug design may be defined as effort to develop a new drug by molecular modification of lead compound for

ER
optimization of desired effects and minimization of side effects.
 LEAD COMPOUND/PARENT COMPOUND

G
A lead compound is a compound having a particular biological activity obtained either from natural or

N
synthetic source.

FI
 DRUG DISCOVERY SEQUENCE

Drug Discovery Sequence

R
U
Lead-driven approach Target-driven approach
YO

Screen compounds for Hypothesis based on

biological activity chemical biology
AT

Target-focussed Natural products

biological assay High-throughput methods
ER

'Hit'
Identification
IP

Design Synthesis
N

Lead
Identification
F

Rational drug design-based analogue synthesis

including QSAR and computer-based modelling

Lead
Optimisation Screening
PE

Analysis*
M

Pharmacology/ADME
Preclinical Toxicology/saf ety
SA

Development Process chemistry

Formulation

Clinical Trials Drug Approval

Phases I-III and Launch

Pharmaceutical
Analysis

C
D
G
Analytical Method Validation

PS
TI
S. NO PART DETAILS
1 Accuracy The accuracy of an analytical procedure expresses the closeness of

ER
agreement between the value which is accepted either as a
conventional true value or an accepted reference value and the value

G
found.
2 Specificity Specificity is the ability to assess unequivocally the analyte in the

N
presence of components which may be expected to be present.

FI
Typically, these might include impurities, degradants etc.
3 Precision The precision of an analytical procedure expresses the closeness of

4 Repeatability
agreement.
R
Repeatability expresses the precision under the same operating
U
conditions over a short interval of time.
YO

5 Intermediate Intermediate precision expresses within-laboratories variations:

precision different days, different analysts, different equipment, etc.
6 Reproducibility Reproducibility expresses the precision between laboratories
AT

(collaborative studies, usually applied to standardization of

methodology).
7 Detection Limit The detection limit of an individual analytical procedure is the lowest
ER

amount of analyte in a sample which can be detected.

8 Quantitation The quantitation limit of an individual analytical procedure is the
Limit lowest amount of analyte in a sample which can be quantitatively
IP

determined with suitable precision and accuracy.

9 Linearity The linearity of an analytical procedure is its ability (within a given
N

range) to obtain test results which are directly proportional to the

concentration (amount) of analyte in the sample.

10 Range The range of an analytical procedure is the interval between the upper
PD

and lower concentration (amounts) of analyte in the sample.

11 Robustness The robustness of an analytical procedure is a measure of its capacity
to remain unaffected by small, but deliberate variations in method
PE

parameters.
M

TITRATION
SA

 ACID BASE TITRATION

C
Layer thickness 250 µm 100 µm

D
Plate height 30 µm 12 µm

G
Silica gel, Alumina, Silica gel – Normal phase
Solid support
Kieselguhr C8 and C18 – Reverse phase

PS
 HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
CHARACTERISTIC NORMAL PHASE REVERSE PHASE

TI
Stationary phase Polar (Silica gel) Non polar (Octadecyl silane C18)

ER
Mobile phase Non polar Polar
Mechanism Adsorption Partition
Compound eluted first Non polar Polar

G
N
INSTRUMENTS DESCRIPTION
1. Constant pressure pump

FI
Pump
2. Constant flow pump
1. Sample injectors
Sample injection
system
2. Stop flow injection R
U
3. Micro volume sampling volve
Column material: Stainless steel, glass, polyethylene, and PEEK
YO

(polyether ether ketone).

Column length: 10 cm to 30 cm
Analytical
Column diameter: 4 mm to 5mm
AT

column
Particle size: 1μ to 20μ
Particle nature: Spherical, uniform-sized, porous materials are used.
Surface area: 1 gram of stationary phase -100-860 sq.m
ER

 TYPE OF DETECTORS USED IN HPLC

DETECTORS DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLES

Respond to a particular physical Absorbance detectors,
N

Selective detectors or chemical property of the Fluorescence detectors,

solute, being ideally independent electrochemical detectors, Mass
F

(Solute property)
of the mobile phase. spectrometric detectors.
PD

Measure the difference in some Refractive index detectors.

Universal detectors physical property of the solute in
the mobile phase compared to
PE

(Bulk property)
the mobile phase alone.
 DETECTORS USED IN HPLC
M

S. NO DETECTORS TYPES OF COMPOUNDS TO BE DETECTED

1 UV / Visible Compounds having chromophores, aromatic rings or

Pharmacognosy

C
D
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PS
Introduction of Pharmacognosy

TI
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY

ER
SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTION SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTION
Father of Pharmacognosy Seydler coined the term
Written a Book Materia "Pharmacognosy” in 1815 in the

G
Dioscorides Seydler
Medica title of his work "Analecta

N
Pharmacognostica"
Pharmacognostica".
Papyrus Ebers- Oldest Pen-t Sao (The oldest known

FI
document containing 700 herbal) Contain 365 drugs one for
George Ebers Shen Nung
medicinal herbs and more than each day of the year.
870 formulae. R
U
Swede Classified plant Charaka Samhita - Arranged 50
Charaka
YO

Linnaeus (Binomial nomenclature) group of 10 Herbs.

Father of Botany Sushrutha Samhita
Theophrastus Sushrutha
Father of Cosmetic Surgery
Father of Zoology, Wrote on Anatomical Atlas of crude drug
AT

Aristotle Berg
animal kingdom. was published.
Father of Medicine Anatomical Atlas of powdered
Greenish &
ER

Hippocrates Contribution on anatomy and vegetable drug.

Collin
physiology of human beings.
First pharmacist, Reported importance of
IP

Galen Father of Experimental N. Le'mery extraction method and alcohol to

Physiology be use as ideal solvent.
N

Edward Discovery of Bach flower Gantle Coined the term 'Aromatherapy'.

Bach remedies. Fosse
F

A new extraction process for Important observation on plant

Stass and Otto Alkaloid and glycosides was G. Mendal hybrid were published.
developed.
Father of Indian Pharmacy Father of Plant Tissue Culture
PE

Mahadeva Lal His birth anniversary (06 march) Introduced term totipotency.
Haberblandt
schroff celebrated as “National
M

Pharmacy Education Day”

C
D
G
PS
TI
ER
G
N
FI
R
U
YO
AT

 Trichomes

Lignified trichomes: Nux-vomica, Strophanthus


ER

Short, Sharp, Pointed, Curved: Cannabis


Unicellular Large, Conical, Strongly Shrunken: Lobelia

IP

trichomes Short, Conical unicellular: Tea, Buchu


Covering or Short, Conical, Warty: Senna

N

Non glandular Long tubular, flattened, twisted: Cotton


or clothing
(A) Multicellular unbranched trichomes
F

trichomes
(i) Uniseriate:
PD

Bi-cellular, conical - Datura

Three celled long - Stramonium
Three to four celled long - Digitalis
PE

Four to five celled long – Belladonna

Multicellular (ii) Biseriate - Calendula officinalis
M

trichomes (iii) Multiseriate – Male fern

(B) Multicellular branched trichomes

C
D
G
PS
TI
ER
G
N
FI
R
U
YO
AT

Uses: In treatment of leucoderma.

ER
IP
N
F
PD
PE
M
SA

Vanillin is largely prepared from eugenol.

Human Anatomy
& Physiology
and Pathophysiology

C
D
G
Introduction

PS
 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

TI
ER
G
N
FI
R
U
YO
AT

 Binomial nomenclature is related to species and genus.

 Biological classification nomenclature of drug is given according to variety and species.
ER

Cell
IP
N

 The two main types of cells are prokaryotic cells, e.g. bacterial cells, and eukaryotic cells, e.g. animal
and plant cells. Prokaryotic cells are small, simple cells. Eukaryotic cells are larger and contain more
F

complex cell organelles.

PD
PE
M
SA

C
D
G
PS
TI
ER
(I) Interphase (Non- dividing period)
 Interphase is the phase in the cell cycle characterized by the increased cell size and DNA replication
in preparation for cell division.

G
 Interphase consists of three phases: G1, S, and G2

N
First gap The cell grows in size and volume.. This is usually the longest phase.

FI
phase (G1) Sometimes cells do not continue round the cell cycle but enter a resting phase
(Go).
Synthesis of R
The chromosomes replicate, forming two identical copies of DNA. Therefore, the
U
DNA (S following S phase, the cell now has 92 chromosomes, enough DNA for two cells,
phase) and is nearly ready to divide by mitosis.
YO

Second gap Cell growth continues, enzymes and other proteins are synthesized in
phase (G2) preparation for cell division, and replication of centrosomes is completed.
AT

(II) Mitosis (Period of division)

 Mitosis is the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing
two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division.
ER
IP

Metaphase
Anaphase
In Late
N

Prophase
F

Prophase THE STAGES OF Telophase

MITOSIS
AND CELL DIVISION
Interphase Cytokinesis
PE

(Daughter Cells)
 Four distinct stages visible by light microscopy
M

Prophase • During this stage the replicated chromatin becomes tightly coiled and easier to
SA

see under the microscope

Digestive System Mouth

Palate
Uvula
Tongue
 Digestive system is made up of gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) or Teeth
Pharynx
Salivary Esophagus
alimentary canal and accessory organs, which help in the process glands

of digestion and absorption. Sublingual

C
Submandibular
Perotid
 pH OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

D
IMPORTANT COMPARTMENTS pH

G
Saliva (Mouth) 6.5-7.5 Liver
Gallbladder
Stomach
Pancreas
Upper Stomach (Fundic) 4.0-6.5 Common Pancreatic

PS
bile duct duct
Lower Stomach 1.5 -4.0 Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Duodenum 7.0-8.5 Doudenum
Transverse
colon
Jejunm
Large Intestine 4.0-7.0 Ascending

TI
Ileum colon
Cecum
Gastric juice 2-4 Descending
colon

ER
Appendix Sigmoid
colon
Anus Rectum
 PART OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

G
PARTS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Alimentary canal The walls of the alimentary tract are formed by four layers of tissue:

N
(GI tract) Adventitia (serosa), Muscle layer, Sub mucosa, Mucosa.

FI
Buccopharyngeal The space between the jaws is divided into three parts- Buccal cavity,
cavity pharynx, vestibule.
R
• It is fibromuscular tube where trachea (windpipe) & oesophagus have its
U
Pharynx opening.
• It serves as common passage for food and air.
YO

Oesophagus
• Long, narrow, muscular tubular structure which connects pharynx with
stomach.
(Food pipe)
• Oesophagus serves to convey food by peristalsis from pharynx to stomach.
AT

Stomach
• Widest and distensible J-shaped part, placed obliquely behind diaphragm.
• It is differentiated into 3 parts- cardiac, fundic & pyloric.
Pancreas contain two different kind of glandular tissue an exocrine part
ER

Pancreas (secretes pancreatic juice) and endocrine part (secretes hormones -insulin
and glucagon).
 Liver is organ with both secretory and excretory function.
IP

 Liver is made up of many lobes called hepatic lobes.

 Hepatic lobule is the structural and functional unit of liver.

 Liver lobules are arranged in pairs of columns radiating from central vein.
Liver
F

 Between two pairs of columns of cells are sinusoids.

 Amongst the cells lining the sinusoids are hepatic macrophages (Kupffer
cells) whose function is to ingest and destroy worn out blood cells and any
foreign particles present in blood flowing through liver.
 Pear shaped yellow green like structure leis on inferior surface of right
PE

lobe.
Gall bladder
 Gall bladder stores bile, which is secreted by liver cells and collected by
M

bile capillaries.
 Divided into three parts:
SA

 Proximal duodenum (shortest and wider part)

Small intestine  Middle jejunum (thicker and vascular)
 Distal ileum (thinner than jejunum and less vascular)
 The first part of duodenum contains some mucus glands, which are called
Brunner glands.

 EYES OR OPHTHALMOCEPTION
 The organs of sight are a pair of eyes in human.
 The eyeball is situated in a bony cavity known as orbital cavity or eye socket.
 Eye consists of tissues present in three concentric layers:
i. Outermost fibrous layer consists of sclera and cornea.

C
ii. Middle vascular layer consists of choroid, ciliary body and iris.

D
iii. Innermost nervous layer consists of retina.
 The thinnest skin is conjunctiva (eyelid).

G
 EARS-HEARING OR AUDIOCEPTION

PS
Ears perform two sensory functions, hearing and Cochlear duct Vestibular
membrane
maintenance of body balance. Scala vestibull

TI
Tectorial
 Divided into three Parts: Incus membrane
Malleus Oval
i. Outer ear: It comprises two parts, pinna and

ER
window Cochlea
external auditory canal. Helicotrema 1
Hairs
Perilymph
ii. Middle ear: An air-filled cavity in the temporal olym ph
Organ of

G
End
bone that opens via the auditory (Eustachian) tube Stap es
Perilymph
Corti
Basilar

N
into the nasopharynx. membrane
Scala tympani
 Middle ear contains flexible chain of three

FI
small bones called ear ossicles malleus, incus, Tympanic Round window
membrane
stapes.
 The stapes or stirrup is a bone smallest bone of the human body.
R
U
 The tympanic membrane is also called the eardrum.
YO

iii. Inner ear: A delicate, irregular organ called membranous labyrinth. It is surrounded by an almost
similarly shaped bony labyrinth.
Resting on the basilar membrane is the spiral organ or organ of Corti.
AT

 TONGUE-TASTE OR GUSTAOCEPTION
 The sense organs for taste or gustatory sensation are the taste
ER

buds.
 Most taste buds are present in papillae of tongue, they are also
IP

situated in mucosa of epiglottis and proximal part of

esophagus.
N

 Structure of Taste Buds

 The taste bud is the bundle of taste receptor cells, with
F

supporting cells embedded in the epithelial covering of the

papillae.
 The cells of taste buds are divided into four groups:
PE

1. Type I cells (Sustentacular cells) 2. Type II cells

3. Type III cells 4. Type IV cells (Basal cells)
M

 NOSE-SMELL OR OLFALCOCEPTION
 The receptors for sense of smell (olfaction) are located in the olfactory epithelium of the nose.
SA

ABNORMALITIES OF OLFACTORY SENSATION

Anosmia Total loss of sensation of smell
Hyposmia Reduced ability to recognize and to detect any odor
Hyperosmia Increased or exaggerated olfactory sensation

Endocrine System

C
D
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PS
TI
ER
G
N
FI
R
U
YO

 CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONE

CLASSIFICATION OF
AT

EXAMPLES
HORMONES
Amino acid derivative Epinephrine (Adrenaline), Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) and
hormone Thyroxine
ER

Oxytocin and Vasopressin, Hypothalamus regulatory hormones,

Peptide hormone
Pituitary hormones, Glucagon, Parathyroid hormone insulin
IP

Somatotropic, Thyrotropic and Gonadotropic hormones, Insulin,

Protein (Polypeptide)
Glucagon, Parathormone, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG),
N

hormone
Human chorionic somatomammotropin and Relaxin
F

The hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, testes and ovaries are
PD

composed of steroids. Placental estradiol and progesterone are also

Steroid hormone
steroid hormones.
Adrenocortical hormones, Sex steroids
PE

Catecholamines Adrenaline, Noradrenaline

Others Triiodothyronine (T3 ), Thyroxine (T4 )
 HORMONES, FUNCTION AND THEIR DISORDER
M

S.NO. HORMONES FUNCTIONS DISORDERS

HORMONES FROM ANTERIOR LOBE (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) OF PITUITARY

Biochemistry

C
D
G
Carbohydrates

PS
 CLASSIFICATIO OF CARBOHYDRATES

TI
CLASSIFICATION TYPES EXAMPLE

ER
MONOSACCHARIDES Triose (C3H6O3) Glyceraldehyde,Dihydroxyacetone
Tetrose (C4H8O4) Erythrose,Erythrulose

G
Pentose (C5H10O5) Ribose, Ribulose, Deoxyribose, Xylose,
Xylulose

N
Hexose (C6H12O6) Glucose, Galactose, Mannose, Fructose

FI
Heptose (C7H14O7) D-Sedoheptulose
OLIGOSACCHARIDES Disaccharides Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
Trisaccharides R Raffinose, Gentianose
U
POLYSACCHARIDES Homopolysaccharide Starch, Dextrin, Inulin, Glycogen,
YO

Cellulose
Heteropolysaccharides Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin, Heparin,
Keratan sulphate, Dermatan sulphate.
AT

 STRUCTURE OF IMPORTANT CARBOHYDRATES

SUCROSE LACTOSE MALTOSE
6 CH2 OH 1CH2OH 6CH2 OH 6CH2 OH 6CH2 OH 6 CH2 OH
ER

5 O O O 5 O 5 O 5 O
HO 5 CH2 H OH
2 5
1 1 1
HO 4 O O
IP

4 1 4 1 4
OH CH2OH OH OH OH 4 OH
HO O 4 6 2 H CH2 HO OH
2 3 2 2
3 2
N

3 3 3 3
OH
OH OH OH OH OH
- D-Glucose -D-Fructose
-D-Fructose -D-Galactose -D-Glucose -D-Glucose -D-Glucose
F

 ISOMERISM IN MONOSACCHARIDES
PD

ISOMERISM SHOWN IN MONOSACCHARIDES

Epimers  Two monosaccharides differ from each other in their configuration around
PE

a single specific carbon glucose and galactose carbon 4 (C4-epimers).

They differ in the arrangement of OH group at C4.
M

 Glucose – Epimer at C2 – Mannose and Epimer at C4 – Galactose

Anomers  The α and β cyclic forms of D-glucose.
SA

Mutarotation  Change in the speci ic optical rotation → α and β forms of D-glucose to an

4. Leucine Leu(L) H3C

CH CH2 CH COOH
H3C
NH 2
5. Isoleucine Ile(I) C2H5
CH CH COOH
H3C

C
NH2

D
SIDE CHAIN CONTAINING ACIDIC GROUP
HOOC CH2 CH COOH

G
6. Aspartic acid Asp(D)
NH 2

PS
7. Asparagine Asn(N) O
H2N C CH2 CH COOH

TI
NH 2

ER
8. Glutamic acid Glu(E) HOOC CH2 CH2 CH COOH

G
NH2
9. Glutamine Gln(Q) O

N
H 2N C CH 2 CH2 CH COOH

FI
NH2
SIDE CHAIN CONTAINING BASIC GROUP R
U
10. Arginine Arg(R) NH CH 2 CH 2 CH2 CH COOH
YO

HN C NH2 NH 2
11. Lysine Lys(K) CH2 CH2 CH 2 CH2 CH COOH
AT

NH2 NH2
SULPHUR CONTAINING SIDE CHAIN
12. Cysteine Cys(C) SH CH2 CH COOH
ER

NH 2
13. Methionine Met(M) H3C S CH2 CH2 CH COOH
IP

NH2
N

SIDE CHAIN CONTAINING HYDROXYL GROUP

OH CH2 CH COOH
F

14. Serine Ser(S)

NH2
15. Threonine Thr(T) CH 3 CH CH COOH
PE

OH NH2
SIDE CHAIN CONTAINING AROMATIC GROUP
M

16. Phenylalanine Phe(F)

CH2 CH COOH
SA

C
D
G
PS
TI
ER
G
 RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
 Polymer of ribonucleotide held by 3’, 5’ -phosphodiester bridges.

N
FI
 Structure:
 Pentose: Sugar in RNA is ribose.

 Single strand: RNA is usually Single stranded polynucleotide.
R
DNA)
Pyrimidine: RNA contains pyrimidine, uracil in place of thymine (in DNA).
U
 Chargaff’s Rule not obeyed.
YO

 RNAs can be histologically identified by Orcinol color reaction due to ribose.

 Codon
 Sequence of 3 bases in m-RNA molecule (triplet)
AT

 4 bases in DNA (Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine)

 64 triplet codons are possible
 Initiation codon:
ER

 AUG =in AUG urates protein synthesis–Stopping codons:

 UGA=U Go Away way
 Away UAG = U Are Gone
UAA=U Are Away
IP

 RNA Polymerases:
N

Types of RNA Polymerase Used for synthesis of

RNA Polymerase 1 r-RNA

RNA Polymerase 2 m-RNA

RNA Polymerase 3 t-RNA
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DNA AND RNA CHARACTERISTICS
PE

CHARACTERISTICS DNA RNA

Present in In chromosome & little in Mostly in cytoplasm also in nucleus and
M

mitochondria & chloroplast. ribosome.

Strands Double (3’5’). Single (5’ 3’).

Sugar Deoxyribose sugar. Ribose sugar.
Nitrogenous base A, G, C & T A, G, C, & U
Transcription DNA DNA (replication). RNA dose not replicate.
DNARNA (transcription).

Biotechnology

C
D
G
Introduction of Biotechnology

PS
 INTRODUCTION

TI
 Biotechnology is a branch of biology which deals with the techniques of using of live

ER
organisms, enzymes or biological process to generate products and services
useful to human beings.

G
 HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

N
NAME OF SCIENTIST YEAR DISCOVERIES

FI
Robert Hooke 1665 Cell
Robert Brown 1833 Nucleus (Plant cell)
Johann Friedrich
Albrecht Kossel
1869
1879
R DNA
Nucleic acid
U
Edouard Van Beneden 1882 Specific no. of chromosomes
YO

Wilhelm Johannsen 1909 Gene

Oswald Avery 1944 Genetic information
Watson and Crick 1953 DNA structure
AT

Marshall Nirenberg 1964 Genetic code

Boyer and Cohen 1973 Recombinant DNA technology
Kohler and Milstein 1975 Product of monoclonal antibodies
ER

Yuet Wai Kan 1976 Sickle cell anemia

William J. Rutter 1987 Genetically engineered vaccine against hepatitis B
IP
N

Plant and Tissue Culture

 INTRODUCTION
PD

 Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cell or tissue or organ under
sterile condition on nutrient culture medium.
 The father of plant tissue culture is Gottlieb Haberlandt.
PE

 TERMINOLOGY
M

S. NO. TERMINOLOGY DEFINITION

1 Totipotency It is an ability of plant cell to generate into whole plant.
SA

An excised piece of differentiated tissue or organ is regarded

2 Explant
as explant and it may be part of plant, e.g.- Leaf, stem and root.
The unorganized and undiffererrtiated mass of plant cells is
3 Callus referred to as callus. When plant cells are cultured in a suitable
medium, they divide to form callus.

Inorganic salt Carbon source Growth regulators Vitamins

Organic Supplements
(Sucrose or Glucose) Thiamine (essential)
Nicotinic acid, pyridoxine

C
Macro Micro
(P, K, Ca, C, (Mo, Bo, Fe, Cu, Amino acid Yeast pH of Medium

D
N, S, Mg) Mn, Zn, Ni, Cl) (Glycine) extract (5.5 to 5.7)

G
Auxins Cytokines Gibberellins Ethylene Abscisic acid

PS
 TRANSGENIC PLANTS
 The Plant or animal, whose genome is after by adding one or more transgene are known as transgenic

TI
plants or transgenic animals. The genetically transformed new plants are regarded as transgenic plants.

ER
 Transgenic plants are the ones, whose DNA is modified using genetic engineering techniques.
 In 1982, the first transgenic plants were produced in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) which
(Nicotiana tabacum

G
expressed antibiotic resistance.

N
FI
R
U
YO
AT
ER

 METHODS OF GENE TRANSFER

GENE TRANSFER
N

VECTOR MEDIATED VECTOR – FREE

(DIRECT GENE TRANSFER)

Plant viral vectors

Agrobacterium
(Ti pasmid) mediated • Use of cDNA Physical
Chemical
• Crown gall diseases • RNA plant virus • Electroporation • PEG mediated
• Fusion of protoplast
PE

(A.
(A. tumefaciens)
tumefaciens • Microinjection
with liposomes
• Hairy root diseases • Silicon carbide whisker
(A. rhizogenes) • Microprojectile bombardment
M

(biolistic gene transfer)

METHOD SALIENT FEATURE

Recombinant DNA Technology

 TERMINOLOGY
TERMS DESCRIPTION

C
Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA technology is t he techniques involved in the

D
technology construction, and use of recombinant DNA molecule.

G
Genetic Genetic engineering primarily involves the manipulation of genetic material
Engineering (DNA) to achieve the desired goal in a pre-determined way. Some other terms

PS
are also in common use to describe genetic engineering.
Genomic Library Genomic library is collection of the total Genomic DNA fragments from a
particular species represents gene libraries.

TI
Gene Therapy Gene therapy is the process of inserting genes into cells to treat diseases.

ER
 PRINCIPLE OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

G
N
FI
R
U
YO
AT
ER
IP
N
F
PD
PE

 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF rDNA TECHNOLOGY

Insertion of the selected DNA into a

Generation of DNA f ragments Introduction of the

and selection for the desired cloning vector (e.g.- a plasmid) to recombinant vectors into
create a recombinant DNA or
SA

piece of DNA (e.g.-a human gene) host cells (e.g.- bacteria)

chimeric DNA

Multiplication and selection

Expression of the gene to of clones containing the
produce the desired product recombinant molecules

Microbiology

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D
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Introduction and History of Microbiology

PS
 INTRODUCTION

TI
 Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that is the organism which are of

ER
microscopic dimensions.
 At present there is general agreement to include five major groups as microorganisms.

G
The subdivisions are-

N
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R
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 IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS OF SCIENTISTS IN MICROBIOLOGY

SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTIONS
Robert Hooke • Hooke studied plant sections and saw matrix of tiny cylindrical-like
structures he called cells
cells.
ER

• He published famous book called Micrographia, which has sketches of

various natural things under a microscope.
IP

Antonie van • Published Letters by Royal Society in London, Leeuwenhoek described

Leeuwenhoek 'Animalcules'.
N

• He called bacteria as "animalcules" or "little animals"

• Known as ‘Father of microscopy and microbiology’ as he proves life in
F

cell by observing their motility.

• Only microbes not described by Leeuwenhoek were viruses.

Carl Linnaeus
• Proposed first universal classification system of living beings.
PE

• He created system of naming plants and animals.

• Known as the ‘Father of modern taxonomy’.
M

Louis Pasteur • He proposed that microbes were responsible for illnesses.

• Resolved the controversy of spontaneous generation versus biogenesis.

• He discovered pasteurization, fermentation process.
• He also discovered vaccine for rabies and anthrax.

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(0.8 to 1.0 µm) Diplococci Two cell joints Streptococcus
together pneumoniae

D
Streptococci Divided in one Streptococcus

G
plane & forms pyogenes,
chain like structure Streptococcus

PS
lactis
Tetracoccci In group of four Gaffkya

TI
tetragena

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Staphylococci Grapes like cluster Staphylococcus
arrangement aureus

G
N
Sarcina Arrangement of Sarcina
group of eight cell ventriculi

FI
2 CYLINDRICAL OR Bacillus Single cells R Bacillus cereus,
U
ROD SHAPE Salmonella chole
(BACILLUS) -raesuis
YO

(0.75 to 10 µm Diplobacillus Pair of bacilli Coxiella burnetii,

length and 0.75 Klebsiella
to 3 µm Streptobacillus Chain of bacilli Bacillus
AT

diameter) anthracis
3 CURVED/ SPIRAL Spirochetes Spiral shape Treponema
ER

pallidum
VibrioComma shape, Vibrio cholerae
curved rod
IP

Spirilla Longer rigid rod Spirillum rupae,

with several curve Helicobacter
N

coil. (S shaped) pylori

4 PALISADE Corynebacterium Palisade Corynebacterium
F

arrangement diphtheria
PD

5 MOLD LIKE Streptomycetes Mold like filament Streptomycetes

griseus,
PE

Aspergillus
6 ACTINOMYCETES Branching Streptomyces
M

filamentous bacteria species

7 MYCOPLASMAS Do not having Mycoplasma

stable morphology haemofelis

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PS
TI
ER
G
N
FI
R
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 IMMUNE SYSTEM
AT
ER
IP
N
F
PD
PE
M
SA

 STEPS IN VACCINE PREPARATION

Selecting the strains for vaccine production

Up-stream
processing
Growing the micro-organism

C
D
Isolating and purification of microorganism

G
Inactivation of organism

PS
Down-
stream

TI
process Formulation of vaccine

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Quality control and lot release

G
 VACCINE PREPARATION FROM EMBRYONATED EGG

N
FI
R
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AT
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IP
N


VACCINE ROUTE DISEASE SOURCE
F

DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Intramuscular Diphtheria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae,

Tetanus) Whooping cough Bordetellapertussis

Influenza vaccine Subcutaneous Influenza Influenza virus
Varicella zoster Intramuscular Chicken pox Varicella zoster
PE

Immunoglobulin
BCG Intradermal Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis
M

OPV (Oral PolioVaccine) Oral Poliomyelitis Polio virus

Hepatitis B Oral Hepatitis Hepatitis B virus
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Cholera vaccine Subcutaneous Cholera Vibrio cholerae

Pharmaceutical
Management

C
D
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Introduction to Management

PS
 PHARMACEUTICAL MANAGEMENT

TI
When the principle and practices of management are applied to pharmaceutical industry and drug store, it is

ER
known as “Pharmaceutical Management”.
The process of conducting and managing various business
activities.

G
I. Top level management - It is the ultimate source of authority

N
which frame the policies for the enterprise.

FI
II. Middle-level management - They are responsible to the top
management for the efficient functioning of their department.
III. Lower-level management - They issue orders and instructions R
U
and guide day to day activities.
YO

 Levels of Management Function

I. Planning - It is an intellectual or mental exercise requiring
imagination and judgmental.
AT

II. Organizing - Means a group of people contributing their efforts

towards the attainment of certain common objectives.
III. Staffing - The various activities such as selection,
ER

communication, participation, counselling, training, compensation,

dismissal etc. comes under it.
IP

IV. Directing - Involves issuing orders and instructions, motivating

and leading subordinates, harmonizing organizational goals with

in terest of employees.
F

V. Controlling - Means the steps taken to ensure that the

performance of the organization conforms to the plans.

VI. Coordinating - Laid down which can ultimately be fulfilled only by coordination among its various
departments.
PE

 Principles of Management
M

TYPES DESCRIPTION
Division of Work Employee is given a specific task to do.
SA

Necessary authority in order to ensure that his instructions are carried

Authority
out by the employees.
Disciplined employees, managers need to build a culture of mutual
Discipline
respect.
Unity of Command Employee should receive orders from only one manager.

Pharma and Non-Pharma

Thrust Area

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PS
TI
S. DRUG FDA APPROVED USE ON
ACTIVE INGREDIENT APPROVAL DATE
NO. NAME APPROVAL DATE

ER
1 Zelsuvmi Berdazimer 05/Jan/2024 To treat molluscum contagiosum
Cefepime, To treat complicated urinary tract
2. Exblifep 22/Feb/2024
Enmetazobactam infections

G
To temporarily improve the
Letibotulinumtoxina-

N
3. Letybo 29/ Feb /2024 appearance of moderate-to-severe
Wlbg

FI
glabellar lines
To treat unresectable or metastatic
4. Tevimbra Tislelizumab-Jsgr 13/March/2024
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
R To treat noncirrhotic non-alcoholic
U
5. Rezdiffra Resmetirom 14/ March/2024 steatohepatitis with moderate to
YO

advanced liver scarring

6. Tryvio Aprocitentan 19/March/2024 To treat hypertension
To treat Duchenne muscular
7. Duvyzat Givinostat 21/ March/2024 dystrophy in individuals aged 6
AT

years and older

To treat pulmonary arterial
8. Winrevair Sotatercept-Osrk 26/ March/2024
ER

hypertension
To treat anemia due to chronic
9. Vafseo Vadadustat 27/ March/2024
kidney disease
IP

To treat extravascular hemolysis

10. Voydeya Danicopan 29/ March/2024 with paroxysmal nocturnal
N

hemoglobinuria
To treat certain bloodstream
F

infections, bacterial skin and

Ceftobiprole Medocaril
11. Zevtera 03/ April/2024 associated tissue infections, and
Sodium
community-acquired bacterial
pneumonia
PE

To use as an optical imaging agent

12. Lumisight Pegulicianine 17/ April/2024
for the detection of cancerous tissue
M

Nogapendekin Alfa
13. Anktiva 22/April/2024 To treat bladder cancer
Inbakicept-Pmin
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To treat relapsed or refractory

14. Ojemda Tovorafenib 23/April/2024
pediatric low-grade glioma
To treat WHIM syndrome (warts,
15. Xolremdi Mavorixafor 26/ April/2024 hypogammaglobulinemia, infections
and myelokathexis)

FIELD NOBEL LAUREATES CONTRIBUTION

Foundational contributions to artificial
Physics Geoffrey Hinton, John Hopfield

C
intelligence, especially in neural networks.

D
Innovations in protein structure
Demis Hassabis, John Jumper,
Chemistry prediction, including the development of

G
David Baker
AlphaFold2.
Physiology Discovery of microRNA and its role in gene

PS
Victor Ambros, Gary Ruvkun
or Medicine regulation.
Intense poetic prose confronting human

TI
Literature Han Kang
fragility and historical traumas.
Nihon Hidankyo (Japan Advocacy for a nuclear weapon-free

ER
Peace Confederation of A- and H-Bomb world, led by survivors of Hiroshima and
Sufferers Organizations) Nagasaki.

G
Economic Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, Research on how political institutions

N
Sciences James Robinson impact economic development.

FI
R
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NOBEL YEARS OF NOBEL
FIELDS ACHIEVEMENT
LAUREATE PRIZES
YO

First woman to win the Nobel Prize. Her

Physics, 1903 (Physics),
Marie Curie work on radiation and the discovery of
Chemistry 1911 (Chemistry)
radium and polonium.
AT

Awarded for his work on chemical

Chemistry, 1954 (Chemistry), bonding and his anti-nuclear activism,
Linus Pauling
ER

Peace 1962 (Peace) being the only person with two unshared
prizes.
1956 (Physics), Twice awarded for his work on transistors
IP

John Bardeen Physics

1972 (Physics) and the theory of superconductivity.
Frederick 1958 (Chemistry), Won for his work on protein structure and
N

Chemistry
Sanger 1980 (Chemistry) DNA sequencing.
F

International
Awarded multiple times for its
PD

Committee of 1917, 1944, 1963,

Peace humanitarian efforts during wars and
the Red Cross 1965, 1973, 1993
crises.
(ICRC)
PE

Recognized for its peacekeeping missions

United 1965, 1974, 1988,
Peace and efforts in conflict resolution and
Nations 2001
humanitarian work.
M
SA

 IG NOBEL PRIZES FOR IMPROBABLE RESEARCH

Gallantry Awards

 PEACE-TIME GALLANTRY AWARDS

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TI
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G
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FI
R
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 WAR-TIME GALLANTRY AWARDS

India's highest military decoration, awarded for

displaying distinguished acts of valour during
Param
wartime. Param Vir Chakra translates as the "Wheel
ER

Vir
of the Ultimate Brave", and the award is granted for
Chakra
"most conspicuous bravery in the presence of the
IP

enemy".
N

Second highest military decoration in India, awarded

for acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of
F

Maha Vir
the enemy, whether on land, at sea or in the air. It
PD

Chakra
replaced the British Distinguished Service Order
(DSO).
PE

Vir Chakra is an Indian gallantry award presented for

acts of gallantry in the presence of the enemy on the
M

Vir battlefield. Established by the President of India on

Chakra 26 January 1950. The statutes were amended 12

January 1952 to readjust the order of wearing as new
decorations were established.

National Sports Awards in India

Major Dhyan Chand Discipline(s)

Sport Jewel Award, Chess, Billiards, Yachting,

C
formerly known as the Weightlifting, Tennis, Gymnastics,

D
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Cricket, Athletics, Hockey,

G
Award in Sports and Badminton, Shooting, Athletics,
Games, is the highest Shooting Snooker, Shooting,

PS
sporting honour of Boxing, Wrestling, Paralympic high
India. jump, etc.

TI
Discipline(s)
Archery, Athletics, Badminton,

ER
Basketball, Boxing, Cycling,
Equestrian, Football, Golf,

G
Arjuna Award Gymnastics, Hockey, Judo, Lawn
Tennis, Rowing, Shooting,

N
Swimming, Table Tennis,

FI
Volleyball, Weightlifting, Winter
Sports, Wrestling, etc.
R Discipline(s)
U
Archery, Athletics, Badminton,
YO

Billiards & Snooker, Boxing, Chess,

Cricket, Football, Gymnastics,
Dronacharya Award Hockey, Kabaddi, Kho-kho,
Mallakhamb, Powerlifting, Rowing,
AT

Shooting, Squash, Table Tennis,

Weightlifting, Wrestling, Wushu,
Yachting.
ER

Discipline(s)
Boxing, Hockey, Basketball,
IP

Volleyball, Rowing, Athletics,

Dhyan Chand Award Wrestling, Billiards & Snooker,
N

Kabaddi, Weightlifting, Football,

Swimming, Para-Sports, Tennis,

Badminton,
PD

 LITERARY AWARDS IN INDIA

Jnanpith Award Oldest and the highest Indian literary award presented
annually by the Bharatiya Jnanpith to an author for
M

their "outstanding contribution towards literature".

Instituted in 1961, the award is bestowed only on
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Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in

the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and
English.

Warf -5 Warfarin reduces the

Coumadin, formation of blood clots.
Warfarin Anticoagulants
and
Jantoven.
Metoprolol is used to treat
Matrate Cardiovascular angina (chest pain) and

C
Metoprolol Tablet
Metorol drug hypertension (high blood

D
pressure).

G
Permethrin Perskin Antifungal This medication is used to
Scabus treat scabies.

PS
TI
Amphotericin -B Amphodex Antibiotic This medication is used to
treat a variety of serious

ER
fungal infections.

Propranolol is used in the

G
Propranolol Inderal Cardio- treatment of Hypertension

N
Tablet Ciplar vascular drug (high blood pressure),

FI
Prevention of migraine.
Diltiazem is used to treat

Diltiazem Tablet
DTM – 30 Cardiovascular
pressure), angina
R
hypertension (high blood
(chest
U
Cardiil drug
pain), and certain heart
YO

rhythm disorders.
used to treat mild itchiness.
Caladryl This includes from sunburn,
AT

Calamine Lacto Anti allergic insect bites, poison ivy,

calamine poison oak, or other mild skin
conditions.
ER

Used to treat high blood

Nepine Calcium
pressure (hypertension) & to
Nifedipine Agifine channel
IP

prevent angina (heart-related

Nifcard blocker
chest pain).
N

Used for the treatment of

Dixin Cardio- heart failure
F

Digoxin
Lanoxin vascular drug
PD

Nicorandil is used in the

Nicovexx treatment of Angina (heart-
Nicrondil Vasodilator
PE

Nicosyd related chest pain)

Hydroxyzine is used to treat

Atarax
Hydroxyzine Antihistaminic itching caused by allergies.
SA

Hydrax

Loratin Loratadine is used in the

Loratadine Lormac Antihistaminic treatment of allergic
Lormeg conditions.

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D
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TI
ER
G
N
FI
R
U
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AT
ER
IP
N
F
PD
PE
M
SA

Some Important Abbreviations

ABBREVIATIONS FULL FORM

AAAS American Association of Advancement of Science

C
AALAS American Association for Laboratory Animal Science

D
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIOPI Association of Information Officers of the Pharmaceutical Industry

G
ALF American Liberation Front
ANDA Abbreviated New DrugApplication

PS
BEA Breeding for Experimental Animals
BINAS Biosafety Information Networkand AdvisoryService

TI
BMJ British Medical Journal

ER
BPC Bulk Pharmaceutical Chemicals
BPI British Pharmaceutical Index
BrAPP British Association of Pharmaceutical Physicians

G
BUAV British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection

N
CADD Computer Aided Drug Design
CDC Centre for Disease Control

FI
CIOMS Council for International Organisations of Medical Sciences
CPCSEA Committee for Purpose of Control & Supervision of Experimental Animals
CPI Consumer Price Index
R
U
CRA Clinical Research Associate
YO

CRC Clinical Research Council

CRF Case Report Form
CRN Clinical Research Network
AT

CRO Contract Research Organisation

CSM Committee on Safety of Medicines
CTC Clinical Trials Centre
ER

CTD Common Technical Document

CTD Common Technical Document
DRA Drug Regulatory Affairs
IP

DUMP Disposal of Unwanted Medicines and Poisons

EFPIA European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries & Associations
N

EMEA European Medicine Agency

FDA Food& Drug Administration

FIP International Pharmaceutical Federations
PD

GCP Good Clinical Practices

GLP Good Laboratory Practices
GMP Good Manufacturing Practices
PE

HIS Indian Health Services

HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography
M

HRSA Health Resources & Service Administration

IACUC Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

IAES Institutional Animal Ethics Committee
ICDRA International Conference for DrugRegulatory Authorities
ICH International Conference on Harmonizationof technical requirement
for registration of pharmaceuticals

Facts About The Corona Virus

 INTRODUCTION

C
 What is corona virus ?

D
Corona viruses are a large family of viruses which may cause illness in animals or humans. In humans,

G
several coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections ranging from the common cold to more
severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory

PS
Syndrome (SARS). The most recently discovered coronavirus causes coronavirus disease COVID-19.
 What is a ‘novel’ coronavirus ?

TI
• A novel coronavirus (CoV) is a new strain of coronavirus.

ER
• The disease caused by the novel coronavirus first identified in Wuhan, China, ha been named
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – ‘CO’ stands for corona, ‘VI for virus, and ‘D’ for

G
disease.

N
• Formerly, this disease was referred to as ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘2019-nCoV.’
• The COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory

FI
Syndrome (SARS) and some types of common cold.
 How does the COVID-19 virus spread ? R
U
• The virus is transmitted through direct contact with respiratory droplets of an infected person
YO

(Generated through coughing and sneezing), and touching surfaces contaminated with the virus.
• The COVID-19 virus may survive on surfaces for several hours, but simple disinfectants can kill it.
AT

 THE 3 MAJOR COVID-19 VARIANTS

The three major variants emerged at different times, and in different parts of the world. Here’s an overview of
ER

each variant, when they were discovered, and how far they’ve spreadso far.
B.1.1.7
IP

• The B.1.1.7 variant was detected in the UK in the fall of 2020. By December 2020, it had spread across
N

the globe, with cases emerging across Europe, North

America, and Asia.
F

• Currently, the variant has been reported in roughly 94

countries.
• Early research suggests it’s 50% more transmissible
PE

than other variants, and potentially 35% more

deadly than the standard virus.virus Luckily, studies
M

suggest that some of the existing vaccines work well

against it.
SA

B.1.351
• In October 2020, the second major variant was discovered—B.1.351. It was first identified in South
Africa, but by end of the year, it had spread to the UK, Switzerland, Australia, and Japan.

National Schemes/Programmes

LAUNCHED
S. NO. SCHEMES/ PROGRAMS OBJECTIVE
DATE

C
1. Beti Bacchao, Beti January To generate awareness and improving the efficiency of
Padhao 2015 welfare services meant for women.

D
Yojana (BBBPY)

G
2. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya July Electric supply feeder separation and distribution
Gram Jyoti Yojana 2015 infrastructure including metering at all levels in rural

PS
(DDUGJY) areas.
3. Digital India July To deliver government services to citizens electronically

TI
2015 by improving online infrastructures and by increasing
internet connectivity.

ER
4. Gram Uday Se Bharat April This scheme strengthens Panchayati raj villages and
Uday 2014 ensures social harmony in villages.

G
Abhiyan (GUSBUA)
5. Make in India September To encourage multinational and domestic companies to

N
2014 manufacture their products in India and create jobs and

FI
skill enhancement in 25 sectors
6. Mission Indradhanush December To immunize all children as well as pregnant women
2014 against diseases by 2020. R
U
7. Namami Gange Project July To integrate the efforts to clean and protect the Ganga-
(NGP) 2014 river in a comprehensive manner.
YO

8. Pradhan Mantri Awas June Achieve housing for all by the year 2022, 2 crores in
Yojana (PMAY) 2015 urban and 3 crores in homes in rural areas.
9. Pradhan Mantri Fasal October Provide insurance cover to rabi and kharif crops and
AT

Bima Yojana (PMFBY) 2014 financial support to farmers in case of damage of crops.
10. Pradhan Mantri Garib April Implement the pro-poor welfare schemes in more
ER

Kalyan 2015 effective way and reaches out to more poor population
Yojana (PMGKY) across the country.
11. Pradhan Mantri Gram July Irrigating the field of every farmer and improving water
IP

Sinchai 2015 use efficiency to provide “Per Drop More Crop”.

yojana (PMGSY)
N

12. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan May 2015 Provide life insurance cover to all Indian citizens.
F

Jyoti Yojana (PMJJY)

13. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal January Aims to train Indian youth for overseas employment.
Vikas yojana 2017
14. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan October To fulfill Mahatma Gandhi’s dream of clean and hygienic
PE

(SBA) 2014 India.

15. Saubhagya Yojana September To provide electricity connections to all households
2017 without access to power
M

16. Pradhan Mantri Jan September Provides health insurance to economically vulnerable
SA

Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) 2018 populations, also called Ayushman Bharat

17. Pradhan Mantri Shram February Provides pension benefits for workers in the unorganized
Yogi Mandhan 2019 sector
18. PM KUSUM Scheme February Promotes solar energy, especially for farmers through
2019 solar pumps

General English

C
D
G
Antonyms

PS
An antonym is a type of word that has the opposite meaning to another word

TI
WORD HINDI MEANING ANTONYM HINDI MEANING

ER
Transparent ikjn'khZ Opaque vikjn'khZ
Fragmented fc[kjk gqvk Combine/Unite tqM+k gqvk

G
Introvert vareqZ[kh Extrovert cfgeq[[kh
Z kh
Ascend p<+uk Descend mrjuk

N
Save cpkuk] lqjf{kr j[kuk Lose R;kxuk

FI
Mortal u'oj Immortal vu'oj
Awkward QwgM+] cs<axk Graceful 'kksHkk;eku
Diligently deZBrkiwoZd Negligently R csijokgh l s s
U
Persist MVs jguk] dk;e jguk Discontinue #duk] NksM+ nsuk
Traitor Ally
YO

diVh] ns'kæksgh fe=i{k] eS= h djuk

Enrich le`) cukuk] lEiUu Deprive oafpr djuk
Amateur 'kkSfd;k Professional is' ksoj
Heavenly Earthly
AT

vykSfdd ykSfdd
Perfect lEiw.kZ Imperfect viw.kZ
Variable vfLFkj] ifjorZuh; Invariable fLFkj] vifjorZuh;
ER

Vertical yEcor~ Horizontal {kSfrt

Ability ;ksX;rk Inability v;ksX;rk
Precise lVhd] Bhd Imprecise xyr
IP

Constructive l`tu] fufeZr oLrq Destructive fo/oaldkjd

Extravagant [kphZyk] vfrO;;h Thrifty fdQk;rh

Pretentious vkMacjiw.kZ Unpretentious vkMacjjfgr
F

Odd vleku] varj Even leku

Mitigate de djuk Increase c<+uk

Accumulated lafpr Squandered yqVk;k ;k mM+k;k x;k
Fickle vfLFkj Firm fLFkj
PE

Visionary dkYifud Realistic okLrfod

Theoretical lS)kfUrd Practical O;kogkfjd
Barren Fertile
M

catj mitkÅ
Transience {kf.kd gksuk Eternity vuar dky
SA

Minuscule cgqr NksVk] NksVk v{kj Majuscule cM+k] cM+k v{kj

Glacial BaMk] teus tSlk Cool, Frosty, Icy, Freezing, Chill

Garrulous ckrwuh Talkative, Verbose, Chatty, Gossipy, Gushing
Solitary vdsyk Lonely, Alone, Seclude, Lonesome
Ordinary, Worldly, Temporal, Terrestrial,
Mundane lk/kkj.k] ykSfdd
Unexciting, Monotonous, Dull, Boring

C
Protrude mHkjuk Bulge, Jut, Emerge, Bug out
Fetch Bring, Get, Pickup, Take

D
ykuk] ys vkuk
Absurd csrqd k] Hkn~nk Ridiculous, Goofy, Preposterous, Ludicrous

G
Hurdle ck/kk Obstacle, Barrier, Impediment, Hindrance
Insolent voKkdkjh Disrespectful, Rude, Impertinent, Impolite

PS
Coarse vifj"—r Rough, Crude, Inelegant, Unimproved
Demise nsgkUr] fu/ku Death, Quietus, Decease, Passing

TI
Mimic udy] vuqd j.k djuk Copy, Imitate, Impersonate, Resemble

ER
Innocuous lh/kk&lk/kk] vgkfudj Inoffensive, Innocent, Harmless, Non-dangerous
Speculate vankt yxkuk Guess, Conjecture, Surmise, Suppose
Effect çHkko Mkyuk] ifj.kke Result, Impone, Influence, Consequence

G
Instant {kf.kd] rkRdkfyd Prompt, Plumb, Immediate, Quick

N
Diligent esgurh] ifjJeh Industrious, Assiduous, Hard- working, Sedulous

FI
Anticipate iwokZueq ku djuk] vk'kk j[kuk Expect, Hope, Predict, Forestall
Change cnyuk] gsj&Qsj djuk Alter, Modify, Convert, Exchange
Request
Obscene
vuqjks/k djuk] çkFkZuk djuk
v'yhy] ?k`f.kr
R
Ask, Entreaty, Solicitation, Requisition
Dirty, Nasty, Filthy, Foul
U
Fragrance lqxa/k Aroma, Incense, Scent, Perfume
YO

Restrict jksduk] ckf/kr djuk Prohibit, Constrain, Obstruct, Inhibit

Abundant i;kZIr] T;knk Plentiful, Copious, Profuse, Ample
Pity n;k] d#.kk Mercy, Compassion, Clemency, Ruth
AT

IIdioms
diom and Phrases
ER

An idiom is a phrase that has a figurative meaning, whereas a phrase is a group of words that have a literal
IP

meaning
N

IDIOMS AND PHRASES MEANING AND EXAMPLE

Heart and soul (The central core of something) He threw himself heart and soul to
F

pass the examination.

Head and shoulder (Above all) Shri Man Mohan Singh is head and shoulder above his
counter parts.
Helter skelter (Disorderly) On arrival of the police the strikers ran helter skelter.
PE

First and foremost (First of all) To be sincere and devoted is the first and foremost
requirement for this job.
Might and main (Great physical strength) If you study with might and main you will
M

positively secure the success.

One who makes an official Auditor A gathering at a religious Congregation

examination of accounts place
A person who deliberately sets Arsonist Submission to all that Fatalism
fire to a building happens as inevitable
That which cannot be effaced Indelible Lasting for a very short time Ephemeral

C
To sweep over something so as Engulf A person who is easily Gullible
to surround it completely deceived or tricked

D
To take someone somewhere Whisk An act of misappropriation Embezzlement

G
suddenly and quickly of money
A symbol that serves as an Totem Obsession with books Bibliomania

PS
emblem of a group of people
To slap with one's hand or a flat To spank To make (someone) anxious To perturb

TI
object or unsettled
A person who talks too much of Egotist Diminish in value over a Depreciate

ER
himself period of time

G
Spelling Mistake

N
FI
 INTRODUCTION
The act or process of forming words correctly from individual letters is called spelling. It is the actual way
in which a word is spelt.
R
U
 One-syllable words ending in single vowel + single consonant double the consonant before a suffix
YO

beginning with a vowel

(i) Beg+ed = begged (ii) Big + er = bigger
AT

(iii) Swim + ing = swimming (iv) Sad + ent = saddest

 Words of two or three syllables ending in single vowel + single consonant double the final consonant
if the syllable is stressed. E.g.
ER

(i) Permit + ed = permitted (ii) Control + er = controller

(iii) Occur + ing = occurring (iv) Begin + ing = beginning

 Consonant ‘I’
I’ is doubled in the words ending in single vowel + ‘I’ before a suffix beginning with a
N

vowel. E.g.
F

(i) Signal + ing = signalling (ii) Quarrel +ed = quarrelled

(iii)Repel + ent = repellent (iv) Travel + er = traveller

 When the suffix ‘full’ is added to a word, one ‘l’ is removed.
(i) Faith+ full = faithful (ii) Use + full = useful
PE

 If the word to which the suffix ‘full’ is added ends in ‘ll’, one ‘l’ is removed from the word also. E.g.
M

(i) Skill + full = skilful (ii) Will + full = wilful

 Words ending in silent ‘e’, drop the ‘e’ before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
SA

(i) Hope + ing = hoping (ii) Live + ed = lived

Inconsequential Inconstancy Inconceivable N

Independence Independent Incorrigible Notoriety Nevertheless Nuisance
Individually Industries Indeterminate Neurotic Necessary Nicety
Intelligent Intellect Insusceptible Niggardly Noticing Nimbly
Interlining Interceding Intelligence Nauseate Nihilism Needlessly
Improbability Improvement Impressionist Nineteen Ninetieth Nominally

C
Inattentively Incessantly Inappeasable Negativism Normally Nostalgia

D
Incomparable Incomprehensible Incidentally Noncombustible Negligence Negligible
Ideally Ideologies Ignoramus Negroes Neighbour Neither

G
Idiomatic Idiosyncrasy Ignorance Naive Naivete Narcissus
Icicle Idiocy Ignorant Narrative Naturalistic Naturally

PS
Insincere Imbibing Inoculate O
J Ordinarily Oppression Occasion

TI
Jettison Jocundity Jolliness Offense Ostenadous Occur

ER
Jovially Judgement Judicially Officious Obliquely Optimism
Juiciness Juvenile Occurrence Obsequious Omateness
K Odoriferous Orating Over Development

G
Kidnaped Kindlier Kinescope Obtuseness Ordimary Opportunity

N
Kaleidoscope Keenness Khaki Occupying Offensively Ostracism
L Outweigh Omission Obliterate

FI
Literally Literature Litigation Ornamental Oculist Observance
Liveliest Livelihood Liveliness
Lives Lodging Loneliness R P
U
Lonely Longitudinal Looniness Poetically Poignant Polyethylene
Loose Lugubrious Losing Permanent Perfunctory Persistent
YO

Languorous Laureate Learnedly Personal Perpetually Personnel

Lassitude Lengthening Leniency Passed Passionately Passable
Laboriously Labyrinth Laboratory Pasteurize Pathetically Passivity
AT

Lamentable Laconic Lascivious Penicillin Penitent Penetrate

Legibility Levying Liberally Perambulating Perceive Penniless
Lethally Licentious Limousine
ER

Percipience Peremptorily Perceptible

Libidinous Lineage Listener
Performance Perfidious Perilous
Linage Literary Literate
Phosphoric Phobia Phraseology
IP

M
Physician Photogenic Physique
Maturing Matriculating Maturely
N

Pantomime Phenomenon Pancreas

Manifesto Manginess Maniacal
Marauder Manning Manually Paralleled Painstaking Parallel
F

Mucilage Mosquitoes Mousiness Pharmaceutical Paradoxically Philosophy

Mundanely Multiplicity Multitudinous Phlegmatic Paralyzed Phonetically

Malleable Maintenance Malefactor Pageant Petticoat Pacified
Maneuver Manageability Management Palpitating Pamphlets Palladium
PE

Mechanics Mausoleum Measurement Piccolo Pictorially Piecing

Medicine Medallion Medical Pinnacle Piquancy Pirouette
Morbidity Moodily Morally
M

Pedagogy Pedantic Pedagogue

Mosaic Morosely Mortally
SA

Menacingly Memorability Memorizing Q

General Science

C
D
G
1. Blades of a windmill possess, hence they are for

PS
turned by a fast wind. Answer :- Photoelectric Effect
Answer :- Potential Energy 14. Electric Motor converts the Electric energy into

TI
2. A dark-skinned man experiences, as compared Answer :- Electric energy to Mechanical
to a fair-skinned man. energy

ER
Answer :- Less heat & less cold 15. Robert Koch has invented the
3. What device is used to break/complete an Answer :- Electron microscope

G
electronic circuit 16. Force of attraction between the molecules of

N
Answer :- Switch different substances is called

FI
4. What is the temperature at which both the Answer :- Adhesive Force
Fahrenheit and the centigrade scales have the 17. Electrons in Good conductors are
same value
R Answer :- Loosely bound
U
Answer :- -40° 18. One barrel of oil = litres. (Approximately)
YO

5. Acceleration acts always in the direction of the Answer :- 159

Answer :- Net force 19. If a bar magnet is cut length wise into 3 parts,
AT

6. The principle used in working of an atom bomb what will the total number of poles be
is Answer :- 6
Answer :- Nuclear Fission 20. If the body is hollow, then its centre of gravity
ER

7. What is the unit used to measure the depth of lies

sea Answer :- Outside the material
IP

Answer :- Fathom 21. If the temperature inside a room is increased,

8. Astigmatism can be corrected by the relative humidity will

Answer :- Cylindrical lenses Answer :- Decrease
F

9. Lambert’s Law is related to 22. In summer, the mirages are seen due to the
PD

Answer :- Illumination phenomenon of

10. In a Battery, which energy is converted into Answer :- Total Internal Reflection
PE

Electrical energy 23. In the visible spectrum which colour has the
Answer :- Chemical Energy longest wavelength
M

11. The longitudinal mechanical waves of less than Answer :- Red

20 Hz are called 24. In which medium sound travels faster

Current Affairs
2024

C
D
G
 GOVERNMENT SCHEMES [INDIA & STATES]
1. ‘Praja Palana Guarantee Darakasthu’ is related to Telangana.

PS
2. The Uttarakhand government has prohibited government offices from purchasing petrol and diesel
vehicles from January 1, 2024.

TI
3. The food security scheme in Rajasthan, previously known as Indira Rasoi Yojana, has been renamed

ER
Shree Annapurna Rasoi Yojana.
4. The state of West Bengal has recently introduced a comprehensive social welfare scheme named

G
Yogyasree.

N
Defence.
5. iDEX-DIO is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Defence.

FI
Lakhpati Baideos’ scheme.
6. The state of Assam has recently launched the ‘Lakhpati
7. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs is responsible for the PM-eBus Sewa scheme.
8. The state of Chhattisgarh recently launched the Mahtari Vandana Yojana.
Yojana R
U
9. The scheme that provides scholarships to meritorious students from Scheduled Caste communities for
YO

higher education is SHRESHTA scheme.

10. Mukhya Mantri Mahila Udyamita Abhiyaan was launched by the Assam government.
AT

11. The primary targets of the PM Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme (PM YASASVI) are OBCs,
EBC, and DNT students.
12. The LABHA (‘Laghu Bana Jatya Drabya Kraya’) Yojana was launched by the state of Odisha.
ER

13. The Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0 scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Women and
Child Development.
IP

14. The state government of Telangana recently launched ‘Operation Smile X’ to rescue child labourers.
N

15. The state government of Karnataka has recently suspended five officers for negligence in implementing
the IEDSS scheme.
F

16. Kamakhya Divyalok Pariyojana is associated with the state of Assam.

17. The Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar programme comes under the Ministry of Culture.
18. The Open Network Digital Commerce (ONDC) portal was launched by the Ministry of Commerce
PE

and Industry.
19. The renewed portal of the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund was launched by
M

the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying.

20. Mukhyamantri Kanya Sumangala Yojana is an initiative of the state of Uttar Pradesh.
21. The ADITI scheme is associated with the Defence sector.
22. The Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024 was introduced by the Ministry of Heavy Industries.
23. Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi (RAN) scheme is administered by the Ministry of Health and Family Wel
fare.
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GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY
17. Singapore introduced a new sustainability law to become a carbon-neutral city-state by 2030.
18. Russia and India held a bilateral trade summit, focusing on energy and defense cooperation in 2024.
19. Israel and Palestine reached a historic peace agreement to end years of conflict in 2024.
20. Mexico expanded its drug trafficking prevention program to curb violence and criminal activity in
2024.

C
21. Egypt hosted the World Climate Summit in 2024, focusing on global environmental policy.

D
22. Australia became the first country to launch a national AI ethics framework in 2024.

G
23. UNESCO declared the Great Barrier Reef a World Heritage Site of the Year in 2024 for its

PS
conservation efforts.
24. Brazil introduced a universal healthcare reform aimed at improving access to medical services in

TI
2024.
25. Turkey and Greece reached a historic agreement on maritime boundaries in the Eastern

ER
Mediterranean in 2024.
26. United Nations launched a global education initiative to combat illiteracy in developing nations in

G
2024.

N
27. Nigeria successfully hosted the African Union Summit in 2024, focusing on economic growth and

FI
unity.
28. Italy passed a comprehensive digital taxation law, R
law, targeting multinational corporations in 2024.
U
29. New Zealand implemented a nationwide carbon tax to reduce emissions and promote sustainability in
YO

2024.
30. Argentina announced the opening of a new space research center to enhance its role in space
exploration in 2024.
AT

31. Sweden introduced a national healthcare access program to reduce inequalities in medical treatment
in 2024.
ER

32. United Arab Emirates launched the first solar-powered airport terminal in the Middle East in 2024.
33. South Africa became the first African country to host the International Trade and Investment
IP

Conference in 2024.
34. Norway introduced a sustainable seafood certification to boost environmentally friendly fishing
N

practices in 2024.
F

35. Argentina and Chile announced a joint initiative for water conservation to protect shared water
PD

sources in 2024.
36. Finland topped the World Happiness Report for the sixth consecutive year in 2024.
PE

37. Cuba and United States resumed diplomatic relations after years of tensions in 2024.
38. Spain passed a new labor rights law, securing better wages and conditions for workers in 2024.
M

39. Thailand became the first Asian country to legalize same-sex marriage in 2024.
SA

40. India hosted the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in 2024, discussing regional
trade and security issues.
41. China expanded its Belt and Road Initiative by signing infrastructure agreements with 10 new
countries in 2024.

Reasoning, Aptitude and

General Arithmetic

C
D
G
Analogy

PS
 Analogy means a similarity or comparability between two things, where both the things are related to

TI
each other in a certain way. In these types of questions, a series of numbers or alphabetical

ER
letters or combinations of both are given.

G
 TYPES OF VERBAL ANALOGY

N
1. Analogy based on Words

FI
In these types of questions, three words are given and two words are inter-related to each other in
some way. It is required to find out the relationship between the third and fourth word on the basis
of the relationship of the first two words. R
U
Example: Skin : Feel :: Eye : ______?
YO

(a) Tears (b) Taste (c) Smell (d) Vision

Answer :- (d) The sense of skin is feeling and that of eye is vision.
AT

2. Analogy based on Numbers

In these types of questions, three numbers are given and two numbers are inter-related to each other
in some way. The student is required to find out the relationship between the third and fourth number
ER

on the basis of the relationship of the first two numbers.

Example: 26 : 5 :: 65 : _______?
(a) 9 (b) 8 (c) 7 (d) 6
N

Answer :- (b) The relationship between the first two numbers can be identified as Number Analogy
F

i.e., The first number is the square+1 of the second number. So, the 65 will be the
PD

square+1 of number 8.
3. Analogy based on Alphabets
PE

In these types of questions, a student is required to find out the relationship between two given
groups of alphabetical letters inter-related to each other in some way and then choose either a letter
M

group or pair consisting of similarly related letter groups.

Example: BUCKET : ACTVBDJLDFSU :: BONUS : ________?

(a) CDPQOPVWTU (b) SUNOR (c) ACNPMOTVRT (d) ACNPMOVWTU
Answer :- (c) In this case each letter of first group gets replaced by two letters, where one letter
comes before it and one comes after that particular letter in the second group.
B – AC; O – NP; N – MO; U – TV; S - RT
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THEORY NIPER AT YOUR FINGERTIPS : REASONING, APTITUDEAND GENERALARITHMETIC
15. CIG, FLJ, IOM, (c) UGH (d) None of these
(a) LRP (b) JLG 18. RAP, MAP, HOT FUN,
(c) PSU (d) QUB (a) HNE (b) PGI
16. m n m n m n n n m m n m n m m m m n n m m n (c) STN (d) CAT
How many m’s are preceded by ‘m’ and 19. C, E, H, L, Q,

C
followed by ‘n’ (a) R (b) W

D
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) U (d) X

G
(c) 4 (d) 1 20. NMO, RQS, VUW, ZYA,
17. BZA, DYC, FXE, ?, JVI (a) DCE (b) BCD

PS
(a) HUG (b) HWG (c) ECD (d) FCD

TI
ANSWER KEY

ER
1–a 2- c 3- d 4–c 5–b 6- d 7-c 8–b 9 -b 10 – d
11 – a 12 – c 13 – d 14 – c 15 – a 16 -b 17- b 18 – d 19 – b 20 - a

G
N
Classification

FI
 ‘Classification’ means to list the items of a given group on the basis of certain quality and then choose the
stranger out. R
U
 In these types of Questions, the candidate is required to choose one item which does not fit into the group
YO

of similar items.
 TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION
1. Type I: Selecting the odd WORD
AT

Example: Select the word which is least like the other words in the group
(a) Dagger (b) Hammer (c) Knife (d) Sword
ER

Answer: (b) - Here all are sharp edged and having a cutting action EXCEPT Hammer.
2. Type II: Selecting the odd PAIR OF WORDS
IP

Example: Choose the odd pair of words

(a) Oil: Lamp (b) Power: Machine (c) Oxygen: Life (d) Petrol: Ventilator
Answer: (d) - Clearly in all the pairs second requires the first to function.
F

3. Type III: Selecting the odd NUMERAL

Example: Choose the number which is different from others in the group
Example:
(a) 17 (b) 27 (c) 29 (d) 37
PE

Answer :- (b) Each of the numbers except 27 is a prime number.

4. Type IV: Selecting the odd NUMERAL GROUP OR NUMERAL PAIR
M

Example: Choose the number which is different from others

(a) 21-49 (b) 24-64 (c)18-35 (d) 27-81

Answer: (c) In all other numbers, the second number is the square of one-third of the first number.
5. Type V: Selecting the odd LETTER GROUP
Example: Choose the group of letters which is different from others
(a) APBQ (b) CRDT (c) EUFV (d) GWHX
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GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY
Answer: (b) In all other, the first and the third as well as the second and the fourth are consecutive
letters in the English alphabet.
6. Type VI: Selecting the odd FIGURE OR IMAGE
Example: Find out the figure which does not belong to the group.
II III I III

C
II II I I III II I I

D
II III II II

G
a b c d
(a) a (b) b (c) c (d) d

PS
Answer: (d) Except figure (d) All other figures have total 8 I’s in the blanks.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TI
ER
1. In this question, four words have been given, 6. In this question, four words have been given,
out of which three are alike in some manner out of which three are alike in some manner

G
and the fourth one is different. Choose out the and the fourth one is different. Choose out the

N
odd one odd one
(a) New Delhi (b) Beijing (a) Fog (b) Hailstone

FI
(c) New York (d) Tokyo (c) Vapour (d) Mist
2. Three of the following four options are alike 7.
R
In this question, four words have been given,
U
in a certain way and so form a group. Which out of which three are alike in some manner
and the fourth one is different. Choose out
YO

one does not belong to that group

(a) Tongue (b) Chin the odd one
(c) Nose (d) Ear (a) Hydrogen (b) Oxygen
AT

3. In this question, four words have been given, (c) Iodine (d) Nitrogen
out of which three are alike in some manner 8. In this question, four words have been given,
and the fourth one is different. Choose out the out of which three are alike in some manner
ER

odd one and the fourth one is different. Choose out the
(a) Tortoise (b) Duck odd one
IP

(c) Snake (d) Whale (a) Raid (b) Assault

4. In this question, four words have been given, (c) Defence (d) Ambush
out of which three are alike in some manner 9. In this question, four words have been given,
F

and the fourth one is different. Choose out the out of which three are alike in some manner
PD

odd one and the fourth one is different. Choose out the
(a) Feathers (b) Tentacles odd one
PE

(c) Pseudopodia (d) Flagella (a) Parrot (b) Pigeon

5. Choose the figure which is different from (c) Kite (d) Penguin
M

the rest 10. In this question, four words have been given,
SA

out of which three are alike in some manner

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. If in a certain language CHAMPION is coded 9. In a certain code “nee tim see” means “how are
as HCMAIPNO, how can NEGATIVE be coded in you” ; “blee nee see” means “where are you”.
that code What will be the code for “where”

C
(a) ENAGITEV (b) NEAGVEIT (a) nee (b) tim (c) see (d) blee

D
(c) MGAETVIE (d) EGAITEVN 10. In a certain code language “pit nae tom” means

G
2. In a certain language KINDLE is coded as “apple is green” ; “nae ho tap” means “green and

PS
ELDNIK, how can EXOTIC be coded in that code white” and “ho tom ka” means “shirt is white”.
(a) EXOTLC (b) CXOTIE Which of the following represents “apple” in

TI
(c) COMTE (d) CITOXE that language
(a) nae (b) tom (c) pit (d) ho

ER
3. If in a certain language GAMBLE is coded as
FBLCKF, how can FLOWER be coded in that 11. If “nitco sco tingo” stands for “softer than
flower”, “lingo rho mst” stands for “sweet flower

G
language
(a) GKPVFQ (b) EMNXDS fragrance” and “mst sco trop” stands for “sweet

N
than smile” what would “fragrance” stand for
(c) GMPVDS (d) HNQYGT

FI
(a) rho (b) mst (c) tmp (d) sco
4. If in a certain language FASHION is coded as
12. In a certain code language, 743 means “Mangoes
FOIHSAN, how can PROBLEM be coded in that R
are good”, 657 means “Eat good food”, and 934
U
code
means “Mangoes are ripe”. Which digit means
YO

(a) ROBLEMP (b) PLEBRUM

“ripe” in that language
(c) PRBOELM (d) PELBORM
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 9 (d) 7
5. If FRIEND is coded as HUMJTK, how can
AT

13. In a certain code, 247 means “spread red

CANDLE be written in that code
carpet”, 256 means “dust one carpet” and 234
(a) EDRIRL (b) DCQHQK
means “one red carpet” which digit in that
ER

(c) ESJFME (d) FYOBOC

code means “dust”
6. If in a certain code, TWENTY is written as
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
IP

863985 and ELEVEN is written as 323039,

14. In a certain code language, 134 means “good
how can TWELVE be written in that code
N

and tasty”, 478 means “see good pictures”, and

(a) 863203 (b) 863584 729 means “pictures are faint”. Which of the
F

(c) 863903 (d) 863063 following digits stands for “see”

7. If PALE is coded as 2134, EARTH is coded as (a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 8

41590, how can is PEARL be coded in that 15. In a certain code 253 means “books are old”,
PE

language 546 means “man is old” and 378 means “buy

(a) 29530 (b) 24153 good books”. What stands for “are” in that code
M

(c) 25413 (d) 25430 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

8. If ROSE is coded as 6821, CHAIR is coded as
SA

16. In a certain code language TSSNOFFQ is

73456 and PREACH is coded as 961473, what written as STRONGER, then GQFDENN
will be the code for SEARCH will be written as
(a) 246173 (b) 214673 (a) DOMEERF (b) FEEDORM
(c) 214763 (d) 216473 (c) FREEDOM (d) FREEDMO
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17. If FULFNHW is the code for CRICKET. EULGH 19. In a certain code ORANGE is written as
will be coded as “? + @ • + *” and EAT is written as “* @ $”. How
(a) PRIDE (b) BRIDE can ROTATE be written in that code
(a) + ? $ @ * $ (b) + ? $ @ • *
(c) BLADE (d) BLIND
(c) + ? $ @ $ * (d) + ? $ * • @
18. If in a certain language REMOTE is coded as

C
20. If in a certain code language 'ROPE' is written
ROTEME. Which word would be coded as as, '% 5 7 $', 'DOUBT' is written as '3 5 # 8 *',

D
PNIICC and 'LIVE' is written as '@ 2 4 $', then how will

G
(a) NPIICC (b) PICCIN 'TROUBLE' be written in that language
(a) * % 5 # 8 @ $ (b) * % 8 @ $ 5 #

PS
(c) PINCIC (d) PICNIC
(c) % 5 8 * @ $ # (d) # 8 @ $ * % 5

TI
ANSWER KEY
1–a 2–d 3–b 4–d 5–a 6– a 7–b 8–b 9–d 10 – c

ER
11 – a 12 – c 13 – c 14 – d 15 – a 16 – c 17 – b 18 – d 19 – c 20 – a

G
Series Completion

N
FI
In series completion questions, a series of numbers, alphabets and both are given.
given These terms follow
a certain pattern throughout. The aspirants need to recognize this implicit pattern and use it to complete the
R
series or find the wrong element in the series. Series completion is a very important and trickier topic of both
U
verbal and non-verbal reasoning.
YO

How to prepare for Series completion in Reasoning?

The pattern, which has to recognize can be of various kinds. Once you have identified it, then you can apply it
AT

to the other numbers to find out the missing or wrong number in the series. Check below the list of these
common patterns, which are most frequently asked in exams.
1. PRIME NUMBERS
ER

When numbers in series are prime numbers, which are divisible by own and are greater than 1. There
must not be any factor of this number. Such numbers are- 11, 13, 17, 19, etc.
IP

2. SQUARES/CUBES
N

When numbers in the series are of perfect square or perfect cube or perfect square roots or cube root.
Such numbers include 81, 100, 121, 144, etc. These can be of decimal nature too.
F
PD

3. PATTERN IN DIFFERENCES
Calculate the differences between the numbers given in the series provided in the question. This difference
can be constant or varying in nature. After identifying this difference, you can find the problem number or
PE

words or letters in the problem series.

Example: - 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, ?
M

The difference in this series for every number is 5. Hence, the next number will be 27.
SA

Example: - A, D, G, J, ?
The difference between the position of these letters is 3. So, The next third letter to J will be M.
4. PATTERN IN ALTERNATE NUMBERS
Whenever there is a pattern in the alternate numbers or letters or words in the series, then with this alternate
pattern, you can easily find the problem number, letter or word.
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THEORY NIPER AT YOUR FINGERTIPS : REASONING, APTITUDEAND GENERALARITHMETIC
Example:- 2, 3, 4, 7, 6, 11, ?
In this series, the alternate numbers are incremented by 2 and 4 successively. Hence, the next number will
be 8.
Similar can be done to letter series or word series to find the answer.
5. GEOMETRIC SERIES

C
When numbers in the series follow the geometric progression means when each successive number in the

D
series is obtained by multiplying or dividing the previous numbers with a fixed ratio, then problem number

G
can be easily figured out.
Example: 4, 20, 100, 500, ?

PS
Each number is multiplied by 5 and in geometric progression. Hence, the next number will be 2500.
6. PATTERN IN THE ADJACENT NUMBERS

TI
When adjacent numbers are varying with a logical pattern in the series, it can be understood with the

ER
following example.
Example: 2, 4, 12, 48, ?

G
In this series, first number is multiplied by 2, second number is multiplied with 3 and third one is with 4.

N
Hence, the next number in series will be 48×5=240.

FI
7. ODD ONE OUT
All numbers are same in series but one number is different in the series. Such numbers can be identified for
elimination. R
U
8. COMPLEX SERIES
YO

In such series, the differences between numbers are dynamic instead of being fixed, but still there is a
clear logical rule.
Example: 3, 8, 15, 24, 33, ?
AT

In this series, numbers are incremented by +5, +7, +9 and +11. Hence, the next number will be increment
by +13. So, the solution will be 46.
ER

9. COMPLEX ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS

In some series, more than one operation (+, x, - and /) is used successively. Such pattern arevery tough
IP

to recognize and sometime take a lot of time. So, it is advisable not to spend so much time on such questions.
If you find the correct answer under the expected time limits, then only attempt it otherwise switch to the
N

next question.
F

Example: 4, 6, 12, 14, 28, ?

In this series, each prospective number is incremented by 2 and the next number is multiplied by 2. Hence,
applying this logic to the series, the next number will be 30.
PE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. 120, 99, 80, 63, 48, ?
M

4. AZ, GT, MN, ?, YB

(a) 35 (b) 38 (c) 39 (d) 40
SA

(a) JH (b) SH
2. 11, 10, ?, 100, 1001, 1000, 10001
(c) SK (d) TS
(a) 101 (b) 110 (c) 111 (d) 121
5. AB, DEF, HIJK, ?, STUVWX
3. 5760, 960, ?, 48, 16, 8
(a) LMNO (b) LMNOP
(a) 120 (b) 160 (c) 192 (d) 240
(c) MNOPQ (d) QRSTU
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GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY
6. One term in the number series is wrong. 13. 325, 259, 204, 160, 127, 105, ?
Find out the wrong term (a) 94 (b) 96 (c) 98 (d) 100
121, 143, 165, 186, 209 14. WFB, TGD, QHG, ?
(a) 143 (b) 165 (a) NIJ (b) NIK (c) NJK (d) OIK
(c) 186 (d) 209 15. One term in the number series is wrong.

C
7. 8, 13, 21, 32, 47, 63, 83 Find out the wrong term

D
(a) 13 (b) 21 (c) 32 (d) 47 3, 4, 10, 32, 136, 685, 4116

G
8. 125, 80, 45, 20, ? (a) 10 (b) 32 (c) 136 (d) 4116
(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 12 16. 15, 16, 22, 29, 45, 70

PS
9. Z, S, W, O, T, K, Q, G, ?, ? (a) 16 (b) 22 (c) 45 (d) 70
(a) N, C (b) N, D (c) O, C (d) O, D 17. 8, 14, 26, 48, 98, 194, 386

TI
10. 8, 28, 116, 584, ? (a) 14 (b) 48 (c) 98 (d) 194

ER
(a) 1752 (b) 3502 18. 1, 1, 2, 6, 24, ?, 720
(c) 3504 (d) 3508 (a) 100 (b) 104 (c) 108 (d) 120

G
11. H, I, K, N, ? 19. 1, 2, 6, 7, 21, 22, 66, 67, ?

N
(a) O (b) Q (c) R (d) S (a) 70 (b) 134 (c) 201 (d) 301

FI
12. 1, 5, 13,25, 41, ? 20. 0.5, 0.55, 0.65, 0.8, ?
(a) 51 (b) 57 (c) 61 (d) 63 (a) 0.9 (b) 0.82 (c) 1 (d) 0.95
R
U
ANSWER KEY
YO

1–a 2–a 3–c 4–b 5–c 6– c 7–d 8–a 9–a 10 – d

11 – c 12 – c 13 – a 14 – b 15 – b 16 – b 17 – b 18 – d 19 – c 20 – c
AT

Logical Sequence of Words

 Logical sequence of words as the name implies is that type of reasoning which consists of
context
words and we have to find out a sequence which is logical in that context.
IP

 etc
Normally, in these questions, the words are mentioned in serial numbers 1, 2, 3 etc.
N

 There should be a minimum of four words to ensure complexity of the question.

 There are is no limit of maximum serial of numbers.
F

 The question can arise from different fields. It may be from daily life, preparing a dish, office
PD

schedule, time table, administration process, oceans and continents, animals and birds etc. etc
Questions can arise from all the sectors of the world, all the neighborhood around us and we have to
just find a logical sequence of these words.
words
PE

For example:
M

1. Wall 2. Sand 3. Cement 4. Brick 5. Water

Explanation: Here five words are given. First, we need to read all the five words. It is wall, sand, cement, brick
SA

and water. Now we can imagine that it is a question on construction. So, we know that first sand is put on
ground then cement is added to the sand and they are mixed. After mixing, water is added to the mixture
then the mixture is used with brick to make a wall. So, the logical sequence of the words is as follows:
Sand, Cement, Water, Brick, and Wall.
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GPAT DISCUSSION CENTER : MAKES STUDY EASY
4. In the following question of logical sequence (c) 1, 3, 2, 4, 5 (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
of words, find the correct answer 11. In the following question of logical sequence
1. Crop 2. Root 3. Stem of words, find the correct answer
4. Seed 5. Flower 1. College 2. Child 3. Salary
(a) 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 (b) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 4. School 5. Employment

C
(c) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 (d) 2, 3, 5, 1, 4 (a) 1, 2, 4, 3, 5 (b) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3

D
5. In the following question of logical sequence of (c) 4, 1, 3, 5, 2 (d) 5, 3, 2, 1, 4

G
words, find the correct answer 12. In the following question of logical sequence
of words, find the correct answer

PS
1. Frog 2. Eagle
3. Grasshopper 4. Snake 5. Grass 1. Cutting 2. Dish 3. Vegetable
4. Market 5. Cooking

TI
(a) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1 (b) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4
(a) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3 (b) 3, 2, 5, 1, 4
(c) 5, 3, 1, 4, 2 (d) 3, 4, 2, 5, 1

ER
(c) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 (d) 5, 3, 2, 1, 4
6. In the following question of logical sequence
13. In the following question of logical sequence
of words, find the correct answer

G
of words, find the correct answer
1. Trillion 2. Thousand 3. Billion

N
1. Milky way 2. Sun 3. Moon
4. Hundred 5. Million

FI
4. Earth 5. Stars
(a) 1, 2, 4, 3, 5 (b) 1, 5, 3, 2, 4
(a) 4, 2, 3, 1, 5 (b) 3, 4, 2, 5, 1
(c) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 (d) 4, 2, 5, 3, 1 R
(c) 2, 3, 4, 5, 1 (d) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
U
7. In the following question of logical sequence 14. In the following question of logical sequence of
YO

of words, find the correct answer words, find the correct answer
1. Curd 2. Grass 3. Butter 1. Sea 2. Rivulet 3. Ocean
4. Milk 5. Cow 4. River 5. Glacier
AT

(a) 2, 5, 4, 3, 1 (b) 4, 2, 5, 3, 1 (a) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (b) 5, 4, 2, 3, 1

8. In the following question of logical sequence 15. In the following question of logical sequence
of words, find the correct answer of words, find the correct answer
IP

1. Mother 2. Child 3. Milk 1. Poverty 2. Population

4. Cry 5. Smile 3. Death 4. Unemployment
N

(a) 1, 5, 2, 4, 3 (b) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5 5. Disease

(c) 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 (d) 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 (a) 3, 4, 2, 5, 1 (b) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3

9. In the following question of logical sequence (c) 2, 3, 4, 5, 1 (d) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5

of words, find the correct answer 16. In the following question of logical sequence
1. Gold 2. Iron 3. Sand of words, find the correct answer
PE

4. Platinum 5. Diamond 1. Birds 2. Winter 3. Migration

(a) 2, 4, 3, 5, 1 (b) 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 4. India 5. Siberia
M

(c) 4, 5, 1, 3, 2 (d) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (a) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 (b) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5

10. In the following question of logical sequence (c) 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 (d) 4, 1, 2, 5, 3

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. In the following question, a matrix of certain 11 6 8
characters is given. These characters follow a 17 12 ?
25 34 19
certain trend, row-wise or column wise. Find

C
19 28 11
out this trend and choose the missing character

D
(a) 16 (b) 15
accordingly.

G
(c) 13 (d) 9
72 24 6
96 16 12 6. Find out this trend and choose the missing

PS
108 ? 18 character accordingly
(a) 12 (b) 16 (c) 18 (d) 20

TI
? 4
2. In the following question, a matrix of certain 2880 4

ER
characters is given. These characters follow a 480 8
96 24
certain trend, row-wise or column wise. Find

G
out this trend and choose the missing character (a) 20160 (b) 20600

N
accordingly. (c) 21060 (d) 23040

FI
1 7 9 7. Find out this trend and choose the missing
2 14 ? character accordingly
3 105 117 R
U
75 141
(a) 26 (b) 20 (c) 16 (d) 12
YO

105 ?
3. What value replaces “?” in the below figure
42 36 38
(a) 75° (b) 39°
AT

3 2 15 3 ? 9 10 0 20
(c) 45° (d) 120°
6 9 19
(a) 4 (b) 3 8. Find out this trend and choose the missing
ER

(c) 2 (d) 1 character accordingly

4. In the following question, a matrix of certain
IP

12
characters is given. These characters follow a 27
N

certain trend, row-wise or column wise. Find 18 ? 26 15

out this trend and choose the missing character
F

29
accordingly.
PD

11
28 60 48 (a) 32 (b) 35
5 6 7
(c) 25 (d) 30
PE

17 30 7
7 ? 16 9. Find out this trend and choose the missing
(a) 18 (b) 23 (c) 24 (d) 27 character accordingly
M

5. In the following question, a matrix of certain 5 4 3 ? 23

characters is given. These characters follow a 6 2 5 4 38

12 3 4 1 ?
certain trend, row-wise or column wise. Find
out this trend and choose the missing (a) 2 and 51 (b) 4 and 40
character accordingly (c) 2 and 10 (d) 8 and 25

1. Ans (c) from the both ends.

C
As seen in the figure, Veer Das’s position is 7 from th Top

D
the top and 28th from the bottom.

G
Top
20

PS
6
Veer Das(7th) Salman Khan (7th)

TI
20

ER
27

Bottom

G
Bottom Therefore, total number of students

N
Therefore, total number of students = 20 + Salman Khan + 20 = 41

FI
= 6 + Veer Das + 27 = 34 6. Ans (b)
2. Ans (d) As seen in the figure, there are 7 boys to the left of
The given sequence may be analyzed as under: R
Ranveer Singh and 12 boys to the right of him.
U
4 / 45 / 453 / 4531 / 45312 / 45 / 453 / 453 7 12
YO

Following the above sequence, the next numberis Left Right

Ranveer Singh
1 which stands for ‘Run’.
3. Ans (b) Total number of boys in the line
AT

The given number: = 7 + Ranveer Singh + 12 = 20

5 7 8 4 6 2 1 3 9 Hence, number of boys to be added = 30 - 20 = 10.
ER

After arranging all the digits in ascending order, 7. Ans (d)

we get: As given in the figure, there are 16 girls above Pariniti
IP

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 and 27 girls below her among the girls who went

into the final round.
N

Hence, there are two such digits whose positions

Top
are remained unchanged.
F

4. Ans (b)
PD

16
According to Kailash, Deepak’s birthday falls on one
Pariniti
of the days among 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th
PE

and 27 th May. According to Geeta, Deepak’s

birthday falls on one of the days among 13th, 14th, 27
M

15 th , 16 th , 17 th , 18 th , 19 th , 20 th and 21 st May.
SA

The day common to both the groups is 21st May. Bottom

st Total girls who made it to the final
Deepak’s birthday falls on 21 May.
5. Ans (b) = 16 + Pariniti + 27 = 44
As seen in the figure, Salman Khan’s position is 21st Therefore, total girls who enrolled in the contest
= 44 + 7 + 7 = 58
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19. Ans (c) 20. Ans (a)
Clearly, the arrangement according to the given As is clear from the abjoining diagrams, C line to the
directions east of A.
Is as shown. So, T lies to the north-eas of P. B
40m 40m

C
D
A C

G
PS
Logical Venn Diagram

TI
ER
 INTRODUCTION
 DEFINITION

G
A diagram represents mathematical or logical sets pictorially as circles or closed curves within an enclosing
rectangle (the universal set), common elements of the sets being represented by intersections of the circles.

N
It is a process of showing complex relationship between 2-3 categories diagrammatically through

FI
various geometric structures.
Intersection between two geometric structures indicates that they have something in common and total
isolation indicates just opposite of that.
R
U
The following are the various possible cases of Venn diagram and examples. Among three columns, first one
YO

shows the type of Venn diagram,, second one is for description and third one sites an example to give a
clear picture of the description.
AT

VENN DIAGRAM APPLICABLE CASES EXAMPLE

There will be a series of Colour>Green>Light green
sub cases one under Light green colour is a sub part of
ER

another. green colour and both of them

belongs to colour group.
IP

One main category, Liquids>Petrol, diesel

under it two sub Here both are flammables in
N

categories and both nature, thus bear similarity.

bear some similarities
F

among them.
PD

One category may have Vegetable>Capsicum>Red

one sub category. They Some capsicums are red and so as
both partially satisfy some other vegetables.
PE

some conditions (not

always).
M

Among three different Actor>Headmaster>Queen

sections, two may have From the above, actor and
SA

some common headmaster are showing

properties those do not masculinity, thus bearing some
match with third one. common properties which is just
opposite to Queen.

C
2
3
the classes: Tea, Coffee, Beverages

D
4
(a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 1

G
10. Which one of the following venn diagrams (a) (b)

PS
correctly illustrates the relationship among the
classes: Carrot, Food, Vegetable

TI
(c) (d)

ER
(a) (b)
15. Which one of the following venn diagrams

G
correctly illustrates the relationship among

N
(c) (d) the classes: Boys, Students, Athletes

FI
11. Which one of the following venn diagrams
correctly illustrates the relationship among the R (a) (b)
U
classes: Women, Mothers, Widows
YO

16. Select from the given diagrams, the one that

illustrates the relationship among the given
ER

(c) (d) three classes: Judge, Thief, Criminal.

12. Which one of the following venn diagrams
IP

correctly illustrates the relationship among

(a) (b)
N

the classes: Men, Authors, Teachers

F
PD

(a) (b) (c) (d)

17. Choose from the four diagrams given below,

(c) (d) the one that illustrates the relationship

among the Languages, French, German.
M

13. Which one of the following Venn diagrams

correctly illustrates the relationship among the
SA

classes: Sparrows, Birds, Mice (a) (b)

(a) (b)
(c) (d)

Calender

 A table with the days of each month and week in a year is called “Calendar”.
 Each Gregorian calendar year has either 365 or 366 days (the leap day being

C
inserted as 29th February). The smallest unit of a calendar is ‘day’.

D
 Day-We call the different days as Sunday, Monday, Tuesday. Wednesday, Thursday,

G
Friday and there are seven days.
There are seven days in a week:- Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
 Week-There

PS
Thursday, Friday and Saturday. Each week begins on Monday according to the international standard
ISO8601.

TI
 Month- A month has 28/29/ 30/31 days. In this calendar 365 days (common year) is divided into

ER
12 months of irregular lengths.
 11 of the months have either 30 or 31 days while the second month February has only 28/29

G
days.

N
 These twelve months are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September,

FI
October, November and December.
 January, March, May, July, August, October, December = 31 Days.
 April, June, September, November = 30 days. R
U
 Year:- A year consists of 365 or 366 days.
YO

 There are twelve months in a year.

 There are two kinds of a year.
AT

YEAR
CALENDAR
1 week 7 days
ER

Normal year 52 weeks + 1 odd days Ordinary year year

Leap Year
(1 year) (extra day) 365 days 365 days
366 days
IP

Leap year 52 weeks +2 odd days

Ordinary year 28th Feb
N

Leap year 29th Feb

F
PD

REMEMBER THIS VERY IMPORTANT CODE

CODE OF DAYS CODE OF MONTH CODE OF (CENTURY) YEAR

Sunday 0 January 0 1500 0
M

Monday 1 February 3 1600 6

Tuesday 2 March 3 1700 4
SA

Wednesday 3 April 6 1800 2

C
Step-03 Find the

D
remainder when

G
dividing by 7:

PS
447÷7 = 68 weeks
and remainder 2

TI
So, there are 2 days between 20 April 2017
and 11 August 2018.

ER
Total days in 2018: So, the day of the week on 20 April 2017 was
Thursday

G
= 223 days.

N
FI
Clock

 A clock is an instrument used for indicating and maintaining the time.

R
U
It is an electronic device that presents the duration of an hour, minute,
YO

and second.
 A clock is a complete circle having 360 degrees where 1 hour is
AT

equivalent 60 minutes, 1 minute is equivalent to 60 seconds,

and 1 hour is equivalent to 3600 seconds.
 There are a total of 3 hands in a clock and these are hour, minute,
ER

and second hand respectively.

 The Dial: The Dial of a clock is circular in shape whose circumference is divided into 12 big
IP

divisions labelled as 1, 2, 3, 12 and each 1 big division is divided into 5 equal divisions.
N

 Hour Hand:: The clock has mainly two hands of different length. The shorter hand of the clock is
known as hour hand. The hour hand moves from one number to the next number in 1 hour. The
F

hour hand takes 12 hours to complete one round. It takes two complete rounds in a day. Its
PD

direction of movement is known as clockwise direction.

 Minute Hand:Hand The longer hand of the clock is known as minute hand. The minute hand also
PE

moves in clockwise direction. It moves from one small division to next division in 1 minute. The
minute hand completes one round in 1 hour. We can say that minute hand covers 60 small
M

divisions in one hour. 60min = 1 hour

 Types Of Clock Reasoning

Angle Based
• The minute hand moves 360° in 60 minutes (1 hour).
• Therefore, in 1 minute, the hand will produce a 6° angle.
Clock • This is because 360° divided by 60 equals 6°.

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