Reliability and Validity of The Yo-Yo Intermittent
Reliability and Validity of The Yo-Yo Intermittent
To cite this article: Dieter Deprez, Aaron James Coutts, Matthieu Lenoir, Job Fransen, Johan Pion, Renaat Philippaerts & Roel
Vaeyens (2014) Reliability and validity of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 in young soccer players, Journal of Sports Sciences,
32:10, 903-910, DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.876088
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Machine Translated by Google
Reliability and validity of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 in young soccer
players
Abstract
The present study investigated the test-retest reliability from the Yo-Yo IR1 (distance and heart rate responses), and the ability of the Yo-Yo IR1 to differentiate
between elite and non-elite youth soccer players. A total of 228 youth soccer players (11–17 years) participated: 78 non-elite players to examine the test-retest
reliability within 1 week, added with 150 elite players to investigate the construct validity. The main finding was that the distance covered was adequately
reproducible in the youngest age groups (U13 and U15) and highly reproducible in the oldest age group (U17). Also, the physiological responses were highly
reproducible in all age groups. Furthermore, the Yo-Yo IR1 test had a high-discriminative ability to distinguish between elite and non-elite young soccer players.
Furthermore, age-related standards for the Yo-Yo IR1 established for elite and non-elite groups in this study may be used for comparison of other young soccer
players.
Keywords: field test, endurance, heart rate, talent identification, talent development
Introduction
and Yo-Yo IR1 performance in 21 young Italian soccer players (ie 14
Soccer requires a soccer-specific endurance capacity, which is an years) as an evidence of validity. More recently, Markovic and
important fitness component in talent identification and selection of Mikulic (2011) evaluated the discriminative ability of the Yo-Yo IR1
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young soccer players. in young elite soccer players (ie 12–18 years) and reported
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Traditionally, many continuous exercise tests have been used to differences in Yo-Yo IR1 performance (ie distance covered) between
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several age groups and playing positions. Despite these studies how-
by
due to the low specificity of these tests, the Yo-Yo intermittent recov- ever, there is relatively little information on the normative
ery (Yo-Yo IR) tests were developed and these are now commonly performances for the Yo-Yo IR1 in young soccer players. Such
used to assess physical capacities of soccer players (Bangsbo, information is important and can be used in developing and
1994; Castagna, Abt, & D'Ottavia, 2005; Krustrup et al., 2003). evaluation training processes for your players. To date, only few
studies with relatively low samples have reported the age-specific
reference values of youth soccer players (Castagna et al., 2009;
The Yo-Yo IR level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) has been extensively studied, Deprez et al., 2012; Markovic & Mikulic, 2011).
especially in adult soccer players (Bangsbo, Iaia, & Krustrup, 2008;
Castagna, Impellizzeri, Chamari, Carlomagno, & Rampinini, 2006;
Krustrup et al., 2003). Only a few studies investigated the efficacy of
using the Yo-Yo IR1 in young soccer players (Castagna, Impellizzeri,
Cecchini, Rampinini, & Barbero Alvarez, 2009; Deprez, Vaeyens, Population specific information on test reliability is also important
Coutts, Lenoir, & Philippaerts, 2012; Markovic & Mikulic, 2011). For for assessing the efficacy of a per-formance test and this information
example, Castagna et al. (2009) reported significant correlations can be used to interpret the clinical decisiveness of observed
between match-related physical performance changes in test results within individuals and groups.
Correspondence: Dieter Deprez, Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Email: Dieter.Deprez@UGent.be
(CV) of 4.9%) of the Yo-Yo IR1 in 13 adult experienced written informed consent. The Ethics Committee
male soccer players. Thomas, Dawson, and of the University Hospital approved the present
Goodman (2006) also reported a test-retest CV of study.
8.7% in 16 recreational, male adult male soccer
players. To date however, no studies have been reported
Test-retest reliability
the reliability of the Yo-Yo IR1 performance in
young soccer players. Therefore, the aim of this Test-retest reliability (part 1) was determined in 78
study is twofold: (1) to investigate the test-retest sub- and non-elite soccer players (age-range: 11.3–
reliability (reproducibility) from the Yo-Yo IR1 per- 17.2 years). Chronological age and anthropometrical
formance (distance covered) and heart rate characteristics per age group are described in
responses at fixed points during the test in young Table II. Information about years of training is lacking. All
Belgian soccer players (U13-U17), and (2) to examine participants completed the Yo-Yo IR1 test
the ability of the Yo-Yo IR1 to differentiate (according to the protocol as described by Krustrup
among youth soccer players of different competitive et al. (2003)) twice in 8 days on the same day of the
levels (construct validity). week and time of day (April 2012). Players were
asked to refrain from strenuous training exercise or
other high-intensive activities 48 h before the test
Methods sessions. Conversely, participants were required to
keep your normal training habits in the week before
Study design and participants the first test session and during the week between
both test sessions. All tests were conducted on the
A test-retest study design was conducted to investigate
same indoor venue with standardized environmental
test reliability. Youth soccer players (n = 228)
from four different competition levels (professional conditions. Players completed both Yo-Yo IR1 tests
(ELITE) level (1st division; n = 150), national with the same running shoes and followed a standard-
(SUB-ELITE) level (2nd and 4th division; n = 58) designed warm-up. Participants were given feedback on
and regional (NON-ELITE) level (n = 20) with 7.5, their performances after completing both tests
sessions.
6, 4.5 and 3 training hours per week (+1 game),
respectively) aged between 11.3 and 17.6 years par- Heart rate was monitored every second during
participated. The total sample was divided into three each test session with a heart rate monitoring system
different age groups according to their birth year (Polar Team2 System, Kempele, Finland). Before
(Table I). All players and their parents or legal the start of each Yo-Yo IR1 test, players were
representatives were fully informed about the experimental asked to minimize physical activity and interactions
procedures of the study, before giving their with other participants in order to keep the heart rate
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Table II. Age and anthropometrical characteristics per age-group for the sub- and non-elite players (n = 78).
Age (years) 12.5 ± 0.6 12.3 – 12.7 14.0 ± 0.5 13.9 – 14.2 16.2 ± 0.6 15.9 – 16.5
MatOffSet (years) ÿ1.26 ± 0.81 13.6 – 13.8 0.00 ± 0.73 13.8 – 14.2 2.27 ± 0.65 13.7 – 14.3
APHV (years) 13.7 ± 0.4 (ÿ1.49) – (ÿ1.03) 152.4 14.0 ± 0.6 (ÿ0.21) – 0.21 14.0 ± 0.6 1.95 – 2.59
Height (cm) 154.5 ± 9.0 – 157.4 164.3 ± 9.1 161.7 – 167.0 176.5 ± 5.1 174.0 – 179.0
Weight (kg) 42.7 ± 8.0 40.5 – 44.9 49.8 ± 8.4 47.4 – 52.2 66.4 ± 7.5 62.7 – 70.1
rate (bpm), were expressed as percentage of peak heart rate. respectively. The ICC's for these age groups were considered as
excellent (ICC's between 0.82 and 0.94). The CV's were 17.3%,
16.7% and 7.9%, for the U13, U15 and U17 age groups, respectively
(Table III).
Construct validity
The total sample of 228 youth soccer players participated in part 2 of For the U13 age group, the grand mean HR immediately before
the study. Specifically, the 58 sub-elite players (from the 2nd and 4th the start of the Yo-Yo IR1 test was 111 ± 14 bpm (56.7 ± 5.9%) and
division) from part 1 and the 150 elite players from 2 professional increased to 186 ± 10 bpm (92.0 ± 3.8%), 192 ± 9 bpm (94.6 ± 3.5%),
soccer clubs (1st division) who completed the Yo-Yo IR1 on one 198 ± 8 bpm (96.9 ± 2.3%) and 202 ± 7 bpm after 320 m, 480 m, 800
occasion in the same season (February 2012). Assessing all elite m and at the end of the test, respectively. The HR decreased to 159
players was part of a larger longitudinal study investigating anthropo- ± 16 bpm (82.1 ± 5.4%) and 137 ± 14 bpm (70.8 ± 4.8%), 1 and 2
metric characteristics, motor coordination and phy-sical and min after completing the test, respectively.
physiological parameters, and these players were therefore
familiarized with this test. For each player of study 1, the best
performance on the Yo-Yo IR1 was selected for further analysis to Similar detailed analysis for the U15 and U17 age groups are in Table
obtain a more representative score of the examined intermittent III. Further, analyzes of ICC's in each age group showed good to
endurance and to ensure that all players were familiar with the Yo-Yo excellent correlations between week 1 and week 2 (ICC's between
IR1 protocol. All players were classified into two different groups 0.69 and 0.97), and CV's between 1.1% and 4.1%.
according to their level (elite and sub-elite).
The 95% LOA ratio were 0.98 ×/÷ 1.27, 0.89 ×/÷ 1.30 and 0.94 ×/
÷ 1.15 for the U13, U15 and U17 age group, respectively (Table IV).
Ratio limits were used since the data showed no normal distribution
(Shapiro-Wilk test: P < 0.003) Bland-Altman plots are presented in
Figure 1.
Statistical analyses
Significant differences (P < 0.001) were found for the Yo-Yo IR1
To determine the reliability of the Yo-Yo IR1 (dis-tance and heart performance between elite (U13: 1270 ± 440 m, n = 44; U15: 1818 ±
rates), the data of the three age groups were analyzed separately. 430 m, n = 57; U17: 2151 ± 373 m, n = 49) and sub-elite (965 ± 378
Relative reliability was expressed using intra-class correlations (ICC). m, n = 31; U15: 1425 ± 366 m, n = 31; U17: 1640 ± 475 m, n = 11)
youth soccer players when controlling for chronological age and
According to the recommendations of Fleiss (1986) we considered an maturation. In all age groups, elite players cover more distance than
ICC between 0.75 and 1.00 as excellent, between 0.41 and 0.74 as non-elite players (Table V). Expressed as percen-tages, performance
good, and between 0.00 and 0.40 as poor. Further, the typical error differences (in favor of elite players) between U17, U15 and U13 elite
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(TE) and the CV were calculated to assess absolute reliability and non-elite players were 30.3%, 61.2% and 31.2%, respectively.
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(Atkinson & Nevill, 1998). All reliability calculations (ICC, TE and CV)
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Additionally, the differences between both Yo-Yo IR1 performances No differences in maturity offset, height and weight were found
were illustrated using Bland-Altman plots with the limits of agreement between elite and sub-elite players. Maturity offset was not a significant
(LOA) covariate in the Yo-Yo IR1 performance (Table V).
(Bland & Altman, 1986; Nevill & Atkinson, 1997).
The data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Finally,
to examine construct validity, differences between elite and sub-elite
Discussion
youth soccer players were investigated using multi-variate analysis of
covariates (MANCOVA) with chronological age and maturity offset The objectives of the present study investigated the test-retest
as covariates. reliability and the construct validity of the Yo-Yo IR1 in young soccer
players. The main finding was that, in the younger age groups (U13
SPSS for windows (version 19.0) was used for all calculations. All and U15), the test-retest reliability of the distance covered was
variables are presented as mean ± s. adequate, however highly reproducible in the oldest age group (U17).
Minimum statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Furthermore, the physiological responses were highly reproducible in
all age groups.
Results
Furthermore, the Yo-Yo IR1 test had a high-discrimi-native ability to
The grand mean Yo-Yo IR1 distance for each age group were 890 ± distinguish between young elite and non-elite soccer players. While
354 m, 1022 ± 444 m and 1556 ± 478 m for the U13, U15 and U17 many studies have reported on the Yo-Yo IR1 test in the last decade
age groups,
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players.
soccer
youth
in
IR1
Yo
Yo-
the
to
responses
rate
heart
and
performance
for
reliability
of
Measures
III.
Table
Variable cat
Age TE
mean
Grand
2
s)
±
(mean
1
Week
n CI
90% ICC
CI
90%
(%)
CV
(m)
Distance
IR1
Yo
Yo- 35
U13 368
±
885 339
±
896 354
±
890 154 193
–
129 17.3 0.90
0.71
0.82
21.7
–
14.5
32
U15 445
±
979 443
±
1065 444
±
1022 171 217
–
142 16.7 0.92
0.74
0.85
21.2
–
13.9
11
U17 474
±
1509 483
±
1604 478
±
1556 123 196
–
91 7.9 0.98
0.82
0.94
12.6
–
5.8
HR)
peak
(%
start
HR 28
U13 6.4
±
56.7 5.4
±
56.7 5.9
±
56.7 23 2.9
–
1.9 4.1 5.3
–
3.3 0.93
–
0.77
0.87
27
U15 6.5
±
55.5 5.5
±
55.5 6.0
±
55.5 1.9 2.5
–
1.6 3.8 4.9
–
3.1 0.95
–
0.81
0.90
U17 6.1
±
56.4 5.0
±
55.5 5.6
±
56.0 1.3 2.3
–
1.0 2.2 3.7
–
1.6 0.99
–
0.90
0.97
HR)
peak
(%
13.1
level
HR 27
U13 3.6
±
91.8 4.0
±
92.3 3.8
±
92.0 2.1 2.7
–
1.7 23 3.0
–
1.9 0.84
–
0.50
0.71
27
U15 1.8 2.3
–
1.4 1.9 2.5
–
1.6 0.93
–
0.75
0.86
U17 1.8 3.0
–
1.3 2.0 3.5
–
1.5 0.96
–
0.63
0.88
HR)
peak
(%
14.1
level
HR 26
U13 2.0 2.6
–
1.6 2.2 2.9
–
1.8 0.83
–
0.47
0.69
26
U15 1.7 2.3
–
1.4 1.8 2.4
–
1.5 0.89
–
0.63
0.79
U17 9
4
8 1.4 2.4
–
1.0 1.5 2.7
–
1.0 0.98
–
0.74
0.92
HR)
peak
(%
15.1
level
HR 19
U13 1.3 1.8
–
1.0 1.3 1.8
–
1.0 0.86
–
0.46
0.72
18
U15 1.1 1.5
–
0.8 1.1 1.5
–
0.9 0.94
–
0.71
0.86
U17 2.7
2.0
2.5
2.9
2.6
3.1
3.0
0.5 3.6
3.8
4.1
2.7
3.2
3.7
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.0 3.1
–
0.6 0.99
–
0.73
0.88
minÿ1)
(b
HR
Peak 29
U13 ±4.1
68.4
±5.0
70.7
±4.8
71.1
±5.8
79.2
±4.3
84.0
5.1
82.5
1.7
94.5
2.6
96.7
2.1
97.0
3.7
94.2
3.6
94.1
3.4
94.6
4.3
91.8
4.5
91.5
10
203
200
7
±
202 ±6.4
69.1
±5.5
71.1
±4.9
70.5
±6.0
79.0
±5.4
83.0
5.8
81.7
2.4
94.6
2.6
96.6
2.5
96.9
4.5
93.7
3.7
94.0
3.6
94.7
4.7
91.0
4.4
91.5
10
203
6
200
8
±
201 68.7
±5.2
70.9
±4.8
70.8
±5.9
79.1
±4.9
83.5
5.4
82.1
2.1
94.5
2.6
96.6
2.3
96.9
4.1
93.9
3.6
94.1
3.5
94.6
91.4
4.5
91.5
10
203
200
7
±
202 6.5
2.5
5.2
3.3
4.1
2.6
4.9
3.1
2.3
0.9
4.8
1.9
2.0
1.3
1.8
–
1.1 0.93
–
0.77
0.87
29
U15 0.89
–
0.65
0.80
U17 3.4
3.5
2.2
3.3
2.1
3.7
2.4
3.9
3.8
2.5
0.3
1.8
3.6
1.4
4.5
–
1.9 0.98
–
0.83
0.95
29
U13
HR)
peak
(%
1ÿ
recovery
HR 0.84
–
0.53
0.72
28
U15 0.85
–
0.56
0.74
U17 0.98
–
0.73
0.92
29
U13
HR)
peak
(%
2ÿ
recovery
HR 0.82
–
0.49
0.69
28
U15 0.87
–
0.60
0.77
U17 0.96
–
0.54
0.85
Correlation.
Class
Intra-
ICC
Variation,
of
Coefficient
CV
Interval,
Confidence
CI
Error,
Typical
=
TE
Note:
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Table IV. Sample size, measurements means and differences (log transformed), the ratio limits of agreement with the limit range.
Overall 78 6.813 6.878 ÿ0.065 (0.241) 0.94 ×/÷ 1.27 0.74 – 1.19
U13 35 6.708 6.728 ÿ0.020 (0.238) 0.98 ×/÷ 1.27 0.77 – 1.24
U15 32 6.770 6.885 ÿ0.115 (0.265) 0.89 ×/÷ 1.30 0.68 – 1.16
U17 11 7.269 7.331 ÿ0.062 (0.140) 0.94 ×/÷ 1.15 0.82 – 1.08
TO. B.
800 600
600 400
400
200
Differences
200 Differences
Yo- Yo-
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 –200
–200
–400 –400
–600 –600
Mean Yo-Yo IR1 Mean Yo-Yo IR1
C. D.
800 500
600 400
300
400
200
Differences
200 Differences
Yo- Yo-
100
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 0
–200 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
–100
–400 –200
–600 –300
Mean Yo-Yo IR1 Mean Yo-Yo IR1
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Figure 1. Bland-Altman plot with 95% limits of agreement between Yo-Yo IR1 performances for (A.) the total sample (n = 78), (B.) U13
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Table V. Anthropometrical characteristics and Yo-Yo IR1 performance (m) (mean ± s) per level.
Covariates
Age cat n Elite n Sub-elite F(Age) P(Age) F(Mat) P(Mat) F(Level) P(Level)
U13 44 12.8 ± 0.6 31 12.4 ± 0.6 –– – U15 57 14.8 ± 0.6 14.1 ± 0.4 –– – U17 49 16.6 ± 0.6 16.2 ± 0.6 –– – – 6.141 0.016
Age (years)
MatOffSet (years) U13 44 ÿ1.04 ± 0.81 31 16
ÿ1.36 ± 0.77 112.105 <0.001 U15 57 0.95 ± 0.84 16 ÿ0.06 ± 0.76 – 23,126 <0.001
65.879 <0.001 U17 49 2.52 ± 0.65 11 2.2711
± 0.65 44.815 <0.001 U13 44 156.3 ± 8.8 31 153.7 ± 8.7 U15 57 – 4.717 0.034
– – 0.113 0.737
169.9 ± 7.6 16 162.1 ± 9.9 U17 49 176.3 ± 5.2 11 176.5 ± 5.1 U13 44 44.2 ± 7.6 31 42.1 ± 8.1 U15 57 58.3 ± 9.4 16 47.7 ± 8.0
U17 49 66.5 ± 7.0 11 66.4 ± 7.5 U13 44 1270 ± 440 31 965 ± 378 U15 57 1818 ± 430 16 1425 ± – – 1.382 0.244
366 U17 49 2151 ± 373 11 1640 ± 475 – – 0.106 0.746
Height (cm) 15.018 <0.001 333.749 <0.001 28.779 <0.001 0.026 0.873
255.982 <0.001 13.550 85.055 <0.001 30.942 0.439 0.510
<0.001 220.0190.001
<0.001 13.455 <0.001 179,826 0.423 0.518
Weight (kg) <0.001 47,388 <0.001 0.0147 0.829 0.001 0.972 0.173 0.678
3.797 0.056 2.931 0.091
6,486 0.014 0.158 0.692
Yo-Yo IR1 (m) 5,360 0.024 4.750 0.033
12,062 0.001 7.570 0.038
11,036 0.002 10.304 0.002
(Castagna et al., 2009; Castagna, Manzi, investigated the Yo-Yo IR1 performance in young
Impellizzeri, Weston, & Barbero Alvarez, 2010; soccer players. The present study revealed distances
Krustrup et al., 2003), relatively few studies have in young, sub-elite soccer players similar to the
Machine Translated by Google
distances reported in elite Croatian soccer players who possible training effects, fatigue and match schedules),
ran 933 ± 241 m, 1184 ± 345 m and 1581 ± 390 m in the otherwise practical problems are rising when using a
U13 (n = 17), U15 (n = 21) and U17 (n = 20) age category, smaller evaluation time (<1 week).
respectively (Markovic & Mikulic, 2011). Also, Castagna Noticeably, the CV of the oldest age group is approximately
et al. (2009, 2010) conducted two studies with elite 14 half the CV of the two youngest age-groups, reflecting
year old soccer players from San Marino and revealed Yo- smaller variances in performances and therefore,
Yo IR1 distances of 842 ± 252 m and 760 ± 283 m, approaching the variances reported by others in older age-
respectively, which are much lower than the distance cov- groups (Krustrup et al., 2003; Thomas et al., 2006). The
ered by the present elite and sub-elite soccer players. reason for the decrement in CV in the older age group is
not clear. The fact that the U17 age group mostly consists
These comparisons show the high level of intermit-tent- of 2nd division players (n = 8) could explain the smaller
endurance of the tested Belgian young soccer players. variation. This might also be due to large inter-individual
Similar to the present study, Deprez et al. (2012) also differences in the maturational status, especially in the
reported significant higher standards for young elite U15 age group, which overlaps the pubertal phase
Belgian soccer players of 1135 ± 341 m, 1526 ± 339 m reflected by a wide range of Yo-Yo IR1 per-formance. In
and 1912 ± 408 m in the U13 (n = 271), U15 (n = 272) contrast however, the present results showed (Table V)
and U17 (n = 269) group, respectively. that the maturational status was likely to have a relatively
small influence on the Yo-Yo IR1 results, since the maturity
Although similar Yo-Yo IR1 performances were found offset was not a confounding factor in their analyses,
between the test and re-test, the re-test per-formance which is in agreement with a study from Deprez et al.
was higher in each age category (+11 m, +86 m and +95 (2012).
m, for the U13, U15 and U17 age group, respectively).
This systematic bias could be attributed to a test effect Heart rates increase progressively during the Yo-Yo
since the players never ran the Yo-Yo IR1 test before the IR1 test, reflecting an increasing oxygen uptake (Bangsbo
present study. To our knowledge, this is the first study et al., 2008). Immediately before the start of the Yo-Yo
reporting reliability data about the Yo-Yo IR1 in young IR1 test, mean heart rates were between 55.5 and 56.7%
soccer players between 11 and 17 years, as previous of mean peak heart rates.
studies have investigated older athletes in a wider age- These values are higher than the value reported by
range. Krustrup et al. (2003) immediately before the start of the
Therefore, conclusions for usefulness in young children test (44.4%). At the end of the test, players reached peak
are difficult to make, since the variance in performance is heart rates between 200 and 203 bpm, suggesting these
to be expected higher for this age-group. The current values correspond with (theoretical) maximal heart rates.
results also revealed CV's between 16.7 and 17.3% for This was not investigated in the present study, although
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the U13 and U15 age group, respectively, which is higher Krustrup et al. (2003) reported Yo-Yo IR1 peak heart rates
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than previous reports from 17 untrained adults (CV = corresponding to 99 ± 1% of maximal heart rate determined
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4.9%) and 16 recreationally active adults (CV = 8.7%) by a standardized treadmill test in adults. Furthermore, in
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Players' recovery heart rates were recorded at 1- and 2-min used for comparison of other young soccer players in the search for
following the Yo-Yo IR1 test, respectively. Notably, the U17-age prospective young soccer players.
group showed slightly faster heart rate recovery than the younger age-
groups, at both the 1- and 2-min after the test.
Acknowledgments
This improved recovery could be attributed to higher and more soccer-
There has been no external financial assistance with this study.
specific training loads, leading to a better soccer-specific intermittent-
Further, we gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Stijn Matthys,
endurance in older compared to younger age-groups, resulting in the
Joric Vandendriessche and Gijs Debuyck in data collection and their
higher capacity to recover after intensive exer-cises (Malina,
helpful comments during the writing of the manuscript.
Eisenmann, Cumming, Ribeiro, & Aroso, 2004). Also, due to
maturational develop-ment processes during adolescence, players'
Finally, we would like to thank all players and coaches of both clubs
anaero-bic capacities are improving into late adolescence, suggesting
involved for their cooperation.
that players can cope better with inter-mittent activities (Malina et
al., 2004; Philippaerts et al., 2006).
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… Malina, RM (2006). The
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