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 BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018

BSI Standards Publication

Gas analysis - Preparation of calibration

gas mixtures using dynamic methods

Part 7: Thermal mass-flow controllers

BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 6145‑7:2018. It
supersedes BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2010, which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee PTI/15, Natural Gas and Gas Analysis.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2019
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2019
ISBN 978 0 580 51170 7
ICS 71.040.40
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2019.

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 6145‑7
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM December 2018

ICS 71.040.40 Supersedes EN ISO 6145‑7:2010

English Version

Gas analysis - Preparation of calibration gas mixtures

using dynamic methods - Part 7: Thermal mass-flow
controllers (ISO 6145-7:2018)
Analyse des gaz - Préparation des mélanges Gasanalyse - Herstellung von
de gaz pour étalonnage à l'aide de méthodes Kalibriergasgemischen mit Hilfe von dynamisch-
dynamiques - Partie 7: Régulateurs thermiques volumetrischen Verfahren - Teil 7: Thermische
de débit massique (ISO 6145-7:2018) Massendurchflussregler (ISO 6145-7:2018)

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 October 2018.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving
this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre
or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 6145‑7:2018: E
worldwide for CEN national Members
BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
EN ISO 6145‑7:2018 (E)

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 6145‑7:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 158 "Analysis
of gases" in collaboration with CCMC.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2019, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2019.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 6145‑7:2010.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
the United Kingdom.

Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 6145‑7:2018 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 6145‑7:2018 without any modification.

ii
 BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Symbols........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5 Principle. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
6 Set-up................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
6.1 General. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
6.2 Thermal mass-flow controller using a constant current supply.................................................................. 3
6.3 Thermal mass-flow controller under constant temperature control....................................................... 3
7 Preparation of gas mixtures...................................................................................................................................................................... 4
7.1 Description of the experimental procedure................................................................................................................... 4
7.2 Range of validity..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
7.3 Operating conditions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
8 Calculations................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
8.1 Volume fraction....................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
8.2 Sources of uncertainty...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
8.3 Uncertainty of measurement. ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
Annex A (informative) Pre-mixed gases for the preparation of mixtures of high dilution........................... 9
Annex B (informative) Practical hints. .............................................................................................................................................................10
Annex C (informative) Calculation of uncertainties...........................................................................................................................12
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved  iii

BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.
org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 158, Analysis of gases.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 6145‑7:2009), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— correction of some errors in the formulae in Annexes A and C;
— minor editorial corrections.
A list of all parts in the ISO 6145 series can be found on the ISO website.

iv  © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6145‑7:2018

Gas analysis - Preparation of calibration gas mixtures using

dynamic methods —
Part 7:
Thermal mass-flow controllers

1 Scope
ISO 6145 is a series of documents dealing with various dynamic methods used for the preparation of
calibration gas mixtures. This document specifies a method for continuous preparation of calibration
gas mixtures, from nominally pure gases or gas mixtures by use of thermal mass-flow controllers.
The method is applicable to preparation of mixtures of non-reacting species, i.e. those which do not
react with any material of construction of the flow path in the thermal mass-flow controller or the
ancillary equipment.
If this method is employed for preparation of calibration gas mixtures the optimum performance is
as follows: the relative expanded measurement uncertainty U, obtained by multiplying the standard
uncertainty by a coverage factor k = 2, is not greater than 2 %.
If pre-mixed gases are used instead of pure gases, mole fractions below 10−6 can be obtained. The
measurement of mass flow is not absolute and the flow controller requires independent calibration.
The merits of the method are that a large quantity of the calibration gas mixture can be prepared on a
continuous basis and that multi-component mixtures can be prepared as readily as binary mixtures if
the appropriate number of thermal mass-flow controllers is utilized.
NOTE Gas blending systems, based upon thermal mass-flow controllers, and some including the facility of
computerization and automatic control, are commercially available.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6143, Gas analysis — Comparison methods for determining and checking the composition of calibration
gas mixtures
ISO 6145‑1, Gas analysis — Preparation of calibration gas mixtures using dynamic volumetric methods —
Part 1: Methods of calibration
ISO 7504, Gas analysis — Vocabulary
ISO 12963, Gas analysis — Comparison methods for the determination of the composition of gas mixtures
based on one- and two-point calibration
ISO 19229, Gas analysis — Purity analysis and the treatment of purity data

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7504 apply.

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved  1

BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at: http://www.electropedia.org/

4 Symbols

Cp Heat capacity (at constant pressure)

i,k Indices for components in a gas or gas mixture

j Index for a parent gas

m Mass

p Pressure

q Number of components in the gas mixture

qm Mass flow rate

qV Volume flow rate

T Temperature

V Volume

Φ Heat flux

ϕ Volume fraction of a component in a parent gas

φ Volume fraction of a component in a gas mixture

ρ Density

5 Principle
The continuous preparation of calibration gas mixtures from nominally pure gases or other gas
mixtures by the use of commercially available thermal mass-flow controllers is described. By
adjustment of the set-points on the mass flow controllers to pre-determined values, it is possible to
change the composition of the gas mixture rapidly and in a continuously variable manner. By selection
of appropriate combinations of thermal mass-flow controllers and with use of pure gases, the volume
fraction of the component of interest in the matrix gas can be varied by a factor of 1 000.

6 Set-up

6.1 General
To prepare a gas mixture, each gaseous component is passed through a calibrated thermal mass flow
controller (TMC) at a known and controlled flow rate and at constant pressure. Accurate flow meters
are used to measure the relevant flow rates in order to achieve an acceptable level of uncertainty
regardless of the setting of the mass flow controller (see also ISO 6145‑1).
A TMC consists of a measuring unit for mass flow and a proportioning valve which is controlled by an
electronic unit (see also Reference [1] and [2]).

2  © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


6.2 Thermal mass-flow controller using a constant current supply

The flowing gas is passed through a heater connected to a constant current supply and the temperature
is sensed upstream and downstream from the heater.
Figure 1 shows the working principle of a TMC and its key parts: heater, temperature sensors and
associated circuitry. The two temperature sensors, one upstream and one downstream from the heater
form two arms of a Wheatstone bridge circuit, which is balanced to give zero reading when there is
no gas flow. When there is a gas flow through the system a temperature difference, ΔT, is established
between the two sensors such that the heat flux, Φ, is given by Formula (1):
Φ = C p ∆Tq m (1)

Key
1 temperature sensor 1 5 current supply
2 heater 6 wheatstone bridge
3 temperature sensor 2 7 differential amplifier
4 gas supply 8 signal readout

Figure 1 — Principle of a thermal mass-flow controller with constant current supply

The difference in temperature between sensors results in a potential difference across the Wheatstone
bridge circuit and thus a signal. The signal is compared with an adjustable reference voltage in a
differential amplifier. The resulting output signal is in turn used for operating a control valve to
regulate the flow of gas.

6.3 Thermal mass-flow controller under constant temperature control

In the system, shown in Figure 2, the parent gas passes through three heaters in sequence, each of
which is connected into an arm of a self-regulating Wheatstone bridge. Instead of the difference in
temperature being measured, the input to each heater is such that the temperature distribution along
the flow path is uniformly maintained. The Wheatstone bridge current is proportional to the heat loss
and therefore proportional also to the mass flow of the gas. The output signal is again used to operate a
solenoid valve to control the mass flow rate.

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved  3

BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


Key
1 heater 1 5 current supply
2 heater 2 6 wheatstone bridge
3 heater 3 7 differential amplifier
4 gas supply 8 signal readout

Figure 2 — Thermal mass-flow controller under constant temperature control

In the preparation of multicomponent mixtures, it is generally necessary to use one mass-flow controller
for each component. Dual-channel controllers are available and may be used in the preparation of
binary mixtures or, for example, preparation of mixtures of a given gas in air.

7 Preparation of gas mixtures

7.1 Description of the experimental procedure

A schematic diagram of the arrangement for preparation of binary mixtures is shown in Figure 3.
The pressure and temperature at the time of the calibration shall be recorded. Depending on the gases
to be mixed and their departure from ideality, the volume fraction can be somewhat influenced by the
ambient pressure and temperature. The pressure and temperature at the time of calibration of the
analyser should be as near as possible to those prevalent at the time the TMCs were checked by the
comparison method ISO 6143 or ISO 12963 (see 7.3).
Compositions of calibration gas mixtures are normally expressed by volume fractions but
manufacturers’ accuracy specifications for thermal mass-flow controllers are usually expressed in
terms of percentage of the full scale of the instrument. The relative expanded uncertainty of 2 %, which
is quoted in the Scope of this document, is 2 % of the volume fraction of the calibration component of
the mixture. This value assumes optimum use of each TMC in the system, which means that each is
operated at, or very near to, its maximum flow rate. Thus, if a TMC is operated at 10 % of full scale, the
expanded uncertainty expressed as percentage of maximum flow (as distinct from relative expanded
uncertainty) can be ±1 %, but if expressed instead as a percentage of the actual flow rate the relative
expanded uncertainty becomes 10 %.

4  © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


Key
Matrix gas: Calibration component:
1 cylinder of pressurized gas 7 cylinder of pressurized gas
2 pressure regulator 8 pressure regulator
3 shut-off valve 9 shut-off valve
4 filter against contamination 10 filter against contamination
5 thermal mass-flow controller 11 thermal mass-flow controller
6 shut-off valve 12 shut-off valve
13 mixing vessel

Figure 3 — Mixing apparatus for preparation of binary gas mixtures

by means of thermal mass-flow controllers

A binary mixture containing the calibration component at volume fraction 1:11 could be prepared by
use of two TMCs each of full scale 1 000 mL/min by operating one at 100 mL/min and the other at
1 000 mL/min. However, the expanded uncertainty associated with the flow rate of the former would
be ±10 % of flow rate and the relative expanded uncertainty in the volume fraction would be ±9 %. Use
one TMC with a full scale range of 100 ml/min and a second one with a full scale range of 1 000 ml/min,
both being operated very close to full scale, so that the mixture has a volume fraction with a relative
expanded uncertainty of 2 %.
The same requirement shall be observed relative to preparation of multi component mixtures.
A method for which there is no requirement for calibration against external standards of gas flow rate
or volume fraction is described briefly in Annex B, and the reference to the publication which provides
the complete description is given in the bibliography.
As shown in Figure 3, gas cylinders (1) and (7)containing the matrix gas and the component of interest
respectively are connected to the thermal mass-flow controllers (5) and (11) through pressure
regulators (2) and (8) and shut-off valves (3) and (9). The two in-line filters (4) and (10) provide
protection against contamination. The gases from the flow controllers enter the mixing vessel (13).

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved  5

BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


The recommended working range for the pressure regulators is 60 kPa (0,6 bar) to 600 kPa (6,0 bar).
The pressure regulator for the “gaseous component” shall also be suitable for the particular component
involved (e.g. the diaphragm shall be of stainless steel or other corrosion resistant material). Similarly,
the thermal mass-flow controllers shall be suitable for use with the gaseous components and for the
requirements of the gas mixture.
Set the input pressures appropriate to the controllers using the pressure regulators and open the shut-
off valves (3), (6) and (9). Purge the inlet path of the gaseous component through the shut-off valve (12),
which shall be of a type which can be operated rapidly.
Adjust the set points of the controllers so as to obtain the respective flow rates in the correct ratio for
the desired composition of the binary gas mixture; meanwhile, continue the purging process of the
input tube for the component gas by multiple opening and closing of valve (12), until a total volume of
gas at least 10 times the volume of the flow path has been vented.
When the system has been thoroughly purged, feed the gases via the thermal mass-flow controllers
to the mixing vessel (13), constructed from inert materials. Provided that the resistance to flow
downstream of the mixing vessel (13) is low in relation to the flow being delivered at the source, the
mixture flows at ambient atmospheric pressure to the instrument.
Although for most applications the gas mixture will be transmitted at the prevailing ambient
atmospheric pressure, this method may also conceivably be applied to convey mixtures at elevated exit
pressures. However, in this case it would be necessary to give due consideration to changes in Cp and
density of the gaseous components with pressure in order to assess the validity of this procedure.

7.2 Range of validity

As stated in the scope, this method is applicable to preparation of mixtures of non-reacting species, i.e.
those which do not react with any material of construction of the flow path in the thermal mass-flow
controller or the ancillary equipment. Particular care shall be exercised if the method is considered as a
means of preparation of gaseous mixtures which contain components which form potentially explosive
mixtures in air. Steps shall be taken to ensure that the apparatus is safe for example by means of in-line
flame arrestors in addition to the items listed in 6.1.
This method is not absolute and each thermal mass flow controller shall be calibrated for the particular
gas or gas mixture for which it is to be used.

7.3 Operating conditions

The conditions for efficient operation of the sensor system are that
— there shall be no heat loss or heat gain, other than that which results from the flow of gas, between
the region of the heater and that of the downstream sensor, and that
— there shall be uniform temperature distribution across the gas stream.
The assumption that Cp is constant is valid only over a restricted range of temperature. The general
precautions common to all dynamic techniques of preparation shall be observed. It is essential that
attention is paid to the materials used in the construction of the flow system. Only materials of low
porosity that do not cause adsorption of any of the components in the gases or gas mixture are suitable.
The tubing shall be clean and all unions secure.
Unless independence of the thermal mass-flow controller to its orientation has been established, it
shall be maintained in the orientation in which it was calibrated. Controllers shall be calibrated for the
components in question and it may be necessary to consult the manufacturer of the controller if the
type of gas is to be changed; it may be necessary for the sensor to be changed.

6  © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


8 Calculations

8.1 Volume fraction

Determine the volume fraction using any of the methods of calibration for the flow rates described in
ISO 6145‑1. Due consideration shall be given to the uncertainty associated with the method selected.
Calibration of the TMC will define the mass flow rate, or the volume flow rate, dependent on the
method used.
Φ
qm = (2)
C p ∆T
Φ
qV = (3)
C p ρ∆T
The following calculation of the volume fractions is only valid if high-purity gases are used with
impurity fractions that are sufficiently low. The purity of the gases shall be evaluated in accordance
with ISO 19229 and the purity data shall be prepared accordingly. If impurity levels are too high to be
neglected in the calculation of the composition, an alternative calculation shall be used. One possibility
is given in Annex A.
The amount of substance fraction is calculated as:

( qm ) A
MA
xA = (4)
 ( qm ) ( qm ) B 
 A
+ 
 M A MB 

where
MA and MB are the molar masses of components A and B respectively;
(qm)A and (qm)B denote the values of mass flow rate, for components A and B respectively.

The corresponding volume fraction is:

( qV ) A
ϕA = (5)
( qV ) A + ( qV ) B
8.2 Sources of uncertainty
Commercially available thermal mass flow controllers indicate the gas flow rate usually in volume
units as an analogue or digital display. Typical claims for accuracy are ±1 % of full scale, provided that
the ambient temperature is maintained within ±5 °C of the temperature at which the instrument was
calibrated. The corresponding claims for set point repeatability are ±0,2 % full scale.
It is assumed that pressures and temperatures respectively are measured with the same instruments
during calibration and use, so that the standard uncertainties in these measurements are
constant throughout.
From Formulae (2) and (3):
1
u ( qm ) u Φ
=
( ) u ( ∆T ) u C p 
2
+ +
2 2
( ) 2
(6)
qm  Φ2 ∆T 2 C p2 
 

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved  7

BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


1
u ( qV )  u 2 (Φ ) u 2 ( ∆T ) u 2 ( ρ ) u C p
=  + + +
2
( ) 2
 (7)
qV  Φ2 ∆T 2 ρ2 C p2 
 
NOTE The expressions for relative combined uncertainty given in Formulae (6) and (7) are provided for
information only. They have been given to identify the parameters which contribute to urel(qm) and urel(qV). Φ
and ΔT are functions of the mass flow controller and the uncertainties are covered by the uncertainty quoted by
the manufacturer described in Annex C.

The following is a typical example of the relative change in Cp with temperature and pressure. These
values show that the effects of pressure and temperature changes are negligible in comparison with the
uncertainty inherent in the controller itself.
EXAMPLE With reference to effects of pressure and temperature changes, the relative change in Cp
for nitrogen, for example, at 100 kPa (1 bar) for a change of 5 K in temperature from 290 K is approximately
0,000 2. The relative change in Cp at 290 K for a change in pressure from 100 kPa (1 bar) to 200 kPa (2 bar) is
approximately 0,001.

8.3 Uncertainty of measurement

The uncertainty of the volume fraction of the calibration component in the calibration mixture, at
constant temperature and pressure, can be estimated from the separate uncertainties in the flowrates
of the calibration component and the matrix gas.
The volume fraction, φA , of component A is given by Formula (5).
The relative expanded uncertainty in φA is then given by the Formula (8):
1
 2  2
( qV ) B  u ( qV ) A  u ( qV ) B  
U (ϕ A )  2
=2  + (8)
ϕA ( qV ) A + ( qV ) B 2 
 ( qV )  ( qV )  
2
  A  B 
NOTE The derivation of the above formula is summarized in C.1.

The coverage factor “2” has been applied in order to give a coverage probability of approximately 95 %
in the case of normal distribution.
The uncertainty in the flow rates is estimated by calibration of the thermal mass-flow controllers by
one of the methods presented in ISO 6145‑1.
As necessary, the effect of impurities in the gases mixed on the measurement uncertainty shall be
evaluated accordingly (see also Annex A).
This estimate of the relative uncertainty in the composition depends entirely on the uncertainties in
measurements of flow rates. The other factor to be taken into account is the efficiency of mixing. To
check if a mixing system actually provides a homogeneous calibration gas mixture, mixtures shall
be prepared as specified in Clause 7, the compositions shall be checked using the methods given in
ISO 6143 or ISO 12963, and the ambient pressure and temperature shall be recorded.
This procedure also identifies bias from other sources and establishes traceability against standard
gas mixtures.

8  © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


Annex A
(informative)

Pre-mixed gases for the preparation of mixtures of high dilution

A.1 Calculation of the volume fraction

If pre-mixed gases are used instead of pure gases mixtures of higher dilution can be prepared.
Calculation of volume fraction is then as below (see also Reference [3]):
The volume fraction of component A in a gas mixture with matrix gas B is given by the Formula (A.1):

ϕ ′ A ( qV) M + ϕ ″ A ( qV ) B ϕ ′ A ( qV ) M + ϕ ″ A ( qV ) B
ϕA = = (A.1)
( qV ) M + ( qV ) B ( qV )ϕ
where
φ′A is volume fraction of A in the pre-mixed gas;
φ′′A is volume fraction of A in the matrix gas, B (this will normally be zero);
(qV)M is volume flow rate of the pre-mixed gas, M;
(qV)B is volume flow rate of the matrix gas B;
(qV)φ is volume flow rate of the calibration gas.

NOTE (qV)φ = (qV)M +(qV)B only if there is no volume change on mixing.

A.2 Uncertainty of volume fraction

It is necessary to take into account the standard uncertainties of the volume flow rates and the standard
uncertainties of the volume fractions of the component in the pre-mixed gas and also in the matrix gas
(if relevant). Normally the matrix gas will not contain the component of interest.
For the case in which the matrix gas does not contain the component A, see Formula (A.2):

ϕ ′ A ( qV )M
ϕA = (A.2)
( qV ) M + ( qV ) B
and the relative standard uncertainty in the volume fraction φA is given by the Formula (A.3):
1
 u 2 ( q )  u 2 ( q )   q 2
( qV ) B ( V ) B + ( qV )M 
2
u (ϕ A )   V M V B u (ϕ ′ A ) 
2
=  +  +   (A.3)
ϕA ( qV ) B + ( qV ) M  ( qV ) 2 ( qV ) B
2  ( qV ) B  (ϕ ′ A ) 2 
 M
This formula is derived from C.2.

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved  9

BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


Annex B
(informative)

Practical hints

B.1 Equipment
The complete flow system should be clean and free from particulates.
Pressure regulators and associated pipework should be dedicated for use with specific
gaseous components.
The thermal mass-flow controller should be maintained in the same orientation when it is calibrated
and when in use for preparation of gas mixtures.
The operating ranges should be appropriate for the gaseous component, mixing ratio, minimum
flowrate and the possible volume fractions.
NOTE The requirement that the thermal mass-flow controllers are to be operated near to full scale is
given in 6.1.

Shut-off valves should be installed between pressure regulators and thermal mass-flow controllers in
order to ensure that there is no leakage past the regulators.
All dimensions of the flow paths and the materials of construction should be carefully selected so that
interaction with the gaseous components is minimised. In particular, pressure regulators should be
suitable for the gases which they are to convey. GC-quality stainless steel should be used to convey
reactive components. It is permissible for non-reactive matrix gases to be conveyed in plastics materials
such as polyethylene or polytetrafluorethylene. If there is any risk of adsorption, however, stainless
steel should be used.
The nominal inner diameter of the conveyance tubes should be 1,5 mm to 2,0 mm for the component of
interest and 4,0 mm to 6,0 mm for the matrix gas.

B.2 Operation
Before use of the calibration gases, ensure that the pipework for the component of interest is sufficiently
purged with the component concerned. A short period is satisfactory in the case of the pure gas or pre-
mixed gases at higher volume fractions, but several hours are necessary for the more dilute pre-mixed
(below 10−4 by volume).
For calibration of gas analysers at normal atmospheric pressures, the calibration gas should be supplied
at no excess pressure. Suitable by-pass tubes should therefore be provided. The excess depends upon
the calibration gas component and the pressure dependence of the analyser.
In the case of corrosive or toxic gases any excess flow should be safely vented but long runs of venting
pipework should be avoided in order to minimize back-pressure effects.
In the event of short interruption in the analyser calibration procedure, conveyance of the gases
should not be arrested and if connecting tubes are removed they should be adequately sealed against
contamination.

10  © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


B.3 Calibration and precision

A high-accuracy gas flow dilution system using mass-flow controllers, but not restricted to thermal
mass-flow controllers, has been developed and is described in Reference [4]. To gain an appreciation of
the method, which has been employed to provide a variety of volume fractions to a typical uncertainty
of ±0,4 % of volume fraction, the original paper should be read. The paper details the uncertainty
analysis on the basis of the flow rates of the calibration component and the emergent calibration gas
and the method has been verified experimentally against gravimetric methods.
An additional paper[5] describes an improved approach to calculating the uncertainties of thermal
mass-flow controllers. The paper provides a review of the mathematical basis for a general least-
squares solution to the determination of best-fit calibration curves, and separates the systematic
contribution to the uncertainty which results from the calibration of the flow system from the random
uncertainty incurred each time the system is operated. In an appendix to the paper, the experimental
and mathematical procedures are illustrated with reference to the gas flow dilution system which is
the subject of References [4], but it is equally applicable in principle to the method of preparation of
binary gas mixtures described in this document. Twenty-five literature references are provided.

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved  11

BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


Annex C
(informative)

Calculation of uncertainties

C.1 Relative standard uncertainty of φa in case of nominally pure gases

The symbols are those given in 7.3 and Annex A.
The volume fraction of component A in a mixture of pure gas A and pure gas B is given by:

( qV ) A
ϕA = (C.1)
( qV ) A + ( qV ) B
The uncertainty in φA is:
1
 2
 ∂ϕ
2 2
 ∂ϕ A  2   
u (ϕ A ) =    u (qV )  +  A
 u 2 ( q V )   (C.2)
  ∂ ( q V ) A   ∂ ( q V ) B 
 A   B 

 
By differentiation of Formula (C.1):

∂ϕ A ( qV ) B
=
∂ (qV ) A ( qV ) A + ( qV ) B 
2

∂ϕ A − ( qV ) A
=
∂ (qV )B ( qV ) + ( qV ) 
2
 A B
and by substitution in Formula (C.2) the relative standard uncertainty is:

 
u (ϕ A ) ( qV ) A + ( qV ) B 
1

ϕA
=
( qV ) A

1
 ( qV ) + ( qV )  
2

{ 2 2
} + {(
 ( qV ) B u ( qV ) A  )
qV A u 2 
2
 }
( qV ) B  2

 A B 
1

( qV ) A ( qV ) B  u 2 ( q )  u 2 ( q )   2
  V A V B
=  +  
( qV ) A ( qV ) A + ( qV ) B   ( qV ) A 2
( qV ) 2B 
1

( qV ) B  u 2 ( q )  u 2 ( q )   2
  V A V B
=  +  
( qV ) A + ( qV ) B  ( qV ) 2
( q )
V B
2

 A 
The coverage factor “2” is applied in 7.3 to give 95 % coverage probability.

C.2 Relative standard uncertainty of φa in case of diluting a gas mixture

The symbols are those given in 7.3 and Annex A.

12  © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


Assuming that the matrix gas B does not contain component A:

ϕ ′ A ( qV )M
ϕA = (C.3)
( qV ) M + ( qV ) B
and the standard uncertainty in φA is:
1
 2  ∂ϕ 
2
 ∂ϕ
2
 2
  ∂ϕ 
u (ϕ A ) =   A  u 2 (ϕ ′ A ) +  A
 u 2 ( qV ) M  + +  A
 u 2 ( qV ) B   (C.4)
  ∂ϕ ′ A   ∂ ( qV ) M    ∂ ( qV ) B  

 
By differentiation of Formula (C.3):

∂ϕ A ( qV ) M
=
∂ϕ ′ A ( qV ) + ( qV )B
M

∂ϕ A ϕ ′ A ( qV )M
=
∂ ( qV )M ( qV ) + ( qV ) 
2
 M B
∂ϕ A −ϕ ′ A ( qV ) M
=
∂ ( qV )B
( qV ) + ( qV ) 
2
 M B
and by substitution in Formula (C.4) and dividing by φA the relative standard uncertainty in φA is:
1
  
2
 2 2
 ϕ ′ A qV   ( ) ϕ ′ q
A V M  
( )


B 2
 u qV + 2
( )
 u  qV  
 
B
( )
( ) ( )
u ϕA qV + qV ( )
   q + q 
2
V B    ( )
M 
 ( )
q + q 
2
V B    ( ) ( )
   V M   V M
= M B

ϕA ϕ ′ A qV  ( ) 
( )
M 2
  qV  
+  M  u2 ϕ ′ ( ) 
  q
  V M
+ q V B
 ( ) ( )
A 


 
2 2 
  ϕ ′ A ( qV ) B  ϕ ′ (q )  
 2 A V M
u ( qV )M     u 2 ( q ) B  ( V ) M ( A )
1   2 2
=  + + q u ϕ ′
ϕ ′ A ( qV )M 2    V
 ( qV ) M + ( qV ) B  
  ( qV ) + ( qV )    
   M B   

 2 2
u ( q )   u ( q )  
2 2
( qV ) M ( qV ) B   ϕ′A 
  V M
 ϕ′A 
  V B + V M
( q ) 2 u 2 (ϕ ′ A )
=     
ϕ ′ A ( qV ) M   ( qV ) M + ( qV ) B   ( qV )   ( qV ) M + ( qV ) B   ( qV ) 
( qV ) 2M ( qV ) 2B
 M   B 

1
22
( qV ) B    u ( qV ) M  
2
 u ( qV ) B   u (ϕ ′ A ) 
2
2 2
ϕ′A ϕ′A 
=   +  +  
ϕ′A   ( qV ) M + ( qV ) B  ( qV ) 2  ( qV ) M + ( qV ) B  ( qV ) 2  ( qV ) B  
 M B 
1
 u 2 ( q )  u 2 ( q )   q 22
( qV ) B ( V ) M + ( qV )B 
2
  V M V B  u (ϕ ′ A )  
=  +  +    
( qV ) M + ( qV ) B  ( qV ) M
2 ( qV ) B  ( qV ) B   (ϕ ′ A )  
 

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved  13

BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


NOTE This expression has been derived for the mass-flow controller method, but is equally applicable for
other methods described in the various parts of ISO 6145.

14  © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

 BS EN ISO 6145‑7:2018
ISO 6145‑7:2018


Bibliography

[1] ISO 14511:2001, Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits — Thermal mass flow meters
[2] Tison S.A (NIST). A critical evaluation of thermal mass flow meters. J. Vacuum Science Tech. A,
14 (4), 1996, pp. 2582-2591
[3] ISO/IEC Guide 98‑3:2008, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM:1995)
[4] Goody B.A, & Milton M. J. T (NPL). High-accuracy gas flow dilutor using mass flow controllers
with binary weighted flows. Meas. Sci. Technol., 13, (2002), pp.1138–1145
[5] Milton M.J. T, Harris P.M, Smith I.M, Brown A.S, Goody B.A (NPL). Implementation of a
generalized least-squares method for determining calibration curves from data with general
uncertainty structures. Metrologia, 43, (2006), pp. S291-S298
[6] ISO 6142‑1, Gas analysis — Preparation of calibration gas mixtures — Part 1: Gravimetric method
for Class I mixtures

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved  15

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 Another Random Document on
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 TULLY. I distinctly heard a woman’s voice.
JOHN (approaches window gingerly). ’Sh! Don’t make a noise. I’m
listening for the flower-pots to fall.
TULLY. What will happen if Mr. Trippett and the doctor come in and
find us gone?
JOHN. They dare not enter while the two women are arguing,
perhaps fighting. I’m only thinking what a little cat Mamie was to
come out just when everything was going so splendidly.
TULLY. Whatever induced you to run after a girl like that?
JOHN. Is there anybody in this flat?
TULLY. Only the maid.
JOHN. Well, send her out.
TULLY. She’s just been out.
JOHN. Never mind—send her out fifty times if it’ll only help us.

(TULLY groans.)

Don’t give way! Don’t give way! I’ve got an idea. I’m going to cut
the electric wires of the whole block of flats. I think I know where
they run. Now you go and get her out of the house. Don’t lose a
moment. Please go, Bertram!

(TULLY groans and exits door R.)

(Calling after him.) It isn’t often I ask you to do anything!

(JOHN thinks. He has a brilliant idea. Takes out his penknife and
goes to wall at back, feels along wall.)

No, that’s not it. (Looks at wall below door L.) Ah, that looks more
like it. Yes. (Plunges his knife into wall, a jet of soda water comes
out through rubber tube fixed in flat below door, the spout of a soda
syphon is pushed in other end of rubber tube outside, and at the
cue) Got it! Got it! (The water is squirted through.) Oh, damn,
confound!

(JOHN immediately places his hand over tube and with his
handkerchief stops the flow of water. Syphon is removed and
placed on floor ready for next squirt of water.)

TULLY. Help! Help! Help! (Heard off.)

(TULLY dashes on door R. and slamming door holds on to handle

as if besieged.)

JOHN. What’s up? What’s the matter with you?

TULLY (trembling all over). The maid doesn’t recognize me without
a moustache. She thinks I’m a burglar—and she’s chasing me with a
poker.
JOHN. Chasing you?
TULLY. Yes, and if this woman gets in, she’ll brain us both. Come
and help, for heaven’s sake!
JOHN. I can’t let go here.
TULLY. Why not?
JOHN. I thought if I could cut the main electric cable and put out
the lights next door, that the doctor and Trippett would be compelled
to leave the flat—
TULLY. Good! Go on, cut the cable.
JOHN. I have tried, I have tried! And I’ve cut the water-pipe
instead. It’ll flood the place.
TULLY (still holding onto door). Oh, I’d do anything to get out of
this.
JOHN. For heaven’s sake don’t be so selfish, just when everything’s
going so splendidly! (Still holding on to water-pipe.)
(AUNT HANNAH opens door L. and just enters—sees JOHN and TULLY
and with a cry exits hurriedly. JOHN and TULLY both turn on each
other.)

JOHN. Don’t do it! Don’t do it!

TULLY. I didn’t do anything. If you shout like that I shall have a fit
in a moment.
JOHN. Well, we don’t want to stand here all night.
TULLY. Can you reach that key out of the other door?
JOHN. I’ve told you I can’t let go here.
TULLY. If this woman gets in our lives won’t be worth having.
JOHN. Whatever made you engage such a brute?
TULLY. I can’t live here alone without protection.
JOHN. What’s her name?
TULLY. Ursula!
JOHN. Ursula! Give her a month’s notice.
TULLY. No, I don’t want to lose her.
JOHN. Women—are—no—use—unless—they—are—mastered!
TULLY. I’ve always heard that it was best to avoid women who are
mustard.
JOHN. Mastered—not mustard! And take off those pyjamas!
TULLY. And I ought to be playing the flute to-night down at the
Mission.
JOHN. Hang your mission! I’m trying to think what I can do here.
Lend me your handkerchief—I’ll plug it up with mine and then tie it
up.
TULLY (waving his handkerchief). Catch! Catch!
JOHN. How can I catch from here?
(TULLY runs across with handkerchief—his pyjama trousers round his
ankles—gives handkerchief to JOHN—then sits chair C.)

You’ll split those pyjamas!

TULLY (removing pyjamas). This is the most awful afternoon I’ve
ever had in my life. I shall never be the same man again.
JOHN (ties up tube with handkerchief). There, that’ll hold, I think.
Now, I’ll go and cover your retreat. (Crosses to R.)
TULLY (picking up telegram from table L.C.). Oh! Here’s a telegram!
Telegrams always make me feel so nervous! (Opens it and reads.)
It’s from Aunt Hannah, she’s coming up to-day. I’ve been expecting
her for the last three weeks. I am the only relation she has, and in
order to avoid the death-duties she’s going to make a Deed of Gift to
me amounting to several thousand pounds!
JOHN. Several thousand pounds! Now that is mean. Look at the
trouble you’ve put me to. You might have lent me the money and so
saved me a fortnight’s illness.
TULLY (rises). Will you accept the £500 from me?
JOHN. I suppose I must.
TULLY. That is good of you!
JOHN. Not at all! You have such a winning way with you. One can’t
help doing as you wish.
TULLY (smiles broadly). That’s taken a great load off my mind. The
old lady is very generous. Directly she arrives we must both be very
nice to her.
JOHN. Trust me for that. And I can be nice when I like.
TULLY. I know you can. But what about the ’Bus Company?
JOHN. Oh yes. I’ll get you to go back and say I withdraw my claim.
TULLY. Yes. I’d love to do that. (Picking up letter from table L.C.)
JOHN. I’ll buy Mamie a new necklace, and tell Pam the whole truth
—that Mamie is not your wife, but your little bit of fluff named
Agnes.
TULLY. No, I draw the line there, Mamie’s your fluff. You must
shoulder that responsibility.
JOHN. But you’re a single man. It doesn’t matter about you.
TULLY. Oh yes it does. I’ve got to think of my reputation down at
the Mission.
JOHN. Oh, hang your mission!
TULLY. Oh, dear! (Becomes very serious as he reads letter.)
JOHN. What’s up?
TULLY. It’s a letter from the Motor ’Bus Company.
JOHN. Motor ’Bus Company?
TULLY. They’re going to sue me.
JOHN. Sue you, what for?
TULLY. The fat woman who had three ribs broken says that I am
liable—that my fall on her was premeditated and nothing to do with
the accident. Oh, and listen to this. (Reading.) “Our representative
will have much pleasure in calling upon you this evening at seven
o’clock.”
JOHN. It’s gone seven now.
TULLY. They’re sending some one here to-night?
JOHN. Yes, who will they send—either Trippett or the doctor. They
are both in the neighbourhood.
TULLY. Then they may be here at any moment!
JOHN. But this is a simple matter now you’ve got the necessary
money coming in.
TULLY. But which one will they send, because it depends on that
who you are and who I am.
JOHN. Well, I’ll get you to creep back and tell Pam that I withdraw
my claim—then, if the doctor calls you must get back in time to see
him, and if Trippett calls, I’ll see Trippett.
 TULLY. But that won’t help me out—if they are going to sue me—
possibly for hundreds—I’m not going to lend you this money unless I
can see a clean sheet for myself—you got me into this mess, you
must get me out of it! (Sits C. and groans.)
JOHN. You are ungrateful. After all I’ve done for you. Are you
going to lend me the £500 or are you not?
TULLY. Certainly. But I didn’t fall on top of this fat woman, and I’m
not going to be made to pay. You had the fun, you ought to suffer.

(JOHN crosses to L. and rings bell, alarmed.)

What are you going to do?

JOHN. Do as you wish. I’m going to get you out of this trouble.
I’ve rung for Ursula.
TULLY. Ursula!

(URSULA enters R., holding poker at her side. TULLY bus. trying to
hide his lip.)

JOHN (crosses to door R.). Oh, er, good evening Ursula! (In his
best manner.)
URSULA (abruptly). Evening!
JOHN. We want you to do us a favour, if you will?
URSULA. A favour?
JOHN. We want you to lend us some ladies’ clothes—just for an
hour or so.
URSULA. What sort of clothes?
JOHN. Oh, nothing—er—white—nothing under—underhand—just
super clothes—and if you do this, your master will be very much
obliged to you and he’ll raise your wages.

(Bus. TULLY aghast. JOHN motioning to him to keep quiet.)

 URSULA. I’ll see—I’ll see.

(Exit URSULA door R.)

TULLY (rises and comes down C.). John! What are you going to do?
JOHN. I think you will acknowledge this is an inspiration. These
’bus people think they are going to corner us, I can see their move.
But you and I are far too smart for them.
TULLY (in doubt). Are we?
JOHN. It has only just struck me, but you are the living image of
the fat old lady in the ’bus!
TULLY (offended). Oh! John!
JOHN. Without the fat, of course. If you get into these clothes and
pad yourself all round, no one will know the difference.
TULLY. No, I couldn’t do that. It’s illegal!
JOHN. I’m doing this to get you out of the pickle. I’m not doing it
for my own sake, please bear that in mind.
TULLY. But what good will it do?
JOHN. If the doctor or Trippett calls here, I shall say that I am
Tully, that is Tully’s brother, that I have had an interview with the
lady in the ’bus accident and she is strongly of opinion that the ’Bus
Company is liable.
TULLY. But they’ll dispute it at once.
JOHN. Naturally—then we are prepared. I shall just bring you into
the room dressed as the lady, with nothing to do but to bear out my
statement.
TULLY. No, I couldn’t do it. I couldn’t do it! (Turns L.)
JOHN. Bertram! I have an idea—an idea that wouldn’t occur to one
man in a million,

(Enter URSULA, with bundle of clothes. Crosses to JOHN.)

and you want to ignore it. Bertram! Bertram!
URSULA. Clothes! (Gives clothes to JOHN and exits door R.)
JOHN (takes clothes). Thank you, Ursula, thank you. (Gives clothes
to TULLY.) The very thing—but you’ll want a fearful lot of padding—
you’re so thin. (He gathers up cushions from couch and arm-chair
and pushes them into TULLY’S arms.) Here we are, top-hole, beautiful
padding!
TULLY. But, John, what about a bodice. I must have a bodice!
JOHN. What do you want a bodice for?
TULLY. For all this part. (Pointing to chest.)
JOHN. I’ll go and get a bodice off Ursula. Meanwhile you go into
the bedroom and get into these clothes as quickly as you can. Shave
your top lip clean. Don’t forget the cushions. Arrange them—
diplomatically—you know—come out and go in—and all that sort of
thing, and I’ll go and get the bodice.

(JOHN exits door R.)

TULLY. I don’t know where a woman comes out and goes in!

(Stands looking round hopelessly, then goes to door L., opens door
and is about to enter bedroom. AUNT HANNAH screams off. TULLY
shuts door quickly, rushes up to window L. Crash of falling flower-
pots heard off R. TULLY drops clothes, etc., and rushes to door R.
MAMIE enters windows R.C. breathless and excited.)

MAMIE. Oh, there you are, Bertie! Where’s Jack? Where is he?
TULLY (coming C.). Somewhere in the house.
MAMIE. Is there anyone else in the house besides Jack?
TULLY. Only the maid—and Bogie.
MAMIE. Bogie—who’s Bogie?
TULLY. My little dog.
 MAMIE. Do you know that Mrs. Ayers still thinks I am your wife.
TULLY (wriggles and nods). Yes, I’m so sorry.
MAMIE. What?
TULLY. I mean—delighted. (Wriggles again.)
MAMIE. Oh, don’t wriggle! Things are far too serious for wriggling.
You heard about the necklace that was lent to me by my friend the
Rajah?
TULLY. Yes, I have heard about it.
MAMIE. Then I want you, as my husband, to take the matter into
your hands and tell Mrs. Ayers that unless the necklace is returned
to me at once, you will take proceedings.
TULLY. Oh, I couldn’t do that, I’ll call John. (Going to door R.)
MAMIE (pulling TULLY back). No, don’t call John. It’s only natural if
you are supposed to be my husband that you should help me in this
matter. And if you don’t, you’ll get it in the neck right where the
chicken got the axe. (On the verge of tears, she crosses and sits C.,
searching in her handbag for letter.) Just read this letter. It’s from
the Rajah—I’ve never had such things said to me in my life—boo—
boo—boo! (Crying.)
TULLY (patting back of chair). Don’t cry, child, don’t cry.
MAMIE. Where did I put it? In my bag? No! (Rising.) I remember, I
put it in my dress for safety.
TULLY. Oh! oh!
MAMIE. Would you mind unhooking my dress at the back, please.
TULLY (very embarrassed). Really I’m a single man!
MAMIE. Well, these are single hooks.
TULLY (crosses to door R.). I’ll call John!
MAMIE. Please don’t call John.
TULLY (calling through door and whistling). I must have some one
in the room—Bogie! Bogie! Bogie!
 MAMIE. Bertie! Bertram! Come here! (BERTRAM going towards her.)
I want to show you something very important.
TULLY (backing away from her). I’ll take your word for it!
MAMIE. It’s the Rajah’s letter. Just the top two hooks, please—as
quickly as you can. (Approaching TULLY with her shoulder towards
him.)
TULLY. Really, I don’t understand. I’m quite a novice.
MAMIE (annoyed). You don’t want me to tear the thing off?
TULLY (advancing timidly). For heaven’s sake, don’t do that!
MAMIE. Well, pull your socks up, Bertie, and undo the top one.

(TULLY pulls up his socks.)

What are you doing?

TULLY. Pulling my socks up.
MAMIE (sidling up to him). Go on, the top one.

(TULLY unfastens the top hook.)

Ah, that’s better. (Trying to get letter from bodice.) Now, the next
one.
TULLY. No, no more.
MAMIE (sweetly). Now the next one.
TULLY (shaking head decisively). No more!
MAMIE. Do please, Bertie dear! Bertie darling! Bertie sweetheart!
TULLY (smiles broadly and giggles). Well, just this one. No more
after that.
MAMIE. No, no more after that.
TULLY (giggles). They are nice little hooks. Shall I go any further?
MAMIE. No, not at present. (Secures letter.) I’ve got it. Just read
that!
 (Crash of flower-pots off R.)

It’s the Rajah! (Very frightened.)

TULLY. No, more flower-pots. (Going up to window R.) More
creepers! (In a loud whisper.) It’s Mrs. Ayers!
MAMIE. I’ll hide here and listen. Come and hide me, Bertie.

(MAMIE crouches down at foot of table L.C. behind TULLY. PAMELA

enters window R.)

PAMELA (coming down C.). Oh—Mr. Tully—where is John?

TULLY. He’s very busy with my maid.
PAMELA. With your maid?
TULLY. Yes, he’s trying to get some clothes off her.
PAMELA (annoyed). What?
TULLY. Trying to borrow some clothes I should say.

(JOHN enters from door R., sees PAMELA and exits hurriedly, MAMIE
tickles TULLY’S legs.)

PAMELA. Well, someone must come at once. Mr. Trippett refuses to

leave the flat until he has seen John, and the doctor is coming round
to your door.
TULLY (crossing to R. towards PAMELA). But John is going to
withdraw his claim against the Company, and I’m going to tell Mr.
Trippett so.
PAMELA. Then please come at once.

(TULLY and PAMELA go up.)

MAMIE. Stop! Before you go, I’d like you to ask Mrs. Ayers to give
me back my necklace. (Below table L.C. standing.)
 PAMELA. I’ve already told you, Mrs. Tully, that this necklace does
not belong to you. (To TULLY.) And please ask your wife to apologize.
(Goes down R.)
TULLY (crosses to MAMIE). Miss Scott—Miss Fluff—(bangs hand on
table and adopts an authoritative tone)—my wife—will you
apologize?
MAMIE (round sharply to TULLY). Certainly not!

(TULLY collapses in chair.)

You know as well as I do that that necklace does not belong to Mrs.
Ayers. Please ask her to return it to me.
TULLY (crosses to PAMELA). Mrs. Ayers, will you please return the
necklace to Mrs.—er—Mrs. wife?
PAMELA. I shall do nothing in the matter until I’ve seen John.
TULLY (crosses to MAMIE). She will do nothing in the matter——
MAMIE (pushing TULLY up stage). Out of my way!

(TULLY watching his opportunity, works up to window, picks up

clothes and cushions and steals out by window R.)

(MAMIE crosses to PAMELA.) Now, Mrs. Ayers, that necklace was lent
to me and its real owner is waiting at the door of your flat. If I don’t
take it back to him at once you’ll have the police on your track. Am I
to take it back or not?

(PAMELA hesitates.)

You refuse? You refuse?

PAMELA (hands necklace to MAMIE) Oh, very well, take it to him.
(Crosses to writing-desk up L.) I don’t want a vulgar scene over a
paltry thirty-shilling necklace. (Sits.)
MAMIE. Thirty shillings! That shows how much you know, and also
that this necklace cannot possibly be your property—I’m sorry you
made such a mistake. (Going up to window R.) Thirty shillings—
that’s really good—I must tell the Rajah that! Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha!

(Exit MAMIE window R., laughing loudly.)

PAMELA (rushes to door L., opens it). John! John!

(AUNT HANNAH screams. PAMELA closes door, rushes across to door R.

URSULA enters door R. holding poker in hand and looking very
formidable, she advances in a threatening manner.)

(PAMELA starts with a little cry at sight of URSULA and backs up to

window R. trembling with fear.)

URSULA. What are you doing ’ere? What are you doing ’ere?
PAMELA. I beg your pardon, I was looking for my husband.
URSULA. Well, he’s not ’ere. He’s not ’ere! (Loudly.)
PAMELA. No, I’m sure he wouldn’t be——

(Exit window R. calling: “John! John!”)

(URSULA opens door R. and beckons.)

URSULA. It’s all right. You can come in now, little man. All gone!
JOHN (entering). Thank you, Ursula, thank you! (JOHN is carrying a
bodice.)

(URSULA gives JOHN the glad eye and exits with a little backward kick
of the leg. JOHN crosses to door L., opens it and throws bodice
into bedroom.)

Here you are, it’s the best she’s got!

(AUNT HANNAH screams off.)

Eh? What’s that, speak up, I can’t hear. (Crossing to door R.)
(AUNT HANNAH enters, JOHN turns and bursts into laughter, mistaking
AUNT HANNAH for TULLY in disguise.)

AUNT HANNAH. You dare not attack a woman even if you are a
burglar! (With fear and anger.)
JOHN (roars with laughter). Excellent! Splendid! The very thing. I
shouldn’t have known you.
AUNT HANNAH (dignified). I want to leave this house.
JOHN (still laughing loudly). Ha! Ha! Ha! You are the living image
of the fat old woman in the ’bus.
AUNT HANNAH. I am the lady who was in the ’bus, sir, and I know
you—I know you now. You were the coward who, to save his own
skin, so cruelly tried to crush me.
JOHN (laughing). Good! Good! If you only keep it up like that you’ll
be splendid.
AUNT HANNAH. I tell you, sir, I had three of my ribs broken.
JOHN (laughing). Ribs! You don’t look as if you had any ribs. You
are all, cushions! (Digging AUNT HANNAH in the ribs.) Ha! Ha! Ha!
AUNT HANNAH (screams). Oh! Oh! (Up to table.) Oh, my poor side
—oh, my poor heart.
JOHN (imitating). Oh, my poor side, oh, my poor heart! Ha! Ha!
Ha! Oh, don’t make me laugh! You’ve got the funniest mug I’ve ever
seen. And you do “go out” and “come in” a lot, more “come in” than
“go out.” (Rocks with laughter.)
AUNT HANNAH. I’m going to leave this house, sir, and if you
attempt to stop me, I’ll call for the police. (Tries to pass JOHN, he
stops her.)
JOHN. If you jump about like that, your clothes will fall off.
AUNT HANNAH. Ouch! Ouch! (Turns up stage.)
JOHN. Oh! You ought to see your back view! Ha! Ha!
AUNT HANNAH. How dare you! How dare you!
 (Bell rings off R.)

JOHN (over to AUNT HANNAH). Hark, that may be our man. Pull
yourself together.
AUNT HANNAH. Don’t you touch me!
JOHN. Stop it, you idiot. Don’t forget if that’s the doctor, you’re
here to discuss the ’bus accident with me. Now, go into that
bedroom, and don’t come out till I call you!
AUNT HANNAH. I wish to leave this house.
JOHN (opens door L. and is pushing AUNT HANNAH off gradually).
Come on, don’t play the giddy ox. (Pushes her into bedroom.)
Kennel! Kennel!
AUNT HANNAH. Don’t you touch me! How dare you! Oh—o—o—oh!

(Exit.)

(JOHN bangs the door after her. URSULA enters door R.)

JOHN. What is it? What is it?

URSULA. Dr. Bigland to see the master.
JOHN. Dr. Bigland! Good! Show him in!

(Exit URSULA door R.)

JOHN. Who am I now? I know, I’m Tully. No, I’m not, I’m Tully’s
brother, Tully’s twin brother. (Stands C., braces himself up and
removes moustache.)
URSULA (enters, announcing). Dr. Bigland!
DOCTOR (enters—URSULA exits). Yes. I expected something of this
kind.
JOHN (reserves mock dignity). I haven’t the pleasure of your
acquaintance.
DOCTOR. You are Mr. Tully.
 JOHN. Tully is my name.
DOCTOR. Hadn’t I the pleasure of meeting you a short while ago
next door?
JOHN. No, that was my brother.
DOCTOR. Your brother? Good heavens! What a likeness!
JOHN. Yes, we’re often mistaken for each other. If the true facts of
the case were known I believe we were very nearly twins.
DOCTOR. Remarkable! I apologize.
JOHN. Not at all. But didn’t my brother tell you it was my brother?
I mean, didn’t he tell you it was me?
DOCTOR. He said it was his brother who was in the motor ’bus
accident.
JOHN. Quite correct.
DOCTOR. The object of my visit is in reference to that matter.
JOHN. Will you take a seat?
DOCTOR. I thank you. (Sits by table L.C.) Now, as regards yourself.
At the time of the accident there was a lady in the ’bus who had
three ribs broken, and we understand that this was caused by your
fall on top of the lady.
JOHN. Yes, but I make no claim against the lady.
DOCTOR. No, but the lady wishes to make a claim against you.
JOHN. I don’t think so. The lady herself is here, now, and quite
ready to deny your allegations against me. (Goes to door L.)

(DOCTOR rises, places hat on chair he has been sitting on and goes
R.)

You can come in!

(AUNT HANNAH enters with timid little jerks.)

(Aside to AUNT HANNAH). It’s the doctor.

 AUNT HANNAH (tearfully). Oh! O-h-h! It’s Dr. Bigland. (Crosses to
doctor.)

(JOHN rubs hands with great satisfaction.)

DOCTOR. Now, my dear lady, calm yourself; remember what I told

you, you must keep calm.
JOHN. You see, the poor woman’s nerves are shattered, and all
through riding in your beastly ’buses. (Signals to AUNT HANNAH to be
quiet, to which she pays no heed.)
DOCTOR (to AUNT HANNAH). You know this gentleman who was in
the ’bus accident with you?
AUNT HANNAH. Yes, and I live in fear of him.
DOCTOR. That’s quite all right. There’s nothing to be frightened of.
Now sit down, sit down and compose yourself.

(AUNT HANNAH backs up to chair C., is about to sit on DOCTOR’S hat.

DOCTOR rushes up and snatches hat away.) Ah! (Shouts.) Not on
my hat! (Places hat on table down R.)

(AUNT HANNAH jumps up on DOCTOR’S shout, throws arms round

JOHN’S neck. JOHN pushes her into chair C.)

AUNT HANNAH. Oh dear, dear, dear! O-h-h!

DOCTOR. Now I understand you wish to thrash out this matter of
the accident.

(Taking notebook from pocket.)

JOHN (crosses to DOCTOR). Yes, we are both desirous that it should

be cleared up, aren’t we?
AUNT HANNAH. Doctor, I am.
JOHN (looks over DOCTOR’S shoulder and watches him writing). Will
you begin?
 DOCTOR. No, I will not begin. I will hear what the lady has to say
and make my report.
JOHN. Good! (Signalling to AUNT HANNAH.) Well—er—madam—the
Doctor and I have been discussing the matter, and he is under the
impression that you think that I am to blame for the injury you have
suffered. Now I want you to prove to him that such is not the case.
AUNT HANNAH. But it is the case.

(JOHN starts.)

The Doctor is quite right!

(DOCTOR makes notes. JOHN bus. shaking his head at AUNT HANNAH
and signalling.)

JOHN. I say, the Doctor thinks that I was to blame, and I want you
to deny this scandalous accusation. (Signals.)
AUNT HANNAH. I can’t deny it.
JOHN. But you don’t understand.
AUNT HANNAH. I beg to state that I do understand.

(AUNT HANNAH holds finger up. JOHN smacks her hand.)

JOHN (frowning and signalling). Let me explain. A short while ago

when you and I were discussing this matter, you agreed with me
that the ’Bus Company and they alone were responsible for your
injuries.
AUNT HANNAH. I did not agree with you in any way! It’s a wicked
falsehood.
DOCTOR. Exactly as I thought.
JOHN (to AUNT HANNAH). You silly fool! Oh, I beg your pardon—
think—think—didn’t you distinctly say you were going to sue the ’Bus
Company?
 (Nodding “Yes” to AUNT HANNAH.)

AUNT HANNAH (rising and crossing to couch L.). I don’t remember

discussing the matter with you at all, sir.
JOHN. Then the accident must have affected your memory. (Aside
to AUNT HANNAH.) You half-witted idiot, you’ll spoil everything.
AUNT HANNAH. And abuse will certainly not make me alter my
decision.
DOCTOR (crossing C.). Now, my dear lady, you are firmly of the
opinion that the injury you sustained was due to the premeditated
action of this gentleman when riding on one of the Company’s
vehicles?
AUNT HANNAH. That is my case exactly.

(DOCTOR makes notes, JOHN frantic.)

DOCTOR. Very well. And the amount of damages you claim?

AUNT HANNAH. I claim—(JOHN threatens her with his fist). I claim—
I——
DOCTOR. I claim! I claim! What do you claim?
AUNT HANNAH. I claim— (JOHN threatens her.) Five hundred
pounds!
DOCTOR. Five hundred pounds. (DOCTOR writes in book.)

(JOHN in a fury is threatening to strike AUNT HANNAH. DOCTOR turns

and catches him—they both bow. DOCTOR writes in book again.
JOHN bangs back of couch. AUNT HANNAH starts with a shriek.
DOCTOR starts also.)

DOCTOR. Now, sir, are you prepared in any way to accept this
liability?
JOHN (right up to DOCTOR, furiously). No—most certainly not!
 DOCTOR (closing book and crossing R.) Then there’s nothing more
to be said.
JOHN (crossing to DOCTOR). Oh yes there is, I’m a little smarter
than you imagine, and I can tell you something. That isn’t a woman
you’ve been talking to, that’s a man!

(AUNT HANNAH very indignant. DOCTOR laughs.)

Oh, you can laugh, you can laugh, but I can prove it.

(AUNT HANNAH screams, very nervous.)

DOCTOR. You can do what, sir?

JOHN. Prove it!
DOCTOR. Not in my presence, you don’t!

(DOCTOR exits hurriedly.)

(JOHN rushes to door R. and with his back against it glares at AUNT
HANNAH.)

AUNT HANNAH (rising in terror). Don’t you look at me like that, sir.
Don’t you look at me like that!
JOHN. Take off those pads.
AUNT HANNAH. Pads!
JOHN. Take off those pads!
AUNT HANNAH. I don’t wear pads.
JOHN (advancing on AUNT HANNAH). You cheat! You dirty little
turncoat—to make a fool of me like that.
AUNT HANNAH (jumping round table L.C. to R.). Don’t you touch
me, sir. Don’t you touch me!
JOHN. Take off those rags, or I’ll thrash you! (Grabs at her skirt,
which he tears off, leaving AUNT HANNAH in a very pronounced
petticoat. JOHN pushes AUNT HANNAH till she falls on to couch down
L.)

(Enter PAMELA from window R.C.)

PAMELA. John! John! I’m surprised at you—treating a woman like

that.

(Crosses to AUNT HANNAH, kneeling by her.)

JOHN. A woman! (Gazes into AUNT HANNAH’S face.) Oh, good lor’,
it’s a woman!

(Sinks into chair R. of table L.C.)

PAMELA. Yes, a woman. There, there, calm yourself, calm yourself.

(To JOHN.) Mr. Tully told me you were trying to get clothes off
someone!
JOHN. Where—is—TULLY?
PAMELA. I left him in our flat. He was telling Mr. Trippett that you
withdraw your claim. John, she’s fainted! (Rises—looks round.) Get
some water, get some water, John. (PAMELA goes up behind table L.C.
looking for water.)
JOHN. I haven’t the faintest idea where to get water—I don’t know
this beastly flat—(Suddenly thinks of water-spout.) Ah! I know.
Stand back. Pam—stand back!

(Gets hold of tube water-spout. JOHN takes the plugged handkerchief

from wall and the water-pipe squirts directly on to AUNT HANNAH’S
face. JOHN plugs the pipe again and crosses to AUNT HANNAH,
assisting her to rise. AUNT HANNAH, when water falls on her,
screams and makes movement with arms as if swimming.)

JOHN. Why, who are you?

AUNT HANNAH. I’m Mr. Tully’s aunt.
 JOHN. Mr. Tully’s aunt!
AUNT HANNAH. Yes, I am Aunt Hannah!
JOHN. Aunt Hannah! Go and look after her, Pam.

(PAMELA picks up AUNT HANNAH’S skirt and assists AUNT HANNAH off
door L. AUNT HANNAH muttering until off.)

(Exit AUNT HANNAH and PAMELA down L.)

JOHN (dazed, and gazing at door). Another five hundred gone.

TULLY (off, window R.C.). Everything’s going splendidly!
Everything’s going splendidly!

(TULLY enters windows R.C., comes right down C. and faces audience.
He is dressed in woman’s clothes which are much too big for him
and is padded out with the cushions.)

JOHN (looks up—sees TULLY). Take it away! Take it away! You’re

too late!
TULLY. Don’t I look all right?
JOHN. All right? You look more like a goat than a woman!
TULLY. I thought I looked like a little bit of fluff. What’s happened?
(Turns to JOHN.)
JOHN. Do you realize that the stout—lady—in the ’bus accident
was—your—aunt!!!
TULLY (going up to JOHN). The fat woman was Aunt Hannah? How
do you know this? How do you know this?
JOHN. Because she is here now—in your bedroom.
TULLY. Really. You’ve seen her?

(JOHN nods.)

Have you been very nice to the old lady?

 JOHN. Nice! You should have seen what I did to her!
TULLY. Oh, it’s not as bad as all that surely?

(Enter PAMELA. TULLY picks up skirts and dashes off door R.)

PAMELA (laughing). What’s that?

JOHN (crossing to PAMELA). That’s Tully; I think he’s gone mad.
PAMELA (crossing R.). And so has Mrs. Tully. Do you know she
swore the pearl necklace you gave me belonged to her?
JOHN. Did she really?
PAMELA. Yes. I can’t help laughing. I gave it to her.
JOHN (starting). You gave her the necklace.
PAMELA (laughing). Yes. I certainly didn’t want a scene with a
woman like that.

(JOHN goes mad with delight, dances down L.)

JOHN. Ha! Ha! You gave it to her. You gave it to her. Then the
Rajah’s got it back again—the Rajah’s got it back again.
PAMELA. Don’t give way, John.
JOHN. Ha! Ha! I must give way. (Still dancing.)
PAMELA. But you don’t know what I gave her. I didn’t give her the
real necklace. (JOHN stops dancing.) I was wearing the imitation one
that cost thirty shillings.
JOHN (his spirits down to zero). You gave her the imitation one?
PAMELA. Yes.
JOHN. Are you sure?
PAMELA. Yes, I have the real one here. It has a crown on the clasp.
(Shows necklace.) See! (She realizes her mistake.) John! John! I’ve
—I’ve given her the real one—I remember now—I changed it at
mother’s. I did change it. John, I’ve given her the real necklace!
(Bursts into tears and sits R.C.)
 JOHN (dances all round the room with joy, then over to PAMELA).
There, there, dear, don’t go mad. It can’t be helped. We all make
mistakes.
PAMELA. Something must be done. This will kill mother.
JOHN. We must chance that.
PAMELA (starting up). Couldn’t Mr. Tully get the necklace back for
me?
JOHN. No, impossible!
PAMELA. Impossible, why?
JOHN (takes PAMELA’S arm confidentially). I’ll tell you a secret,
Pam, Tully’s a wrong ’un.
PAMELA. A wrong ’un?
JOHN. Yes, he’s a dark horse. And I’ll tell you something else. That
isn’t Mrs. Tully; that’s Tully’s little weakness. He calls her Agnes, and
that’s the type of man Mr. Tully is.
PAMELA (with a knowing nod of the head). I had my suspicions.
Then perhaps there’s time for me to catch her before she finds the
Rajah. (She rushes off windows R.C.)
JOHN. Come back, Pam. Come back!

(Exit PAMELA.)

(Enter AUNT HANNAH door L., without her hat.)

AUNT HANNAH. Where is my nephew, sir? Where is my nephew?

JOHN. Ah, Aunt Hannah! He’s afraid to meet you until you forgive
me for all I’ve done. There’s been a most absurd mistake caused by
your likeness to Bertram. If you’ll only let me explain.
AUNT HANNAH. Really, I don’t think it matters. (Looking at her wet
clothes.)
JOHN. But you’ve no idea what a wonderful likeness there is—
except of course—you look the younger.
 AUNT HANNAH. Oh, no, I don’t. (Coyly.)
JOHN. Oh yes you do.
AUNT HANNAH. Oh, no, I don’t!
JOHN. Then all is forgiven?
AUNT HANNAH. Why, of course!

(TULLY runs on from door R., sees AUNT HANNAH.)

TULLY. Aunt Hannah! (Over to her, kisses her.)

AUNT HANNAH. Bertie, my boy, my boy!

(PAMELA enters from windows, R.C.)

PAMELA. John, it’s too late; the Rajah’s gone and taken the
necklace with him!
JOHN. Thank heaven! And I’ll save up your money and buy you
another—and that’s the truth!
PAMELA. But you always do tell me the truth, John.
JOHN. But in future I’m going to tell you better truth. And now we
can go home in safety. (PAMELA and JOHN going up to window R.C.)
Oh, Bertram, where are you going?
TULLY. I’m going to take Auntie down to the Mission.
JOHN. Then, good-night!!

(Exit PAMELA and JOHN window R.C.)

AUNT HANNAH. Bertie, I’ll just go and put my bonnet on.

(Exit AUNT HANNAH door L.)

(MAMIE puts head round door R.)

MAMIE. Bertie!