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01_Bandpass filter (1)

The document outlines the design and implementation of a band pass filter operating between 400Hz and 1KHz by cascading low pass and high pass filters. It details the theory behind band pass filters, the procedure for constructing the filter, and the necessary calculations for determining cut-off frequencies and gain. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of frequency response graphs and comparing experimental results with theoretical values.

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Rohit Raj
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40 views3 pages

01_Bandpass filter (1)

The document outlines the design and implementation of a band pass filter operating between 400Hz and 1KHz by cascading low pass and high pass filters. It details the theory behind band pass filters, the procedure for constructing the filter, and the necessary calculations for determining cut-off frequencies and gain. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of frequency response graphs and comparing experimental results with theoretical values.

Uploaded by

Rohit Raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Band Pass Filter

AIM: To design and implement band pass filter in the range 400Hz-1KHz by cascading a low pass filter and a
high pass filter, obtain the frequency response of the filter and plot the relevant graph.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED COMPONENTS REQUIRED

THEORY: A band pass filter passes a range of frequencies while rejecting frequencies outside the upper and
lower limits of the pass band. The range of frequencies to be passed is called the pass band and extends from a
point below the centre frequency to a point above the centre frequency where the output voltage falls about 70%
of the output voltage at the centre frequency. These two points are not equally spaced above and below the
centre frequency but will look equally spaced if plotted on a log graph. The percentage change from the lower
point to the centre will be the same as from the centre to the upper, but not the absolute amount.
The filter bandwidth (BW) is the difference between the upper and lower pass band frequencies. A band-pass
filter works to screen out frequencies that are too low or too high, giving easy passage only to frequencies
within a certain range.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.


2. Apply a 5V(p-p) sinusoidal wave as input voltage to the circuit.
3. Take reading after adjusting resistance such that it behaves as a band pass filter.
4. Vary the frequency for different range of values and note the corresponding values of Vout.
5. Calculate the Gain (A=Vo/Vin) and plot graph between Gain in dB and frequency.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Description: A low-pass filter is a circuit that blocks signals with frequencies greater than a cut-off frequency
fc.

The Lower cut-off frequency is given as: fL = R/2πL (1)

It uses an op-amp configured as a non-inverting amplifier, with an RC circuit at the non-inverting input to do the
filtering of the high-frequency signals. Similarly, a high-pass filter is a circuit that blocks signals with
frequencies lower than a cut-off frequency fc.

The higher cut-off frequency is given as: fH = 1/2πRC (2)

WAVEFORMS:

All of these filters use op-amps as the active elements and R-C networks. Although the 741 type op-amp
operates satisfactorily in these filter circuits, high-speed op-amps like the LM 318 or ICL 8017 improve the
performance of the filter circuits through their increased slew rates and higher unity GBW.

Low Pass Filter:


A low-pass filter has a constant gain from 0 Hz to a high cut-off frequency fH. Therefore the bandwidth is also
fH. At high cut-off frequency fH the gain is reduced by 3 db and for f > fH it decreases with the increase in input
frequency. The frequencies between 0 and /H are known as pass band frequencies while the range of frequencies
beyond fH are attenuated and are therefore called the stop-band frequencies.

High Pass Filter:


A high-pass filter with a stop band 0 < f < fL and a pass band f > fL is shown in figure. Here /L is the lower cut-
off frequency and / is the operating frequency.

Band Pass Filter:


A band pass filter has a pass band between two cut-off frequencies fH and fL where fH > fL and two stop bands at
0 < f < fL and f > fH. The bandwidth of the band pass filter is, therefore, equal to fH – fL. All these are obvious
from the frequency response of a band pass filter as shown if figure.

Band Stop Filter:


Band-stop filter is exactly opposite to the band pass filter in performance i.e., it has a band stop between two
cut-off frequencies fH and fL and two pass bands, 0 < f < fL and f > fH.
Frequency Response: It is a graph of magnitude of the output voltage of the filter as a function of the
frequency. It is generally used to characterize the range of frequencies in which the filter is designed to operate.
A band pass filter may be constructed by cascading a High Pass RL filter with a roll-off frequency fL and a Low
Pass RC filter with a roll-off frequency fH, such that

fL < fH
The Band Width of frequencies passed is given by
BW= fH - fL
Thus, all the frequencies below fL and above fH are attenuated and those in between are passed by the filter.

Lab Report

 Compute the cut-off frequencies for each Band Pass filter constructed using the formulae in equations
(1) and (2) above. Compare these theoretical values to the ones obtained from the experiment and
provide suitable explanation for any differences.
 Graph the Frequency Response for each filter built in the lab. (Use the values recorded in the tabular
column and graph with the frequency on a logarithmic scale). Compare this to the response obtained
from the Bode Plot and comment.

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