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200 Questions Tw6n3w

The document is a comprehensive guide for Cambridge IGCSE Physics, providing 200 topical questions aimed at achieving an A* grade. It includes chapters on various physics topics such as motion, forces, energy, thermal physics, waves, electricity, magnetism, nuclear physics, and space physics, along with a list of equations. The guide emphasizes the importance of practicing past paper questions for effective revision and understanding of the subject.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

282 views

200 Questions Tw6n3w

Uploaded by

Arkar Htet Myat

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 257

Cambridge-IGCSE™

PHYSICS
Extended (Paper 4)

200 TOPICAL QUESTIONS TO A*

A STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH for better understanding

Prepared by SAWIN KAUR

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Copyright 3

Guide to use the book 4

CHAPTER 1 : MOTION, FORCES AND ENERGY

Units 5
Force & Motion 12
Moment 30
Force & Pressure 50
Force & Energy 67
Spring 82
Momentum 85

CHAPTER 2 : THERMAL PHYSICS

Thermal 91

CHAPTER 3 : WAVES
Light 104
Rays & Waves 111
Waves & Sound 131

CHAPTER 4 : ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Electricity 149
Charge 175

CHAPTER 5 : NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Magnets & Currents 186
Half lives 222
Atomic Rays 229

CHAPTER 6 : SPACE PHYSICS

Star 252

LIST OF EQUATIONS 254

Total : 170 Questions solved

Copyright @ 2023 learntoday.igcse

All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not
be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the
express written permission of the publisher.

The questions are all obtained from the Cambridge IGCSE

past year collections. A special thank you to Cambridge
Assessment International Education.
GUIDE TO USE THE BOOK

Practice with Past Papers

This is not the place to start, but as a revision tool, it is essential.

Want to find out which sorts of questions are likely to be in your exam? Past papers can
provide this information. So hereby, you will find 170 Questions divided topically for you.

Papers’ content change every year but their core remains the same. Practicing with these
papers is like sitting a real exam, especially if you complete it under exam conditions.
They can show you where you are at a certain point in your revision, and the gaps that you
have to tackle.

Before answering a particular set of questions from a chapter, it’s worth looking in your
textbook or notes to see if you understood everything right. Then move on to answering your
questions.

(You may obtain a comprehensive revision guide book to assist you on these questions)

Upon completion, look at the mark scheme provided to you via Google drive to see where
you dropped valuable marks, so you don’t miss out in the final exam itself.
Try different papers as many times as you can until there are no mistakes anymore.
CHAPTER 1 : MOTION, FORCES AND ENERGY
Units
5 Questions
2

1 The period of the vertical oscillations of a mass hanging from a spring is known to be For
constant. Examiner’s
Use

(a) A student times single oscillations with a stopwatch. In 10 separate measurements, the
stopwatch readings were:

1.8 s, 1.9 s, 1.7 s, 1.9 s, 1.8 s, 1.8 s, 1.9 s, 1.7 s, 1.8 s, 1.8 s.

What is the best value obtainable from these readings for the time of one oscillation?
Explain how you arrive at your answer.

best value = .....................................................................................................................

explanation ......................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Describe how, using the same stopwatch, the student can find the period of oscillation
more accurately.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2012 0625/31/M/J/12

2 A surveyor measures the dimensions of a room of constant height. Fig. 2.1 is a top view of the
room and shows the measurements taken.

6.01 m

4.25 m

6.75 m

3.26 m

Fig. 2.1

(a) State an instrument that would be suitable to take these measurements.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The volume of air in the room is 76.4 m3. The density of the air is 1.2 kg / m3.

Calculate the mass of air in the room.

mass = ........................................................ [2]

(c) A window in the room is open. The next day, the temperature of the room has increased, but
the pressure of the air has stayed the same.

State and explain what has happened to the mass of air in the room.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2014 0625/32/M/J/14 [Turn over

2 A student wishes to determine the density of a small, irregularly shaped stone.

(a) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe an experiment to determine the volume of the
stone.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) (i) State the other quantity, apart from the volume, that must be measured in order to
determine the density.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the formula that is used to calculate the density.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2014 0625/33/M/J/14

(c) The student now wishes to determine the volume of a small, irregularly shaped piece of wood
that floats in water. He notices that a small lead weight tied to the wood makes it sink in water.

Describe how the student can adapt the experiment in (a) to determine the volume of the
wood. You may draw a diagram.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2014 0625/33/M/J/14 [Turn over

2 (a) Fig 2.1 shows liquid in a cylinder.

cylinder

liquid

Fig. 2.1

Table 2.1 gives some data about the cylinder and the liquid.

Table 2.1

radius of cylinder 3.5 cm

weight of empty cylinder 2.5 N
depth of liquid 12.0 cm
density of liquid 900 kg / m3

The cylinder containing liquid is placed on a digital balance that displays the mass in kg.

Calculate the reading shown on the balance.

reading ...................................................... kg [4]

© UCLES 2018 0625/42/O/N/18

2 (a) A pendulum swings with a time period of approximately one second.

Describe how to use a stop-watch to determine the time period of the pendulum.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Complete Table 2.1 by writing in each space of the right-hand column which one of the
following devices is used to measure the quantity in the left-hand column.

digital balance measuring cylinder metre rule

micrometer screw gauge stop-watch thermocouple

Table 2.1

quantity device

volume of water in a glass

width of a small swimming pool

thickness of a piece of aluminium foil

[3]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/O/N/22 [Turn over

CHAPTER 1 : MOTION, FORCES AND ENERGY
Force & Motion
12 Questions
2

1 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for a vehicle accelerating from rest.

speed 25
m/s
20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
time / s

Fig. 1.1

(a) Calculate the acceleration of the vehicle at time t = 30 s.

acceleration = .......................................................... [3]

(b) Without further calculation, state how the acceleration at time t = 100 s compares to the
acceleration at time t = 10 s.
Using ideas about forces, explain why any change in the acceleration has occurred.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

distance = .......................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2020 0625/04/SP/23

1 (a) Define acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Fig. 1.1 shows two speed–time graphs, A and B, and two distance–time graphs, C and D.

speed speed

A
B

0 0
0 time 0 time

distance distance
C
D

0 0
0 time 0 time

Fig. 1.1

Describe the motion shown by:

(i) graph A ..............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) graph B ..............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) graph C .............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) graph D. ............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2020 0625/43/M/J/20

1 An aeroplane accelerates along a horizontal runway before take-off.

The aeroplane accelerates for 35 s. The speed of the aeroplane when it takes off is 72 m / s.

Fig. 1.1 shows how the speed of the aeroplane varies between time t = 0 and t = 35 s.

speed
m/s

0
0 35
t/s

Fig. 1.1

(a) Define acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) (i) Calculate the average acceleration of the aeroplane between t = 0 and t = 35 s.

acceleration = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) The combined mass of the aeroplane, its passengers and its fuel on take-off
is 1.1 × 105 kg.

Calculate the average resultant force on the aeroplane between t = 0 and t = 35 s.

force = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) The force provided by the engines of the aeroplane is constant.

Give one possible explanation for the change in acceleration of the aeroplane between
t = 0 and t = 35 s.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) On Fig. 1.2, sketch a graph to show how the acceleration of the aircraft varies between
t = 0 and t = 35 s.

acceleration

0
0 35
t/s

Fig. 1.2
[3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/O/N/22 [Turn over

1 An aeroplane of mass 2.5 × 105 kg lands with a speed of 62 m / s, on a horizontal runway at time
t = 0. The aeroplane decelerates uniformly as it travels along the runway in a straight line until it
reaches a speed of 6.0 m / s at t = 35 s.

(a) Calculate:

(i) the deceleration of the aeroplane in the 35 s after it lands

deceleration = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) the resultant force acting on the aeroplane as it decelerates

force = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) the momentum of the aeroplane when its speed is 6.0 m / s.

momentum = ......................................................... [2]

(b) At t = 35 s, the aeroplane stops decelerating and moves along the runway at a constant speed
of 6.0 m / s for a further 15 s.

On Fig. 1.1, sketch the shape of the graph for the distance travelled by the aeroplane along
the runway between t = 0 and t = 50 s. You are not required to calculate distance values.

distance

0
0 35 50
time / s

Fig. 1.1
[3]

© UCLES 2020 0625/41/M/J/20

1 A sky-diver jumps out of a hot-air balloon, which is 4000 m above the ground. At time = 30 s, she
opens her parachute.

Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph of her fall.

60
speed
m/s
40

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
4.0
time / s

Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) Label with the letter X the point on the graph where the sky-diver opens her parachute.
[1]

(ii) Label with the letters Y and Z the two parts of the graph where the sky-diver falls at
terminal velocity. [1]

(b) Describe, in terms of the forces acting on the sky-diver, her motion between leaving the
balloon and opening her parachute.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

average speed = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2020 0625/42/O/N/20
6

3 (a) (i) Speed is a scalar quantity.

State one other scalar quantity.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Velocity is a vector quantity.

State one other vector quantity.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a model car travelling at constant speed on a flat circular track.

car

circular
track

Fig. 3.1

The speed of the car is 0.30 m / s. In one complete revolution around the track, the car travels
3.9 m.

(i) Calculate the time taken for the car to complete one revolution around the track.

time = .......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2020 0625/43/O/N/20

(ii) On Fig. 3.1, draw and label with the letter F an arrow to show the resultant force acting
on the car. [1]

(iii) The speed of the car increases and at point P on Fig. 3.2 the car does not stay on the
track.

Fig. 3.2

1. Suggest, in terms of the force acting on the car, why the car does not stay on the track
at point P.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

2. On Fig. 3.2, draw and label an arrow with the letter S to show the direction of motion of
the car as it leaves the track at point P. [1]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2020 0625/43/O/N/20 [Turn over

1 Fig. 1.1 shows a space rocket accelerating away from a launch pad.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.2 is a speed–time graph for the first 30 s of the rocket’s flight.

2000

speed
m/s
1500

1000

500

0
0 10 20 30
time / s

Fig. 1.2

(a) Describe how the acceleration of the rocket changes between time = 10 s and time = 30 s.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2021 0625/42/O/N/21

(b) By drawing a tangent to the graph, determine the acceleration of the rocket at time = 25 s.

acceleration = ........................................................ [2]

distance = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2021 0625/42/O/N/21 [Turn over

2 The rocket shown in Fig. 2.1 is about to be launched.

rocket

Fig. 2.1

The total mass of the rocket and its full load of fuel is 2.8 × 106 kg. The constant force provided by
the rocket’s motors is 3.2 × 107 N.

(a) Calculate

(i) the total weight of the rocket and the fuel,

weight = ........................................................ [1]

(ii) the resultant force acting on the rocket,

resultant force = ........................................................ [2]

(iii) the vertical acceleration of the rocket immediately after lift-off.

acceleration = ........................................................ [2]

(b) Suggest why the acceleration of the rocket increases as it rises above the Earth’s surface.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2015 0625/32/F/M/15 [Turn over
6

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a collision at very slow speed between two cars travelling along a straight road.

car B
car A

Fig. 3.1

Car B, of mass 800 kg, is moving at 2.0 m / s and collides with car A, of mass 1000 kg, which is
stationary. After the collision, both cars travel in the same direction as the initial direction of car B.

(a) After the collision, car A moves at 1.3 m / s.

Show that the speed of car B after the collision is approximately 0.4 m / s.

[3]

(b) (i) Calculate the impulse exerted by car A on car B.

impulse = ........................................................ [2]

(ii) State the impulse exerted by car B on car A.

impulse = ........................................................ [1]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2021 0625/42/O/N/21

2 (a) Complete the definitions by giving the name of each quantity.

mass × acceleration = ........................................................

force × time = ........................................................

[2]

(b) Fig. 2.2 shows a man using a golf club to hit a ball.

golf club ball

Fig. 2.2

The ball has a mass of 0.046 kg. The golf club is in contact with the ball for a duration of
5.0 × 10–4 s and the ball leaves the golf club at a speed of 65 m / s.

(i) Calculate the momentum of the ball as it leaves the golf club.

momentum = .......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the average resultant force acting on the ball while it is in contact with the golf
club.

average force = .......................................................... [2]

(iii) While the golf club is in contact with the ball, the ball becomes compressed and changes
shape.

State the type of energy stored in the ball during its contact with the golf club.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2020 0625/04/SP/23 [Turn over

1 A lorry is travelling along a straight, horizontal road.

Fig. 1.1 is the distance-time graph for the lorry.

3000

distance / m

2000

1000

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time t / s

Fig. 1.1

(a) Using Fig. 1.1, determine:

(i) the speed of the lorry at time t = 30 s

speed = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) the average speed of the lorry between time t = 60 s and time t = 120 s.

average speed = ...........................................................[2]

© UCLES 2018 0625/42/O/N/18

(b) At time t = 30 s, the total resistive force acting on the lorry is 1.4 × 104 N.

(i) Using Fig. 1.1, determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the lorry at time t = 30 s.

acceleration = ...........................................................[1]

(ii) Determine the forward force on the lorry due to its engine at time t = 30 s.

forward force = ...........................................................[1]

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2018 0625/42/O/N/18 [Turn over

1 (a) (i) Speed is a scalar quantity and velocity is a vector quantity.

State how a scalar quantity differs from a vector quantity.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Underline the two scalar quantities in the list below.

energy force impulse momentum temperature [1]

(b) A boat is moving at constant speed.

On Fig. 1.1, sketch a distance-time graph for the boat.

distance

time

Fig. 1.1
[1]

© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a vehicle designed to be used on the Moon.

Fig. 2.1

The brakes of the vehicle are tested on Earth.

1
(a) The acceleration of free fall on the Moon is one sixth ( 6 ) of its value on Earth.

Tick one box in each column of the table to predict the value of that quantity when the vehicle
is used on the Moon, compared to the test on Earth.

mass of vehicle on weight of vehicle on deceleration of vehicle

Moon Moon on Moon with same
braking force
10 # value on Earth
6 # value on Earth
same as value on Earth
1
# value on Earth
6
1
# value on Earth
10

[3]

© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17

CHAPTER 1 : MOTION, FORCES AND ENERGY
Moment
28 Questions
4

2 (a) (i) Mass is a scalar quantity.

State another scalar quantity.

...........................................................................................................................................

(ii) Force is a vector quantity.

State another vector quantity.

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A boat is floating on still water.

The mass of the boat is 290 000 kg. A resultant force of 50 kN acts on the boat.

Calculate the acceleration of the boat.

acceleration = ...........................................................[3]

Two forces are shown acting on the boat. The resultant of these forces is at right angles to the
river banks.

river bank

direction of
force from
engine
direction of
river current
direction of boat
force on boat
from river
current

river bank

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

© UCLES 2015 0625/31/O/N/15

Fig. 2.2 is an incomplete vector diagram of the forces acting on the boat.

resultant force

force from river current

Fig. 2.2

The force from the river current is 80 kN.

(i) Determine the scale that has been used in the vector diagram.

scale is ...............................................................

(ii) On Fig. 2.2, complete the vector diagram to determine the magnitude and direction of the
force from the engine. Measure the angle between the direction of the current and the
force from the engine.

magnitude of force from engine = ...............................................................

angle = ...............................................................
[4]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2015 0625/31/O/N/15 [Turn over

(c) The boat in (b) is moving due west at a speed of 6.5 m / s relative to the water. The water is
moving due south at 3.5 m / s.

In the space below, draw a scale diagram to determine the size and direction of the resultant
of these two velocities. State the scale used.

scale ...............................................................

size of resultant velocity = ...............................................................

direction of resultant ...............................................................

[4]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17 [Turn over

2 Fig. 2.1 shows an object of mass 2.0 kg on a bench. This object is connected by a cord, passing
over a pulley, to an object of mass 3.0 kg.

card
cord
pulley 2.0 cm 2.0 kg object

F
bench

3.0 kg object

Fig. 2.1

The 2.0 kg object is released from rest and accelerates at 4.0 m / s2.

(a) Calculate the resultant force acting on the 2.0 kg object.

force = ......................................................... [2]

(b) Calculate the upward force F exerted by the cord on the 3.0 kg object.

force F = ......................................................... [3]

(c) The objects have a constant acceleration.

(i) Show that the speed of the objects 0.80 s after release is 3.2 m / s.

[2]

(ii) A card, of width 2.0 cm, is fixed to the 2.0 kg object. As the 2.0 kg object moves to the left,
the card passes through a beam of light that is perpendicular to the card.

Using the speed given in (c)(i), calculate the time taken for the card to pass through the
beam of light.

time = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22 [Turn over
4

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows water in a river moving parallel to the river bank at 4.0 m / s and a canoe
travelling in the river.

river bank

canoe travels at 2.5 m / s

38° relative to the water
water moving at 4.0 m / s

river bank

Fig. 3.1

The canoe travels at 2.5 m / s relative to the water and heads at an angle of 38° to the river
bank.

Draw a scale diagram to determine the canoe’s resultant velocity and state the scale you
used.

scale ...............................................................

magnitude of resultant velocity ...............................................................

direction of resultant velocity (angle from the river bank) ...............................................................

[4]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22

(b) The mass of the canoeist is 65 kg.

Calculate her kinetic energy when travelling on still water at 2.5 m / s.

energy = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22 [Turn over

2 (a) Define the moment of a force about a point.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a uniform rod of wood suspended from a pivot.

0.25 m

pivot

34°

centre of mass

0.75 m
rod of wood

W
F

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

The rod is held stationary by a horizontal force F acting as shown.

The mass of the rod is 0.080 kg.

Calculate:

(i) the weight W of the rod

weight = .......................................................... [1]

(ii) the moment of W about the pivot

moment = .......................................................... [2]

(iii) the moment of F about the pivot

moment = .......................................................... [1]

(iv) the force F.

force = .......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2020 0625/42/O/N/20 [Turn over

State whether the force F needed to hold the rod stationary must be increased, decreased or
stay the same.
Explain your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2020 0625/42/O/N/20

3 (a) Complete the following statement.

An object is in equilibrium when both the .................................................................. and the

.................................................................. on the object are zero. [2]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a ladder AB. End A of the ladder rests against a vertical wall. End B rests on
rough ground.

A F

ladder

wall
3.2 m

1.2 m
P
B ground

240 N

Fig. 3.1

Fig. 3.1 shows two of the forces acting on the ladder. The only force on the ladder at A is F,
which acts at right-angles to the wall. The weight of the ladder is 240 N acting at the centre of
mass of the ladder.

(i) 1. Calculate the moment of the weight of the ladder about point B.

moment = ........................................................ [1]

2. Write an expression, in terms of F, for the moment of F about point B.

moment = ........................................................ [1]

(ii) Use your answers from (i) to calculate F.

F = ........................................................ [2]
© UCLES 2015 0625/32/F/M/15
5

(iii) Explain why there must be an upwards force acting on the ladder at B.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2015 0625/32/F/M/15 [Turn over

4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a top view of a tourist vehicle in a game park and two elephants pushing
against the vehicle. The two forces indicated are at right angles to each other.

vehicle

4.0 kN

6.0 kN

elephant

Fig. 4.1

In the space below, draw a scale vector diagram to determine the magnitude of the resultant
force. Label the two forces applied and the resultant, and clearly state the scale you use.

magnitude of resultant force = ...........................................................[3]

© UCLES 2015 0625/32/O/N/15

(b) Fig. 4.2 shows another elephant pushing horizontally against a vehicle with a force of 11 kN at
a distance 1.8 m above the ground. Point M is the centre of mass of the vehicle.

elephant
vehicle

11 kN
M
1.8 m

A
1.25 m

Fig. 4.2

(i) Calculate the moment about point A of the force exerted by the elephant.

moment = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) The mass of the vehicle is 1900 kg, and it does not slide when pushed by the elephant.

Determine whether the elephant tips the vehicle over. Show your working.

calculation

conclusion .....................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2015 0625/32/O/N/15 [Turn over

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a sign that extends over a road.

support post

ACCIDENT
SLOW DOWN

sign
1.8 m
concrete
block W

1.3 m

P
70 cm

Fig. 2.1

The mass of the sign is 3.4 × 103 kg.

(a) Calculate the weight W of the sign.

W = ......................................................... [2]

(b) The weight of the sign acts at a horizontal distance of 1.8 m from the centre of the support
post and it produces a turning effect about point P.

Point P is a horizontal distance of 1.3 m from the centre of the support post.

(i) Calculate the moment about P due to the weight of the sign.

moment = ......................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2019 0625/41/M/J/19

(ii) A concrete block is positioned on the other side of the support post with its centre of
mass a horizontal distance of 70 cm from the centre of the support post.

1. State what is meant by centre of mass.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

2. The weight of the concrete block produces a moment about point P that exactly
cancels the moment caused by the weight W.

Calculate the weight of the concrete block.

weight = ......................................................... [2]

State and explain what happens to the moment about point P due to the weight of the sign as
it rotates.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2019 0625/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

1 (a) State the two conditions necessary for a system of forces acting on a body to be in equilibrium.

1. ..............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ..............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Fig. 1.1 shows a loaded wheelbarrow held in equilibrium by a gardener. The wheel of the
wheelbarrow is in contact with the ground at point C.

Fig. 1.1

In Fig. 1.1, there are three vertical forces acting on the wheelbarrow.

P is the upward force applied by the gardener.

Q is the upward force of the ground on the wheel at point C.
W is the weight of the wheelbarrow and its contents.

Explain why the force P is less than the force W

(i) by considering the forces P, Q and W,

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) by considering the moments of the forces P and W about point C.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2014 0625/32/O/N/14

wall screw

cupboard
F

G
0.75 m

support 0.24 m
75 N

Fig. 1.2

The weight of the cupboard and its contents is 75 N. G is the position of the centre of mass of
the cupboard.

The clockwise and anticlockwise moments about point P are equal.

Calculate the force F exerted by the screw.

F = ............................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2014 0625/32/O/N/14 [Turn over

2 (a) (i) State, in words, the equation that defines the moment of a force.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State what is meant by the moment of a force.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Force is a vector quantity.

Explain what is meant by the term vector.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a tower crane used to lift a load on a construction site.

counterweight
load

Fig. 2.1

Explain how the counterweight prevents the crane from toppling over.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/O/N/19

2 (a) State the two conditions which must be true for an object to be in equilibrium.

condition 1 ................................................................................................................................

condition 2 ................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a uniform metre rule PQ in equilibrium.

10 cm 40 cm
P Q

pivot

0.50 N

Fig. 2.1

The distance PQ is 100 cm. The mass of the metre rule is 0.12 kg and its weight is W.

(i) On Fig 2.1, draw and label:

1. an arrow to show the force W acting on PQ at the centre of mass

2. an arrow to show the force R acting on PQ at the pivot.

[2]

(ii) By taking moments about the pivot, calculate F.

F = ........................................................ [4]

(iii) Calculate R.

R = ........................................................ [2]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2019 0625/42/O/N/19

3 In a double-decker bus there are two passenger compartments, one above the other.

(a) Fig. 3.1 shows a double-decker bus on a tilted platform.

top compartment

bottom compartment

platform

angle

Fig. 3.1

The platform is used to test the stability of the bus.

The angle the bus makes with the horizontal is gradually increased until the bus begins to
topple to the left.

Explain why the bus begins to topple.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) There are 30 passengers in the upper compartment of the bus and 2 passengers in the
bottom compartment of the bus.

State how this affects the stability of the bus and the reason for this.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

-
© UCLES 2020 0625/43/M/J/20

--
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CHAPTER 1 : MOTION, FORCES AND ENERGY
Force & Pressure
10 Questions
-

2 A scientist fills a container with sea water. The container has dimensions 30 cm × 30 cm × 40 cm.
The density of sea water is 1020 kg / m3.

(a) Calculate the mass of the sea water in the container.

mass = ......................................................... [3]

(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a submarine. The submarine is fully submerged in the sea.

hatch
top surface

submarine

Fig. 2.1

(i) The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and the total pressure on the top surface of the
submarine is 500 kPa.

Calculate the depth of the top surface of the submarine below the surface of the sea.

depth = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) A hatch (an opening door) on the top surface of the submarine has an area of 0.62 m2.

Calculate the downward force on the hatch due to the total pressure on the top surface
of the submarine.

force = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2020 0625/43/M/J/20 [Turn over

3 A cube of side 0.040 m is floating in a container of liquid. Fig. 3.1 shows that the surface of the
liquid is 0.028 m above the level of the bottom face of the cube.

air

cube 0.040 m

liquid

0.028 m
valve

pump

Fig. 3.1

The pressure of the air above the cube exerts a force on the top face of the cube. The valve is
closed.

(a) Explain, in terms of air molecules, how the force due to the pressure of the air is produced.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The density of the liquid in the container is 1500 kg / m3.

Calculate:

(i) the pressure due to the liquid at a depth of 0.028 m

pressure = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) the force on the bottom face of the cube caused by the pressure due to the liquid.

force = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2019 0625/41/M/J/19

The cube remains floating in the liquid with its bottom face 0.028 m below the surface of the
liquid.

(i) Calculate the work done on the cube by the force in (b)(ii).

work done = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Suggest one reason why this is not an efficient method of lifting up the cube.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2019 0625/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

3 On a particular day, the atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa. A bubble of gas forms at a point
5.0 m below the surface of a lake. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.

(a) Determine

(i) the total pressure at a depth of 5.0 m in the water,

pressure = ...........................................................[3]

(ii) the pressure of the gas in the bubble.

pressure = ...........................................................[1]

(b) As the bubble rises to the surface, the mass of gas in the bubble stays constant. The
temperature of the water in the lake is the same throughout.

Explain why the bubble rises to the surface and why its volume increases as it rises.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
-

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2018 0625/43/M/J/18 [Turn over

3 (a) A gas bubble is released at the bottom of a lake.

Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3. The temperature
of the water in the lake is constant.

(i) The gas bubble rises to the surface. The volume of the gas bubble increases as it rises
higher in the water.

Explain why the volume of the bubble increases.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The volume of the gas bubble is 0.40 cm3 when it is 3.0 m below the surface of the lake.

Calculate the volume of the gas bubble when it is 0.50 m below the surface of the lake.

volume = ......................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2021 0625/43/O/N/21

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a diagram of a hydraulic press used to compress paper for recycling.

force
applied
paper to be
compressed
piston A
piston B

oil

Fig. 3.1

When a force is applied to piston A, it causes a pressure in the oil. This pressure produces an
upwards force on piston B. As piston B moves, it compresses the paper.

A small quantity of air leaks into the oil.

Suggest and explain the effect the air has on the operation of the hydraulic press.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2021 0625/43/O/N/21 [Turn over

(b) Fig. 2.2 shows the brake pedal of the vehicle.

pivot
piston
cylinder

7.0 cm

24 cm

link
oil force exerted
by driver
pedal

Fig. 2.2 (not to scale)

The driver exerts a force on the pedal, which increases the pressure in the oil to operate the
brakes.

The area of the piston in the cylinder is 6.5 # 10–4 m2 (0.00065 m2). The pressure increase in
the oil is 5.0 # 105 Pa (500 000 Pa).

Calculate the force exerted by the driver on the brake pedal.

force = ...........................................................[4]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17 [Turn over

3 Fig. 3.1 shows gas trapped in the sealed end of a tube by a dense liquid.

open end

sealed
trapped gas end
cm3
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

dense liquid

Fig. 3.1

The scale marked on the sealed end of the tube is calibrated to read the volume of gas trapped
above the liquid surface. Fig. 3.1 shows that initially the volume V1 of the gas is 60 cm3.

The pressure of the atmosphere is 1.0 × 105 Pa.

(a) State how Fig. 3.1 shows that the pressure of the trapped gas is equal to the pressure of the
atmosphere.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Explain, in terms of the momentum of its molecules, why the trapped gas exerts a pressure
on the walls of the tube.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2020 0625/41/M/J/20

(c) More of the dense liquid is poured into the open end of the tube. The level of the liquid surface
in both the sealed and the open ends of the tube rises as shown in Fig. 3.2. The temperature
of the trapped gas and atmospheric pressure both remain constant.

open end

15 cm

sealed
trapped gas end
cm3
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

dense liquid

Fig. 3.2

(i) In the sealed end of the tube, the volume V2 of the trapped gas is 50 cm3. In the open
end of the tube, the liquid surface is 15 cm above the new level in the sealed tube.

Calculate the pressure p2 of the trapped gas.

pressure p2 = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the density of the liquid in the tube.

density = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2020 0625/41/M/J/20 [Turn over

5 (a) State what happens to the molecules of a gas in a sealed container when the temperature of
the gas is increased.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A quantity of gas is contained in a sealed container of fixed volume. The temperature of the
gas is increased.

State, in terms of molecules, two reasons why the pressure of the gas increases.

1. .....................................................................................................................................

2. .....................................................................................................................................

[2]

3
(c) A helium-filled weather balloon is held at ground level. The volume of the balloon is 4800 m .
The pressure of the helium is 98 kPa.
3
The balloon is released and rises to a height where the volume of the balloon is 7200 m .

(i) Calculate the new pressure of the helium. Assume that the temperature stays constant.

pressure = ................................................................. [2]

(ii) Suggest why it may be necessary to release helium from the balloon as it rises even
higher.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10 [Turn over

3 Fig. 3.1 shows an oil tank that has a rectangular base of dimensions 2.4 m by 1.5 m.

oil

depth of oil
1.5 m

1.5 m

2.4 m

Fig. 3.1

3
The tank is filled with oil of density 850 kg / m to a depth of 1.5 m.

(a) Calculate

(i) the pressure exerted by the oil on the base of the tank,

pressure = ................................................................. [2]

(ii) the force exerted by the oil on the base of the tank.

force = ................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10

(b) The force calculated in (a)(ii) is the weight of the oil.

Calculate the mass of oil in the tank.

mass = ................................................................. [1]

(c) When he is checking the level of oil in the tank, a man drops a brass key into the oil and it
sinks to the bottom of the oil.

(i) State what this shows about the density of brass.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain how attaching the key to a piece of wood could prevent the key from sinking.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10 [Turn over

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a small submarine submerged below the surface of the sea.

surface of the sea

sea
3.0 × 103 m water

submarine

Fig. 3.1

(a) The density of sea water is 1030 kg / m3.

Calculate the pressure due to the sea water on the top of the submarine when it is 3.0 × 103 m
below the surface.

pressure = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/M/J/19

1 Fig. 1.1 is the top view of a tank in an aquarium. The tank is filled with salt water.
1.6 m

1.1 m

1.0 m

3.2 m

Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)

The depth of the water in the tank is 2.0 m.

(a) Calculate the volume of the water in the tank.

volume = ........................................................ [3]

(b) The density of the water in the tank is 1.1 × 103 kg / m3.

Calculate the mass of the water in the tank.

mass = ........................................................ [2]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/O/N/19

pressure = ........................................................ [3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/O/N/19 [Turn over

(ii) In a laboratory on the Moon, the plastic cube is held stationary, using a clamp, in a
beaker of the oil of density 850 kg / m3.

The arrangement is shown in Fig. 3.2.

clamp

cube

3.0 cm clamp
stand
oil
bench

Fig. 3.2

The lower face of the cube is 3.0 cm below the surface of the oil.

Use your answer to (c)(i) to calculate the pressure due to the oil on the lower face of the
cube.

pressure = ...........................................................[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2017 0625/41/O/N/17 [Turn over

CHAPTER 1 : MOTION, FORCES AND ENERGY
Force & Pressure
10 Questions
6

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a skier taking part in a downhill race.

Fig. 3.1

(a) The mass of the skier, including his equipment, is 75 kg. In the ski race, the total vertical
change in height is 880 m.

Calculate the decrease in the gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of the skier.

decrease in g.p.e. = ...........................................................[2]

(b) The skier starts from rest. The total distance travelled by the skier during the descent is
2800 m. The average resistive force on the skier is 220 N.

Calculate

(i) the work done against the resistive force,

work done = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) the kinetic energy of the skier as he crosses the finishing line at the end of the race.

kinetic energy = ...........................................................[2]

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2015 0625/31/O/N/15

5 Fig. 5.1 shows an aluminium block after leaving a furnace in a factory.

furnace

aluminium block

factory worker

solid metal rollers

Fig. 5.1

(a) The mass of the block is 1200 kg and it is heated in the furnace from 20 °C to 380 °C. The
aluminium block does not melt.
The specific heat capacity of aluminium is 960 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the thermal energy gained by the block in the furnace.

thermal energy = ......................................................... [3]

(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a factory worker standing 3 m from the block.

State and explain the main process by which thermal energy is transferred to the worker.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/O/N/22

(c) As the aeroplane decelerates, its kinetic energy decreases.

Suggest what happens to this energy.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2020 0625/41/M/J/20 [Turn over

2 Fig. 2.1 is the top view of a small ship of mass 1.2 × 106 kg. The ship is moving slowly sideways at
0.040 m / s as it comes in to dock.

large wooden pillars

dock wall
small ship

0.040 m / s

Fig. 2.1

The ship hits the wooden pillars which move towards the dock wall.

(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the ship before it hits the pillars.

kinetic energy = ......................................................... [2]

(b) The ship is in contact with the pillars for 0.30 s as it comes to rest.

Calculate the average force exerted on the side of the ship.

force = ......................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/M/J/19

Calculate the distance moved by the pillars.

distance = ......................................................... [2]

(d) Dock walls sometimes have the pillars replaced with rubber car tyres.

Explain how this reduces the possibility of damage when a boat docks.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/M/J/19 [Turn over

(c) State and explain the main process by which thermal energy is transferred from the outer
surface of the solid metal rollers to their interior.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/O/N/22 [Turn over

4 Gas of mass 0.23 g is trapped in a cylinder by a piston. The gas is at atmospheric pressure which
is 1.0 × 105 Pa. Fig. 4.1 shows the piston held in position by a catch.

gas cylinder

air at atmospheric
pressure

piston

heater catch

Fig. 4.1

The volume of the trapped gas is 1.9 × 10–4 m3.

An electrical heater is used to increase the temperature of the trapped gas by 550 °C.

(a) The specific heat capacity of the gas is 0.72 J / (g °C).

(i) Calculate the energy required to increase the temperature of the trapped gas by 550 °C.

energy = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) The power of the heater is 2.4 W.

1. Calculate how long it takes for the heater to supply the energy calculated in (a)(i).

time = ......................................................... [2]

2. In practice, it takes much longer to increase the temperature of the gas by 550 °C
using the heater.

Suggest one reason for this.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2019 0625/41/M/J/19

(b) When the temperature of the gas has increased by 550 °C, its pressure is 2.9 × 105 Pa. The
catch is then released allowing the piston to move. As the piston moves, the temperature of
the gas remains constant.

(i) State and explain what happens to the piston.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Determine the volume of the gas when the piston stops moving.

volume = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2019 0625/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a waterfall.

Fig. 3.1

(i) Describe the main energy transfer which is taking place as the water falls.

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The speed of the water as it hits the bottom is 21 m / s.

Calculate the height h of the waterfall.

height = ........................................................ [3]

(iii) State and explain any assumption you made in (ii).

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The Sun is the source of energy for most energy resources used to produce electricity.

State two energy resources that have another source for their energy.

1. ..............................................................................................................................................

2. ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/O/N/19 [Turn over

1 Fig. 1.1 shows an electrically powered bicycle.

battery

electric motor

Fig. 1.1

When fully charged, the battery can deliver a power of 600 W for 60 min.

(a) (i) Calculate the energy, in joules, stored in the battery when fully charged.

energy = ...................................................... J [3]

(ii) State the form of energy stored by the battery.

......................................................... [1]

(b) The bicycle has a motor with an electrical input power of 250 W.

Calculate the time for which the battery can power the bicycle.

time = ......................................................... [2]

(c) Consider this bicycle compared to a small motorcycle.

State two environmental benefits of the electrically powered bicycle.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22
4

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a tennis ball approaching a tennis racket.

Fig. 2.1

The tennis ball hits the racket at a speed of 52 m / s. The average force on the ball during the
time that it is in contact with the racket is 350 N. The speed of the ball after it leaves the racket is
26 m / s in the opposite direction to the initial speed of the ball. The mass of the ball is 58 g.

(a) (i) Calculate the change in momentum of the ball while it is in contact with the racket.

change in momentum = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) State an equation which defines impulse in terms of force and time.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Calculate the time that the racket is in contact with the ball.

time = ......................................................... [2]

(b) Calculate the difference between the values of the kinetic energy of the ball before and after
the impact with the racket.

difference in kinetic energy = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/O/N/22

3 Fig. 3.1 shows the cross-section of a barrage built across a tidal bay. The barrage is part of a tidal
power station.

high water
level
barrage

tidal
low water level gates bay

open sea

turbine connected to
generator

Fig. 3.1

The gates are raised to be open when the tide comes in. The gates are lowered to close when it is
high tide. Fig. 3.1 shows the water levels in the open sea and the tidal bay when it is low tide. The
gates are raised and water flows through the turbine.

(a) Complete the sentences to describe the energy transfers which take place when the gates
are opened.

Use words from the list.

tidal bay kinetic gates gravitational potential
open sea turbines water

................................................... energy of the ................................................... in the

.................................................. is transferred to ................................................. energy in the

rotating .............................................. . This energy is used in the generator to produce

electrical power. [3]

(b) State one advantage and one disadvantage of tidal power as an energy resource.

advantage .................................................................................................................................

disadvantage ............................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) State the main source of energy for tidal energy.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/O/N/22 [Turn over

2 A rifle fires a bullet of mass 0.020 kg vertically upwards through the air. As it leaves the rifle, the
speed of the bullet is 350 m / s.

(a) Calculate

(i) the kinetic energy of the bullet as it leaves the rifle,

kinetic energy = ...........................................................[3]

(ii) the maximum possible height that the bullet can reach.

maximum height = ...........................................................[2]

(b) The actual height reached by the bullet is less than the value calculated in (a)(ii).

(i) Explain, in terms of the forces acting on the bullet, why this is so.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) As the bullet rises through the air, its kinetic energy decreases.

State what happens to this energy.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2018 0625/43/M/J/18

3 Fig. 3.1 shows solar cells that use radiation from the Sun to generate electrical power.

Fig. 3.1

(a) (i) State the name of the process which releases energy in the Sun.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe what happens in this process.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Apart from solar cells, there are other energy resources used on Earth for which the radiation
from the Sun is the main source.

State the name of one of these energy resources and explain whether it is renewable.

name of energy resource ..........................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

advantage 1 ..............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

advantage 2 ..............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

disadvantage 1 .........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

disadvantage 2 .........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2020 0625/04/SP/23
CHAPTER 1 : MOTION, FORCES AND ENERGY
Force & Pressure
10 Questions
4

2 Fig. 2.1 is the extension–load graph for a light spring S.

extension / cm

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
load / N

Fig. 2.1

(a) State the range of loads for which S obeys Hooke’s law.

from ....................................................... to .......................................................... [1]

(b) Using information from Fig. 2.1, determine the spring constant k of spring S.

k = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2020 0625/41/M/J/20

(c) A second spring, identical to spring S, is attached to spring S. The two springs are attached
to a rod, as shown in Fig. 2.2. A load of 4.0 N is suspended from the bottom of spring S. The
arrangement is in equilibrium.

rod

second spring

spring S

4.0 N load

Fig. 2.2

(i) State the name of the form of energy stored in the two springs when they are stretched.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Determine the extension of the arrangement in Fig. 2.2.

extension = ................................................... cm [1]

(iii) The load is carefully increased to 6.0 N in total.

Calculate the distance moved by the load to the new equilibrium position as the load
increases from 4.0 N to 6.0 N.

distance moved = ......................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2020 0625/41/M/J/20 [Turn over

CHAPTER 1 : MOTION, FORCES AND ENERGY
Force & Pressure
10 Questions
3

2 (a) State the word equation that defines momentum.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A metal block A, travelling in a straight line at 4.0 m / s on a smooth surface, collides with a
second metal block B which is at rest. Fig. 2.1 shows the two metal blocks A and B before
and after the collision.

3.2 kg 1.6 kg
4.0 m / s at rest
before collision A B

1.5 m / s v
after collision A B

Fig. 2.1

The mass of A is 3.2 kg. The mass of B is 1.6 kg.

After the collision, the velocity of A is 1.5 m / s.

Calculate

(i) the momentum of A before the collision,

momentum = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) the velocity v of B after the collision.

v = ...........................................................[3]

© UCLES 2017 0625/43/M/J/17 [Turn over

Calculate the average force that is exerted on B during the collision.

average force = ...........................................................[2]

(d) After the collision in (b), the total kinetic energy of the two blocks is less than the kinetic
energy of block A before the collision.

Suggest one reason for this.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2017 0625/43/M/J/17

3 (a) Underline the pair of quantities which must be multiplied together to calculate impulse.

force and mass force and velocity mass and time

time and velocity weight and velocity force and time [1]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a collision between two blocks A and B on a smooth, horizontal surface.

A B A B
3.0 m / s v
2.4 kg 1.2 kg

before collision after collision

Fig. 3.1

Before the collision, block A, of mass 2.4 kg, is moving at 3.0 m / s. Block B, of mass 1.2 kg, is
at rest.

After the collision, blocks A and B stick together and move with velocity v.

(i) Calculate

1. the momentum of block A before the collision,

momentum = ...........................................................[2]

2. the velocity v,

velocity = ...........................................................[2]

3. the impulse experienced by block B during the collision.

impulse = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) Suggest why the total kinetic energy of blocks A and B after the collision is less than the
kinetic energy of block A before the collision.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17
4

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a dummy of mass 70 kg used in a crash test to investigate the safety of a new car.

passenger dummy
barrier compartment
windscreen

Fig. 2.1

The car approaches a solid barrier at 20 m / s. It crashes into the barrier and stops suddenly.

(a) (i) Calculate the momentum of the dummy immediately before the crash.

momentum = ................................................................. [2]

(ii) Determine the impulse that must be applied to the dummy to bring it to rest.

impulse = ................................................................. [1]

© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10

(b) In the crash test, the passenger compartment comes to rest in 0.20 s.

Calculate the deceleration of the passenger compartment.

deceleration = ................................................................. [2]

(c) The seat belt and air bag bring the dummy to rest so that it does not hit the windscreen.
2
The dummy has an average deceleration of 80 m / s .

Calculate the average resultant force applied to the dummy, of mass 70 kg.

force = ................................................................. [2]

(d) The deceleration of the dummy is less than the deceleration of the passenger compartment.

Explain why this is of benefit for the safety of a passenger.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10 [Turn over

CHAPTER 2 : THERMAL PHYSICS
Thermal
11 Questions
5

4 Fig. 4.1 shows a balloon filled with helium that is used to lift measuring instruments to a great
height above the Earth’s surface.

Fig. 4.1

(a) Using ideas about momentum, explain how the atoms of helium produce a force on the wall
of the balloon.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) At ground level, the pressure of the helium in the balloon is 1.0 × 105 Pa. The volume of the
helium is 9.6 m3.

The balloon is released and it rises quickly through the atmosphere. The volume of the helium
increases. The temperature of the helium remains constant.

(i) Explain why the pressure in the balloon decreases as the balloon rises.
You should refer to helium atoms in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the pressure of the helium when its volume is 12 m3.

pressure = .......................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2020 0625/04/SP/23 [Turn over

5 (a) Compare the arrangement and motion of the particles in ice and in liquid water.

arrangement .............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

motion .......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A lake has a layer of ice on its surface. The area of the lake is 1800 m2. The ice has a
thickness of 0.025 m. The density of ice is 920 kg / m3.

(i) Calculate the mass of ice on the lake.

mass = .......................................................... [2]

(ii) At night, the temperature of the ice on the lake falls by 3.5 °C.
The specific heat capacity of ice is 2.1 × 103 J / kg °C.
Calculate the change in energy as the temperature falls.

energy = ....................................................... J [2]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2020 0625/04/SP/23

4 Solids have a fixed shape. Liquids adapt to the shape of their container. Gases fill their container.

Explain in terms of forces between molecules and arrangement of molecules, why solids, liquids
and gases have these properties.

Solids ...............................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Liquids ..............................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

Gases ...............................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................
[6]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/O/N/19

4 Water has a specific heat capacity of 4200 J / (kg °C) and a boiling point of 100 °C.

(a) State what is meant by boiling point.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A mass of 0.30 kg of water at its boiling point is poured into a copper container which is
initially at 11 °C. After a few seconds, the temperature of the container and the water are both
95 °C.

(i) Calculate the energy transferred from the water.

energy transferred = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the thermal capacity of the copper container.

thermal capacity of the copper container = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) Water from the container evaporates and the temperature of the remaining water
decreases slowly.

Explain, in terms of molecules, why evaporation causes the temperature of the remaining
water to decrease.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2020 0625/41/M/J/20

5 An electric kettle contains water at a temperature of 19 °C. The kettle has a power rating of 3.0 kW
and is switched on for 3.5 minutes.

(a) Calculate the energy supplied to the kettle by the electricity supply.

electrical energy = ........................................................ [3]

(b) At 3.5 minutes, the temperature of the water reaches 100 °C. The volume of the water in
the kettle is 1700 cm3 and its density is 1.0 g / cm3. The specific heat capacity of water is
4200 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water.

thermal energy = ........................................................ [5]

(c) Calculate the efficiency of the kettle.

efficiency = ........................................................ [2]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/O/N/19 [Turn over

4 (a) Describe, in terms of molecules, what happens when a liquid evaporates.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) Fig. 4.1 shows wet clothes drying on a washing line in an outside area.

washing line

Fig. 4.1

State two changes in the weather that help the wet clothes to dry more quickly.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2020 0625/43/M/J/20

5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a plastic cup. The cup contains sand, an electric heater and a thermometer.

thermometer

electric
plastic heater
cup sand

Fig. 5.1

The power of the heater is 50 W. The mass of the sand in the cup is 550 g. The initial
temperature of the sand is 20 °C. The heater is switched on for 2.0 minutes. The temperature
is recorded until the temperature stops increasing. The highest temperature recorded by the
thermometer is 33 °C.

(i) Calculate the energy supplied by the heater.

energy = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate a value for the specific heat capacity of the sand, using your answer to (a)(i)
and the data in the question.

specific heat capacity = ......................................................... [3]

(iii) Explain why the specific heat capacity of sand may be different from the value calculated
in (a)(ii).

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2020 0625/43/M/J/20 [Turn over

(b) On a sunny day, the temperature of the sand on a beach is much higher than the temperature
of the sea.

Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a thermocouple thermometer.

[3]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2020 0625/43/M/J/20

5 Fig. 5.1 shows a cross-section of the inside of a vacuum flask containing a cold liquid. The walls of
the vacuum flask are made of glass.

stopper

silvered
surfaces

vacuum

glass

Fig. 5.1

(a) The vacuum flask is being used to keep a liquid cool on a hot day.

Explain how the labelled features of the vacuum flask keep the liquid cool by reducing thermal
energy transfer. Include the names of the processes involved.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

(b) Suggest a suitable material for the stopper.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/M/J/19 [Turn over

5 Liquids and gases are two states of matter.

(a) In both boiling and evaporation, a liquid changes into a gas.

(i) State two ways in which boiling differs from evaporation.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Before injecting a patient, a doctor wipes a small amount of a volatile liquid on to the
patient’s skin.

Explain, in terms of molecules, how this procedure cools the patient’s skin.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Gases can be compressed but liquids are incompressible.

Explain, in terms of molecules, why liquids are incompressible.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2019 0625/41/M/J/19

5 (a) (i) An electric kettle contains 600 g of water at 20 °C. The heater in the kettle operates at
240 V. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).

The current in the heater is 12 A.

Calculate the time taken for the temperature of the water to rise to 100 °C.

time = ...........................................................[4]

(ii) State one assumption you made in your calculation in (a)(i).

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17

-
10

5 Fig. 5.1 shows two metal plates A and B with a radiant heater placed midway between them.

shiny plate dull black plate

wax wax

cork cork

A B
radiant heater

Fig. 5.1

Metal plate A is shiny. Metal plate B is dull black. A piece of cork is attached to each plate using
wax. The wax is a solid at room temperature and has a melting point of 37 °C.

(a) State and explain what happens to the pieces of cork a few minutes after the heater is
switched on.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) Give the name of the method of transfer of thermal energy in solid metals.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2020 0625/43/O/N/20

CHAPTER 3 : WAVES
Light
5 Questions
9

5 The distance between the centre of a thin converging lens and each principal focus is 5.0 cm.

(a) Describe what is meant by the term principal focus for a thin converging lens.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The lens is used as a magnifying glass to produce an image I of an object O.

(i) Underline the terms that describe the nature of the image produced by a magnifying
glass. [2]

diminished enlarged inverted real same size upright virtual

(ii) Fig. 5.1 is a full-scale diagram of the lens and the image I.

centre of lens

1 cm

Fig. 5.1 (full-scale)

1. On Fig. 5.1, mark both principal focuses and label each of them F. [1]

2. By drawing on Fig. 5.1, find the position of object O and add object O to the diagram.
[3]

(iii) Using Fig. 5.1, determine the distance of object O from the centre of the lens.

distance = ......................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2020 0625/41/M/J/20 [Turn over

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows the position of a converging lens, its principal axis and an object O.

principal
axis

F O F

lens

Fig. 7.1

Each principal focus of the lens is labelled F.

On Fig. 7.1, draw a ray diagram to locate the position of the image formed by the lens.

Label the image I. [3]

(b) Describe the nature of the image I.

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Images formed by lenses sometimes have coloured edges.

Suggest a reason for this.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/O/N/19 [Turn over

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of green light emerging from one face of a glass prism.

prism

ray of
green light

Fig. 7.1

(i) On Fig. 7.1, draw the path of the green light entering and passing through the prism. [2]

(ii) The green light is monochromatic. State, in terms of a wave property, what is meant by
monochromatic light.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) State the speed of light in air.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The wavelength of green light in air is 5.2 × 10–7 m.

Calculate the frequency of green light.

frequency = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) The refractive index of glass for green light is 1.52.

Calculate the speed of green light in glass.

speed = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2021 0625/43/O/N/21 [Turn over

7 (a) The speed of light in air is 3.0 # 108 m / s.

The speed of light in a transparent liquid is 2.0 # 108 m / s.

A ray of light is incident on the surface of the liquid at an angle of incidence of 40°.

Calculate

(i) the refractive index of the liquid,

refractive index = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) the angle of refraction in the liquid.

angle of refraction = ...........................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a glass block ABCD surrounded by air. A ray of red light, PQ, is incident on face CD
of the block.

A B

D Q C

Fig. 6.1

(a) On Fig. 6.1,

(i) draw the normal at Q and the refracted ray inside the block so that it meets face AB,
(ii) draw the ray emerging from face AB of the block and the normal where the ray emerges,
(iii) between the rays and the normals you have drawn, label two equal angles X.
[3]

© UCLES 2015 0625/32/F/M/15

(b) The angle of incidence of another red ray is 65°. The refractive index of the glass of block
ABCD for red light is 1.62.

(i) Calculate the angle of refraction in the glass for this ray.

angle = ........................................................ [2]

(ii) The speed of light in air is 3.0 × 108 m / s.

Calculate the speed of the red light in the glass.

speed = ........................................................ [2]

(c) For the same angle of incidence, the angle of refraction of red light in glass is greater than the
angle of refraction of violet light.

State the term which describes the separation of red and violet refracted rays in glass.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2015 0625/32/F/M/15 [Turn over

CHAPTER 3 : WAVES
Rays & Waves
13 Questions
9

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows crests of a sound wave after reflection from a solid surface.

direction
of travel of
reflected
wave

solid surface

Fig. 6.1

On Fig. 6.1, draw three crests of the incident wave. [3]

(b) Tick four statements in the list below that are false for a sound wave that is audible to a
healthy human ear.

The wave is longitudinal.

The wave is transverse.

The frequency of the wave is 1 Hz.

The frequency of the wave is 1 kHz.

The frequency of the wave is 1 MHz.

The wave travels in a vacuum.

The wave could travel in aluminium.

[3]
(c) State a typical value for the speed of a sound wave in water.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2020 0625/43/M/J/20 [Turn over

7 Fig. 7.1 shows red light travelling from air into a prism made of diamond. The path of the red light
is incomplete.

A
y
x
40°
ray of
red light

diamond

Fig. 7.1 (not to scale)

(a) The refractive index of diamond is 2.42.

Calculate angle x.

angle x = ......................................................... [2]

(b) Explain the term total internal reflection.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) The angle y is greater than the critical angle of diamond.

On Fig. 7.1, draw the path of the red light through and out of the prism after point A. [2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2020 0625/43/M/J/20

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows an empty container and an observer’s eye. There is a small coin at position O.
The observer is unable to see the coin.

eye

Fig. 6.1

The observer and the coin stay in the same position and the container is filled with water. The
observer can now see the coin.

(i) Explain why the coin can be seen by the observer.

-
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State the name of the wave process which occurs as the light passes from the water into
the air.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why the image of the coin is a virtual image.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State the speed of light in air.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) The refractive index of water is 1.3.

Calculate the speed of light in water.

speed of light in water = ........................................................ [3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2019 0625/42/O/N/19

(b) Fig. 7.1 shows a side view of an object at the bottom of a tank of liquid. Light travels slower in
this liquid than in air.

eye

air
tank

liquid

object

Fig. 7.1

On Fig. 7.1, draw two rays from the object into the air. Use these rays to locate the image.
Label this image I. [3]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17 [Turn over

5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a visible spectrum focused on a screen by passing light from a source of white
light through a lens and a prism.

glass
screen
prism
glass
lens

A
visible spectrum
B

filament lamp
(white light source)

Fig. 5.1

(i) State the name of the process that separates the colours in white light.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State the colour of the light on the screen at:

point A ........................................

point B ........................................
[1]

(iii) State the property of the glass of the prism that causes white light to be split into the
different colours of the spectrum.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2018 0625/42/O/N/18

(b) Fig. 5.2 shows a section of an optical fibre in air. A ray of light is incident on the fibre wall at X.

X
optical fibre

ray of
light

Fig. 5.2

(i) On Fig. 5.2, continue the path of the ray of light up to the end of the fibre. [1]

(ii) The refractive index of the material of the fibre is 1.46. Calculate the critical angle of the
material of the fibre.

critical angle = ...........................................................[2]

(iii) State two uses of optical fibres.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2018 0625/42/O/N/18 [Turn over

6 Fig. 6.1 shows wave crests and the direction of travel for a water wave approaching a barrier in a
large ripple tank.

large
ripple tank
direction of
travel

wave
crests

barrier

Fig. 6.1

The wavelength of the wave is 1.6 cm.

(a) On Fig. 6.1, draw:

(i) the direction of travel of the reflected wave [1]

(ii) three successive reflected wave crests. [2]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/O/N/22 [Turn over

(b) Fig. 6.2 shows an identical wave approaching a barrier with a gap of 1.3 cm.

large
ripple tank

wave
crests

barrier
with gap

Fig. 6.2

On Fig. 6.2, draw three successive wave crests after they pass through the gap in the barrier.
[3]

(c) The frequency of the wave is 4.0 Hz.

Calculate the speed of the wave.

speed = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/O/N/22

7 (a) State what is meant by total internal reflection.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of light from a light source in a tank containing a liquid.

tank
x
liquid ray of light

light source

Fig. 7.1

The ray of light strikes the surface of the liquid at an angle x.

(i) The refractive index of the liquid is 1.5.

Calculate the largest value of x for which total internal reflection can occur.

x = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) The speed of light in air is 3.0 × 108 m / s.

Calculate the speed of light in the liquid.

speed = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/O/N/22 [Turn over

11 Fig. 11.1 shows part of the path of a ray of light PQ travelling in an optical fibre.

W
Q

glass

Fig. 11.1

(a) On Fig. 11.1, carefully complete the path of the ray of light, until it leaves this section of the
optical fibre. [2]

(b) The material of an optical fibre has a refractive index of 1.52.

Calculate the critical angle.

critical angle = ................................................[2]

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2014 0625/32/O/N/14

7 (a) A police car siren emits sound waves that vary in pitch.

Tick two boxes that apply to the sound waves emitted by the siren.

electromagnetic

longitudinal

transverse

visible

frequency 0.1–10 Hz

frequency 100–10 000 Hz

frequency 100 000–1 000 000 Hz

[2]

(b) Fig. 7.1 is a top view of one wavefront of a water wave before it strikes a hard boundary.

boundary

direction of travel
of wavefront wavefront

Fig. 7.1

(i) Name the process that occurs as the wavefront strikes the boundary.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2014 0625/32/O/N/14

(ii) Explain, in terms of wave theory, what occurs as the wavefront strikes the boundary.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) State whether there is an increase, a decrease or no change in the wavelength of the
wave after it strikes the boundary.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) The speed of the wave is 3.0 m / s and its wavelength 7.0 cm.

Calculate the frequency of the wave.

frequency = ............................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2014 0625/32/O/N/14 [Turn over

6 (a) The graph in Fig. 6.1 represents a wave on a rope.

8.0
vertical
position / cm

6.0

4.0

2.0

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
distance along rope / cm

Fig. 6.1

Using Fig. 6.1, determine

(i) the amplitude of the wave,

amplitude = ...........................................................[1]

(ii) the wavelength of the wave.

wavelength = ...........................................................[1]

© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17

(b) A wave travelling on the surface of water has a wavelength of 2.5 cm and a speed of 8.0 cm / s.

Calculate the frequency of the wave.

frequency = ...........................................................[2]

Fig. 6.2 shows the crests of the wave viewed from above.

barrier
gap

direction
of wave
travel

wave crest barrier

Fig. 6.2

The gap in the barrier is larger than the wavelength λ.

(i) On Fig. 6.2, draw the pattern formed by three crests after the wave passes through the
gap in the barrier. [2]

(ii) Water is added to the tank and the speed of a wave in the deeper water is greater
than that in the shallower water. The frequency of the wave remains constant but its
wavelength is different.

1. State and explain how the wavelength in the deeper water has changed.

....................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................[1]

2. Apart from the change in wavelength, describe one other difference in the pattern
formed by the crests after the wave passes through the gap.

....................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17 [Turn over
12

7 (a) The speed of light in air is 3.0 # 108 m / s.

The speed of light in a transparent liquid is 2.0 # 108 m / s.

A ray of light is incident on the surface of the liquid at an angle of incidence of 40°.

Calculate

(i) the refractive index of the liquid,

refractive index = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) the angle of refraction in the liquid.

angle of refraction = ...........................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17

6 Fig. 6.1 represents wavefronts of a water wave on the surface of water approaching a gap in a
barrier.

barrier with gap

direction of travel
of wavefronts

Fig. 6.1

(a) The wavefronts to the right of the barrier spread out as far as the dashed lines in Fig. 6.1.

(i) State the name of the process of spreading out.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Draw four wavefronts to the right of the barrier. [2]

(b) (i) State the effect of increasing the width of the gap in the barrier.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State and explain the effect of decreasing the frequency of the water wave.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2017 0625/42/O/N/17 [Turn over

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 is a diagram of a converging lens used to produce an image of an object. Each point
marked F is a principal focus.

object

F F
image

Fig. 7.1

Write down three terms that describe the image produced.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Fig. 7.2 shows a plane mirror, a point object O and an observer’s eye.

mirror

O eye

Fig. 7.2

(i) On Fig. 7.2, draw two rays from the object reflected to the observer’s eye. [2]

(ii) On Fig. 7.2, complete your drawing to determine the position of the image of the object O.
Label this image I.
[2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2017 0625/42/O/N/17

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a converging lens and its principal axis. The points F1 and F2 are each a
principal focus of the lens.

O
principal axis

F1 F2

Fig. 6.1

An object O is placed between F1 and the lens.

(i) On Fig. 6.1, draw two rays from the top of the object O to locate the image.
Label the image I. [3]

(ii) The object O is moved to the left along the principal axis so that it is further from the lens
than F1.

Fig. 6.2 is a diagram of the new arrangement with the new image shown.

F1 F2

principal axis

image

Fig. 6.2

Underline three of the terms below that describe the image shown in Fig. 6.2.

diminished enlarged inverted real same size upright virtual

[2]

© UCLES 2020 0625/04/SP/23

(b) Fig. 6.3 shows yellow light passing through a glass prism.

Fig. 6.3

Blue light enters the prism along the same path as the yellow light.

On Fig. 6.3, draw the path of the blue light as it enters, passes through and leaves the prism.
[2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2020 0625/04/SP/23 [Turn over

CHAPTER 3 : WAVES
Waves & Sound
13 Questions
10

6 The speed of sound in air is 340 m / s.

(a) Calculate the range of wavelengths for sounds that are audible by a healthy human ear.

wavelengths range from ................................. to ................................. [2]

(b) Sound waves are longitudinal waves.

Describe how a longitudinal wave differs from a transverse wave.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Fig. 6.1 shows a band in front of a building.

Fig. 6.1

The drum produces a low frequency sound. Other musical instruments produce a high
frequency sound. These sounds are equally loud.

A young man at the side of the building hears the drum but not the high frequency sounds
from the other musical instruments.

Explain why this happens.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2020 0625/41/M/J/20

6 Fig. 6.1 represents wavefronts of a sound wave travelling in air from left to right.

Fig. 6.1

(a) State the name given to the:

(i) region around A in the diagram ............................................................... [1]

(ii) region around B in the diagram. ............................................................... [1]

(b) On Fig. 6.1, draw a double-headed arrow to show one wavelength. [1]

(c) The loudness of the sound increases at the same pitch.

State and explain any change there would be in the pattern of wavefronts shown in Fig. 6.1.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) The wave passes into water.

State and explain any change in the pattern of wavefronts shown in Fig. 6.1.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/O/N/19

7 (a) State a typical value for the speed of sound in air.

speed = .......................................................... [1]

(b) A sound wave in air has a wavelength of 22 mm.

Using your value for the speed of sound in (a), calculate the frequency of the sound wave.

frequency = .......................................................... [2]

(c) Fig. 7.1 shows a solid block made from hot liquid metal. As the liquid cooled, a bubble formed
inside the block. The bubble is not visible from outside the block.

bubble inside
metal block

metal
block

Fig. 7.1

Describe and explain how to use ultrasound to determine the size and position of the bubble
inside the metal block. You may draw on the diagram.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2020 0625/04/SP/23

6 (a) Sound waves consist of compressions and rarefactions.

Explain the terms compression and rarefaction. Give your explanation in terms of the spacing
of molecules and the pressure for sound waves in air.

compression .............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

rarefaction .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) A musical instrument emits a sound with a frequency of 4.4 kHz. The speed of sound in air is
340 m / s.

(i) Calculate the wavelength of the sound.

wavelength = .......................................................... [3]

(ii) The frequency of the sound emitted by the instrument is changed to 5.1 kHz and the
amplitude of the sound is increased.

Without calculation, state what happens to

1. the speed of the sound ..................................................................................................

2. the wavelength of the sound .........................................................................................

[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2020 0625/43/O/N/20 [Turn over

6 Green light of frequency 5.7 × 1014 Hz is travelling in air at a speed of 3.0 × 108 m / s. The light is
incident on the surface of a transparent solid.

Fig. 6.1 shows the wavefronts and the direction of travel of the light in the air.

wavefront

air
solid

Fig. 6.1

The light travels more slowly in the transparent solid.

(a) Explain, in terms of the wavefronts, why the light changes direction as it enters the solid. You
may draw on Fig. 6.1 as part of your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The refractive index of the transparent solid is 1.3.

(i) The light is incident on the surface of the solid at an angle of incidence of 67°.

Calculate the angle of refraction of the light in the solid.

angle of refraction = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2019 0625/41/M/J/19

(ii) Determine the wavelength of the green light in the transparent solid.

wavelength = ......................................................... [4]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2019 0625/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows wavefronts of a wave approaching a narrow gap and passing through the gap.
The wavelength is λ.

wavefronts gap barrier

direction of
travel

barrier

Fig. 6.1

(i) State the name of the process that occurs as the wave passes through the gap.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
λ
(ii) A wave with a wavelength approaches the same gap.
2
On Fig. 6.2, draw three wavefronts for this wave as it approaches the gap and three
more wavefronts as the wave continues beyond it. [3]

Fig. 6.2

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/M/J/19

(b) Table 6.1 shows 5 different types of electromagnetic wave.

In the blank column in Table 6.1, write the numbers 1 to 5 to show the order of wavelength.
Write 1 for the wave with the shortest wavelength and 5 for the wave with the longest
wavelength. [2]

Table 6.1

type of electromagnetic wave order of wavelength

gamma rays
light
microwaves
ultraviolet
X-rays

(c) (i) State the speed of radio waves in air.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) A radio station transmits radio waves with a frequency of 96 MHz.

Calculate the wavelength of these radio waves.

wavelength = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/M/J/19 [Turn over

5 (a) One difference between a longitudinal wave and a transverse wave is that a longitudinal
wave consists of compressions and rarefactions.

(i) Explain the terms compression and rarefaction using ideas about particles.

compression ......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

rarefaction .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Describe one other way in which longitudinal wave motion differs from transverse wave
motion.

Longitudinal wave motion ..................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Transverse wave motion ...................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) (i) A sound wave of frequency 0.120 kHz travels through a rock at a speed of 3500 m / s.

Calculate the wavelength of the wave.

wavelength = ........................................................ [3]

(ii) The wave travels from the rock into the air.

State and explain whether the wave will be audible to a healthy human ear.

statement ..........................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2019 0625/42/O/N/19 [Turn over
12

6 Fig. 6.1 represents a sound wave of wavelength 0.45 m travelling from left to right.

Fig. 6.1 (not to scale)

(a) On Fig. 6.1:

(i) at the centre of a compression, mark a cross and label it C [1]

(ii) at the centre of a rarefaction, mark a cross and label it R [1]

(iii) draw a double-headed arrow to represent a distance of 0.90 m. [1]

(b) The frequency of the wave is 750 Hz.

Calculate the speed of the wave.

speed = ...........................................................[2]

medium ..............................................................................................................................

reason ................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[1]

(d) Another type of wave that consists of compressions and rarefactions is ultrasound.

(i) State one other similarity between sound of frequency 750 Hz and ultrasound.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State one way in which sound of frequency 750 Hz is different from ultrasound.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2018 0625/42/O/N/18

(b) The submarine emits a pulse of sound to detect other objects in the sea. The speed of sound
in sea water is 1500 m / s. An echo is received with a time delay of 0.50 s after the original
sound is emitted.

(i) Calculate the distance between the submarine and the other object.

distance = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) Another pulse of sound is emitted through the air when the submarine is on the surface.

An echo is received from a second object that is in the air. This echo is received 0.50 s
after the pulse of sound is emitted.

Compare the distance of the second object from the submarine with the distance
calculated in (b)(i). Tick one box. Give a reason for your answer.

distance is smaller

distance is the same

distance is larger

Reason ........................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/M/J/19 [Turn over

5 (a) A wave passes through a gap in a barrier. The wavelength of the wave is the same magnitude
as the width of the gap in the barrier.

Tick one box to indicate what happens to the wave.

diffraction and dispersion

diffraction only
dispersion only
refraction and diffraction
refraction and dispersion
refraction only
[1]

(b) Fig. 5.1 shows six wavefronts of a wave travelling on the surface of deep water. The wave is
incident on a boundary with a region where the water is shallow.

boundary

direction
of wave

deep water shallow

water

Fig. 5.1

(i) On Fig. 5.1, draw the wavefronts of the wave in the shallow water where the wave travels
more slowly. [2]

(ii) The depth of the shallow water is now changed so that the speed of the wave in the
shallow water is 0.60 m / s. The speed of the wave in the deep water is 0.80 m / s.
The distance between successive wavefronts in the deep water is 1.4 cm.

Calculate the wavelength of the wave in the shallow water.

wavelength = ...........................................................[4]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2017 0625/41/O/N/17 [Turn over

6 (a) The left-hand column of the table shows some possible speeds of a sound wave.

In the right-hand column, write down the medium in which a sound wave has this speed.

Choose from solid, liquid or gas.

speed of sound wave medium

m/s
1500
5000
300
[2]

(b) Fig. 6.1 represents a series of compressions and rarefactions of a sound wave.

Fig. 6.1

(i) On Fig. 6.1, mark, with the letters X and Y, the mid-points of two rarefactions. [1]

(ii) State, in terms of pressure, what is meant by a rarefaction.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Astronauts set up a mirror on the Moon’s surface. A laser beam is transmitted from the Earth’s
surface to the mirror and is then reflected back to Earth.

On a certain day, the time between transmitting the beam from a point on the Earth’s surface
and receiving the reflected signal at the same point is 2.56 s.

The speed of the laser beam is 3.00 × 108 m / s.

Calculate the distance between the Earth’s surface and the Moon’s surface.

distance = ...........................................................[3]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2017 0625/41/O/N/17

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a water wave in a ripple tank.

new wave
direction

original
wave
direction

region B

region A

Fig. 6.1

(i) State the name of the process that occurs as the wave moves from region A to region B.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest a cause for the change in direction of the wave.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2019 0625/42/M/J/19

7 (a) State two uses for infrared radiation.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) X-rays are used in hospitals to help treat patients.

Suggest and explain three precautions for the safe use of X-rays.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) (i) State the speed in a vacuum of

1. microwaves ............................................................................................................. [1]

2. X-rays .................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State a possible frequency for an ultrasound wave.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2020 0625/43/O/N/20

6 X-rays are electromagnetic waves. Fig. 6.1 shows the position of X-rays in the electromagnetic
spectrum arranged according to increasing wavelength.

gamma-rays X-rays J K microwaves L

visible light

increasing wavelength

Fig. 6.1

(a) Three components of the spectrum are unnamed but labelled J, K and L.

(i) State the names of these three components.

J ........................................................................................................................................

K ........................................................................................................................................

L ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) State which of these three components has the lowest frequency.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Calculate the frequency of X-rays that have a wavelength of 1.2 × 10–9 m in a vacuum.

frequency = .......................................................... [3]

(c) (i) Describe one medical use of X-rays.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2021 0625/41/O/N/21
13

(ii) State one reason why it is necessary to take safety precautions when X-rays are used.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2021 0625/41/O/N/21 [Turn over

CHAPTER 4 : ELECTRICITY
Electricity (calculations focused)
17 Questions
11

8 Fig. 8.1 is a circuit diagram.

24 V

8.0 ! 4.0 !

Y Z
6.0 !

Fig. 8.1

(a) Calculate the combined resistance between Y and Z.

resistance = .......................................................... [4]

(b) Calculate the potential difference (p.d.) across the 8.0 Ω resistor.

p.d. = .......................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2020 0625/04/SP/23 [Turn over

9 Fig. 9.1 shows the symbol for a 12 V battery.

12 V

Fig. 9.1

(a) Two lamps are connected in parallel with the battery. On Fig. 9.1, using the correct symbols,
complete the circuit diagram. [1]

(b) One of these lamps has a resistance of 6.0 Ω.

Calculate, for this lamp:

(i) the current

current = ...........................................................[1]

(ii) the power.

power = ...........................................................[2]

(c) The power of the other lamp is 36 W.

Calculate the total energy delivered to this lamp in 20 hours.

energy = ...........................................................[3]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2018 0625/41/O/N/18

8 (a) (i) Fig. 8.1 shows an electrical circuit. The resistor has a resistance of 4.0 Ω. The reading on
the voltmeter is 3.0 V.

Fig. 8.1

Calculate the current in the resistor.

current = .......................................................... [2]

(ii) Fig. 8.2 shows the same circuit with one component reversed.

Fig. 8.2

State the reading on the voltmeter and explain your answer.

reading = ...............................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2020 0625/43/O/N/20 [Turn over

10 Fig. 10.1 shows a circuit containing a filament lamp of resistance 0.30 Ω and two resistors, each of
resistance 0.20 Ω.

0.20 Ω
0.20 Ω

0.30 Ω

Fig. 10.1

(a) Calculate the combined resistance of the lamp and the two resistors.

resistance = ........................................................ [3]

(b) The potential difference (p.d.) of the supply is increased so that the current in the lamp
increases.

State and explain any change in the resistance of the lamp.

Statement .................................................................................................................................

Explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2019 0625/42/M/J/19

8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a 12.0 V battery connected to a resistor and a component X in series.

4.0
X

12.0 V

Fig. 8.1

(i) Identify the component X.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The p.d. across the 4.0 Ω resistor is 11.3 V.

Calculate

1. the p.d. across component X,

p.d. = ........................................................ [1]

2. the current in the 4.0 Ω resistor.

current = ........................................................ [2]

© UCLES 2015 0625/32/F/M/15

(b) The circuit in Fig. 8.1 is now modified as shown in Fig. 8.2.

8.0

4.0

12.0 V

Fig. 8.2

(i) Calculate

1. the current in the 8.0 Ω resistor,

current = ........................................................ [1]

2. the current in the battery.

current = ........................................................ [1]

(ii) The battery is now reversed.

State the current in the battery.

current = ........................................................ [1]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2015 0625/32/F/M/15 [Turn over

7 Fig. 7.1 shows a circuit diagram that includes component X.

A
X

20 Ω

30 Ω

Fig. 7.1

(a) State the name of component X.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the battery is E. The switch is closed.

The potential difference (p.d.) across the 30 Ω resistor is V30.

The p.d. across the 20 Ω resistor is V20.
The p.d. across component X is VX.

State an equation that relates VX to:

(i) V30

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) E and V20.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2019 0625/41/M/J/19

Calculate:

(i) the total resistance of the circuit

resistance = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) the ammeter reading.

reading = ......................................................... [2]

(d) The temperature of component X increases.

State and explain what happens to the ammeter reading.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2019 0625/41/M/J/19 [Turn over

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a circuit with an alternating current (a.c.) supply, a resistor and a diode.

Fig. 9.1

The frequency of the power supply is 50 Hz.

(a) Calculate the time period (time for one complete cycle) of the a.c. supply.

time = ......................................................... [2]

(b) The peak potential difference (p.d.) across the resistor is 340 V.

p.d. / V

0
0 time / s

Fig. 9.2

On Fig. 9.2:

(i) sketch a graph to show how the p.d. across the resistor varies with time for two cycles
[2]

(ii) label the p.d. axis with the value of p.d. at the peak [1]

(iii) label the time axis with two values of time. [2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/O/N/22 [Turn over

8 Fig. 8.1 shows a 12.0 V power supply connected in a circuit.

12.0 V

resistance
wire

A X B

sliding
contact

Fig. 8.1 (not to scale)

The circuit includes a lamp and a resistance wire AB of constant cross-sectional area. There is a
sliding contact that can be moved between A and B.

(a) The rating of the lamp at normal brightness is 6.0 V, 9.0 W.

Calculate

(i) the current in the lamp at normal brightness,

current = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) the resistance of the lamp at normal brightness.

resistance = ...........................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17

(b) AB is 1.00 m long and has a resistance of 5.0 Ω. The lamp has normal brightness when the
sliding contact is at X.

(i) The sliding contact is moved to B.

Explain, without a calculation, why the lamp becomes dimmer.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Calculate the distance AX for the lamp to have normal brightness.

distance AX = ...........................................................[3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17 [Turn over

7 Fig. 7.1 shows three identical lamps and an ammeter connected to a power supply.

power
supply

Fig. 7.1

The switches are closed. Each lamp is rated at 60 W and operates at its normal working voltage of
110 V.

(a) Calculate:

(i) the current in each lamp

current = ............................................................[2]

(ii) the current in the ammeter

current = ...........................................................[1]

(iii) the voltage of the power supply.

voltage = ...........................................................[1]

© UCLES 2018 0625/42/O/N/18

(b) (i) Calculate the resistance of the filament of one of the lamps when working normally.

resistance = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) Another lamp X has a filament with twice the resistance of each lamp in the circuit of
Fig. 7.1. The material and the temperature of the filament in lamp X is the same as the
filaments in the lamps in Fig. 7.1.

In Table 7.1, tick any box in the right-hand column that shows a possible difference
between the filament of lamp X and a filament of one of the lamps in the circuit.

Table 7.1

X has half the length

X has twice the length
X has one quarter the area of cross-section
X has half the area of cross-section
X has two times the area of cross-section
X has four times the area of cross-section
[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2018 0625/42/O/N/18 [Turn over

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a circuit containing an LED and two resistors in parallel, each of resistance R.

R R

3.7 V

Fig. 9.1

The normal operating voltage of the LED is 2.1 V and the normal current is 0.19 A.

(a) (i) The potential difference (p.d.) across the LED is measured with a voltmeter.

On Fig. 9.1, draw the symbol for this voltmeter connected to the circuit. [1]

(ii) The current in the LED is measured with an ammeter.

On Fig. 9.1, draw the symbol for this ammeter connected to the circuit. [1]

(b) Calculate the value of R when the LED is operating normally.

R = ........................................................ [5]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2019 0625/43/O/N/19 [Turn over

10 Fig. 10.1 shows an incomplete electrical circuit.

2.0 Ω C D

A B 6.0 Ω

E F
4.0 Ω

Fig. 10.1

(a) (i) A student completes the circuit and measures the current in the 6.0 Ω resistor.

On Fig. 10.1, draw an ammeter symbol in one gap and straight lines to indicate wires in
the other gaps to show how the student should do this. [1]

(ii) A voltmeter is connected to measure the potential difference (p.d.) across the 4.0 Ω
resistor.

On Fig. 10.1, draw a voltmeter symbol connected in the correct position. [2]

(iii) With the circuit completed, the current in the 2.0 Ω resistor is 2.5 A.

Calculate the current in the 6.0 Ω resistor.

current = ......................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2020 0625/42/O/N/20

(b) Fig. 10.2 shows the same electrical circuit with an alternating current (a.c.) power supply and
a wire in the gap AB.

2.0 Ω C D

A B 6.0 Ω

E F
4.0 Ω

Fig. 10.2

On Fig. 10.2, draw a diode symbol in one gap and a straight line to indicate a wire in the other
gap so that there is a current from right to left in the 4.0 Ω resistor and an alternating current
in the 2.0 Ω resistor. [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2020 0625/42/O/N/20 [Turn over

8 A circuit contains two fixed resistors and a light-dependent resistor (LDR). Fig. 8.1 shows that the
power supply is a 9.0 V battery.

9.0 V

450 Ω

800 Ω

Fig. 8.1

The current in the 450 Ω resistor is 0.012 A.

(a) State what is meant by electric current.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The current in the LDR is I1 and the current in the 800 Ω resistor is I2.

Complete the equation that relates the current in the 450 Ω resistor to I1 and I2.

current in the 450 Ω resistor = ............................................................................................. [1]

(c) Calculate the power dissipated in the 800 Ω resistor.

power = .......................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2021 0625/41/O/N/21

(d) The brightness of the light that is incident on the LDR increases.

Explain what happens to the potential difference (p.d.) across the 450 Ω resistor.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2021 0625/41/O/N/21 [Turn over

9 (a) The resistance of a circuit component varies with the brightness of the light falling on its
surface.

(i) State the name of the component.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Draw the circuit symbol for this component.

[1]

(b) Fig. 9.1 shows a 6.0 V battery connected in series with a 1.2 kΩ resistor and a thermistor.

1.2 kΩ

6.0 V

Fig. 9.1

(i) At a certain temperature, the resistance of the thermistor is 2.4 kΩ.

Calculate the reading on the voltmeter.

voltmeter reading = ...........................................................[4]

(ii) The battery connected to the circuit in Fig. 9.1 is not changed.

Suggest a change that would cause the reading of the voltmeter to decrease.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/M/J/17 [Turn over
12

8 Fig. 8.1 shows how the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a 60 Hz alternating current (a.c.) power
supply varies with time.

e.m.f.

0
0 time

time period

Fig. 8.1

(a) Calculate the time period of the a.c.

time period = ......................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 8.2 shows this power supply connected in a circuit.

A B C

Fig. 8.2

(i) State the name of component A.

.......................................................... [1]

(ii) In each time period of the a.c., 1.5 × 1017 electrons pass through component A. The
charge on an electron is 1.6 × 10–19 C.

Calculate the average current in the circuit during one time period.

current = ......................................................... [3]

(c) On Fig. 8.3:

1. mark, with an arrow labelled E, the direction of the electron flow through component B

2. mark, with an arrow labelled I, the direction of the conventional current in component C.

A B C

Fig. 8.3
[2]

(d) Fig. 8.4 shows a circuit with components B and C connected to a direct current (d.c.) power
supply of e.m.f. 12 V.

B C

Fig. 8.4

The current in the circuit is 0.35 A.

Calculate the power delivered by the power supply to the circuit.

↑

power = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22 [Turn over

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a circuit with a 3-position switch.

12 V

C
B
X
Y
A

Fig. 9.1

The moving part of the switch is always connected to point Y around which it pivots. The other end
of the moving part, labelled X, can be connected to one of the points A, B or C.

(a) The resistance of the motor is 2.0 Ω and the resistance of the resistor is 3.0 Ω.

Determine the current in the motor when the switch is connected to:

(i) point A

current = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) point B

current = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) point C.

current = ......................................................... [2]

(b) Two resistors of resistance 2.0 Ω and 3.0 Ω are connected in parallel.

Calculate the combined resistance of the resistors in this arrangement.

resistance = ......................................................... [3]

i
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22
14

9 A 12 V battery is connected in series to a 24 W lamp and to a parallel pair of identical resistors X

and Y. Fig. 9.1 is the circuit diagram.

12 V

A B
Y

Fig. 9.1
The 24 W lamp lights at normal brightness when the potential difference (p.d.) across it is 6.0 V.
The lamp is at normal brightness.

(a) Calculate the resistance of the lamp.

resistance = ...........................................................[3]

(b) Determine

(i) the p.d. between A and B,

p.d. = ...........................................................[1]

(ii) the combined resistance of the parallel pair of identical resistors X and Y,

resistance = ...........................................................[1]

(iii) the resistance of X.

resistance = ...........................................................[2]

© UCLES 2017 0625/43/M/J/17

(c) Resistor X is removed from the circuit in Fig 9.1.

Explain why the lamp becomes dimmer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2017 0625/43/M/J/17 [Turn over

8 Fig. 8.1 shows an electrical circuit.

Y V

Fig. 8.1

(a) The light intensity at the circuit increases from dark to bright.

State any effect on the resistance of component Y.

...................................................................................................................................................

State and explain any effect on the reading of the voltmeter.

ti
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) The circuit shown in Fig. 8.2 is switched on for 2.0 min.

12 V

4.0 Ω

Fig. 8.2

The current in the 4.0 Ω resistor is 3.0 A and the magnitude of the charge on an electron is
1.6 × 10–19 C.

(i) Calculate the number of electrons that pass through the resistor each second.

number = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) Calculate the power dissipated by the resistor.

power = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2022 0625/42/O/N/22
CHAPTER 4 : ELECTRICITY
Charge
8 Questions
10

7 (a) (i) State what is meant by an electric field.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Fig. 7.1 shows a small, positively charged sphere.

Fig. 7.1

On Fig. 7.1, sketch the pattern of the electric field in the space around the sphere. [2]

© UCLES 2015 0625/32/F/M/15

(b) Fig. 7.2 shows a metal sphere on an insulating support.

Fig. 7.2

A student has available two rods, one charged positively and one charged negatively. Using
one of these rods, she gives the sphere a uniform negative charge by induction.

State which rod she chooses, and describe the procedure she follows.

...................................................................................................................................................

. ..................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2015 0625/32/F/M/15 [Turn over

7 A plastic rod becomes negatively charged when it is rubbed with a woollen cloth.

(a) Describe, in terms of particles, how the rod becomes negatively charged when rubbed with
the cloth.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A light, conducting ball is at rest on a metal table. When the rod is brought close to the ball, as
shown in Fig. 7.1, the ball jumps up towards the rod.

rod

ball

metal table

Fig. 7.1

(i) Explain why the ball jumps up.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) The ball touches the rod and falls back down to the table.

Explain why this happens.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2021 0625/41/O/N/21 [Turn over

10 (a) Describe the movement of charge that causes an object to become positively charged.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Fig. 10.1 shows a negatively charged rod held over an uncharged metal sphere.

negatively
charged rod
– – – – – – – – –

uncharged metal sphere

insulating support

Fig. 10.1

(i) On Fig. 10.1, add + and – signs to represent the results of the movement of charge
within the sphere. [2]

(ii) Describe the actions that must be taken to obtain an even distribution of positive charge
on the surface of the sphere.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2017 0625/41/M/J/17

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a conducting ball that oscillates between two charged plates.

clamp
insulating
thread

positive plate
negative plate

ball

+ –

very high sensitive

voltage supply ammeter

Fig. 9.1

As the ball oscillates, it touches each plate in turn.

(a) Referring to the charge on the ball, explain why the ball moves to the positive plate after
touching the negative plate.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) State which particles move when there is a current and state the direction in which they move
through the sensitive ammeter.

particles: ...................................................................................................................................

direction: ...................................................................................................................................
[2]

8 (a) (i) Fig. 8.1 shows a positively charged cube of insulating material. The cube is fixed to a
piece of wood that is floating on water. A negatively charged rod is held above the piece
of wood and brought close to the cube, as shown.

positively charged cube

of insulating material
negatively charged rod

+ – –
+ –
+

piece of wood
floating on water

Fig. 8.1

State and explain any movement of the piece of wood.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Fig. 8.2 shows two cubes of insulating material. One is positively charged and the other
is negatively charged. The cubes are fixed to a piece of wood that is floating on water.
Charged rods are held above the piece of wood and brought close to the cubes, as
shown.

negatively charged cube negatively charged rod

of insulating material
– –
–
+ positively charged cube
– +
– + of insulating material
–
+ +
piece of wood
floating on water

positively charged rod

Fig. 8.2

State and explain any movement of the piece of wood.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) In terms of a simple electron model, describe the differences between conductors and
insulators.

conductors ................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

insulators ..................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

Fig. 8.3
[1]

[Total: 7]

9 (a) Describe what is meant by the term electric field.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Fig. 9.1 shows two parallel conducting plates connected to a battery.

conducting plate

Fig. 9.1

On Fig. 9.1, draw five lines to show the electric field pattern between the two plates. [2]

(i) Calculate the charge that can be delivered by the fully charged battery.

charge = ........................................................ [3]

(ii) Calculate the energy stored in the battery when fully charged.

energy stored = ........................................................ [2]

(iii) State the type of energy stored when the battery is charged.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

(c) For each complete oscillation of the ball moving between the plates, a charge of 8.5 × 10–10 C
is transferred from one plate to the other. The frequency of oscillation is 4.0 Hz.

Calculate the current shown on the sensitive ammeter.

current = .......................................................... [3]

[Total: 7]

CHAPTER 5 : NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Magnets & Currents
23 Questions
16

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a horizontal wire PQ placed in the gap between the N pole and the S pole of a
magnet.

N S

Fig. 9.1

There is a current in the wire in the direction P to Q.

A force acts on the current-carrying wire in the magnetic field.

(a) On Fig. 9.1, draw

(i) an arrow, labelled M to show the direction of the magnetic field in the gap between the
poles of the magnet, [1]

(ii) an arrow, labelled F to show the direction of the force on the current-carrying wire due to
the magnetic field of the magnet. [1]

(b) State the effect of reversing the direction of the current in wire PQ.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

Fig. 9.2

(i) On Fig. 9.2, sketch the pattern of the magnetic field due to the current in the wire.
Indicate the field direction. [3]

(ii) The current in PQ is increased.

State the effect of this change in current on the magnetic field.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) A small magnet is placed at a point where the magnetic field is vertically upwards. State the
direction of the force on the S pole of the small magnet.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 8]

10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows a wire that carries a current into the page.
The circles on Fig. 10.1 show the pattern of the magnetic field around the wire.

Fig. 10.1

(i) On Fig. 10.1, draw an arrow on each circle to show the direction of the magnetic field. [1]

(ii) State why the spacing of the circles increases as the distance from the wire increases.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Fig. 10.2 shows an electric door lock.

The slot in the door contains an unmagnetised iron bolt attached to a spring.
The slot in the door frame is empty. This slot is surrounded by the coils of a solenoid.

In Fig. 10.2 the door is unlocked. The spring is not stretched.

door door frame

spring solenoid

unmagnetised
iron bolt

Fig. 10.2

In Fig. 10.3 the door is locked. The spring is now stretched.

Fig. 10.3

The bolt is initially in the position shown in Fig. 10.2.

Describe and explain what happens when

(i) the switch S is closed,

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(ii) the switch S is reopened.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

12 Fig. 12.1 shows a transformer.

240 V
mains

8000
turns

Fig. 12.1

There are 8000 turns in the primary coil of the transformer. The primary coil is connected to a
240 V mains supply. A 6.0 V lamp connected to the secondary coil operates at full brightness.

(a) Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil.

number of turns = .......................................................... [2]

(b) The current in the lamp is 2.0 A. The transformer operates with 100% efficiency.

Calculate the current in the primary circuit.

current = .......................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

10 A transformer consists of two coils of wire wound on a metal core. Fig. 10.1 represents the
transformer.

core

primary coil secondary coil

Fig. 10.1

(a) State the name of the metal from which the core is made.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The primary coil of the transformer is connected to the output voltage of an a.c. generator
which supplies an alternating current.

(i) Explain why there is a voltage between the two terminals of the secondary coil.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) There are 560 turns on the primary coil and 910 turns on the secondary coil of the
transformer. The voltage between the two terminals of the secondary coil is 78 V.

Calculate the voltage supplied by the a.c. generator.

generator voltage = ............................................................[2]

Explain why power losses in the cables are lower when the voltage is high.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 8]

10 Fig. 10.1 shows a transformer that consists of two coils P and Q, and an iron core.

iron core

coil P coil Q
200 turns 340 turns

Fig. 10.1

There are 200 turns on coil P and 340 turns on coil Q.

A 4.0 V a.c. power supply is connected to coil P.

(a) (i) Explain why there is a voltage between the two terminals of coil Q.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Explain why the core of the transformer is made of soft iron.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) (i) Calculate the voltage between the two terminals of coil Q.

voltage = ...........................................................[2]

(ii) A heater is connected to coil Q. The current in the heater is 3.5 A. The transformer is
100% efficient.

Calculate the current in coil P.

current = ...........................................................[2]

State and explain one economic effect of transmitting electrical energy at a high voltage.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 10]

11 (a) Fig. 11.1 shows a solenoid connected to a battery.

solenoid

battery

Fig. 11.1

On Fig. 11.1, draw the pattern of the magnetic field inside and around the solenoid. Indicate
the direction of the magnetic field with an arrow. [3]

(b) Electrical power is transmitted at a voltage of 400 kV. A transformer reduces the voltage to
33 kV for use by heavy industry in large factories. The number of turns on the primary coil of
the transformer is 11 000.

Calculate the number of turns on the secondary coil of the transformer.

number of turns = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

7 Fig. 7.1 shows a small plotting compass which is aligned with the magnetic field between magnetic
poles A and B of a U-shaped magnet.

A S N B

Fig. 7.1

(a) State the polarity of the poles.

pole A ........................................................................................................................................

pole B .......................................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Fig. 7.2 shows a wire, placed between two poles, carrying a current in the direction of the
arrow.

Fig. 7.2

On Fig. 7.2, draw an arrow to show the direction of the force on the wire due to the magnetic
field. [2]

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a bar magnet and four plotting compasses A, B, C and D.

C A

bar magnet

Fig. 9.1

On Fig. 9.1:

(i) draw an arrow on each of the three plotting compasses B, C and D to show the direction
of the magnetic field [2]

(ii) label the magnetic poles of the bar magnet N and S. [1]

(b) Describe one method for demagnetising a bar magnet.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(i) Draw the pattern of the magnetic field produced around the wire. Show clearly the
direction of the magnetic field.

Fig. 9.2
[2]

(ii) The direction of the current in the wire is reversed. The magnitude of the current is
unchanged.

State the effect that reversing the current has on the magnetic field produced.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

7 This question is about the magnetic fields around bar magnets. Fig. 7.1 shows two positions used
by a student doing an experiment.

position 1 position 2

Fig. 7.1

(a) Fig. 7.2 shows a magnet, labelled magnet 1, placed on position 1.

magnet 1 position 2

S N

Fig. 7.2

On Fig. 7.2, draw lines to show the pattern of the magnetic field produced by magnet 1.
Place arrows on the lines to show the direction of the field. [3]

(b) Magnet 1 is removed from position 1. Fig. 7.3 shows another magnet, labelled magnet 2,
placed on position 2.

position 1 magnet 2

N S

Fig. 7.3

On Fig. 7.3, draw, at the right-hand end of position 1, a line with an arrow to show the direction
of the magnetic field produced by magnet 2. [1]

magnet 1 magnet 2

S N N S

Fig. 7.4

(i) State the direction of the force that the N pole of magnet 2 exerts on the N pole of
magnet 1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Justify your answer to (c)(i).

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows the gap between the N-pole and the S-pole of a magnet.

N S

Fig. 10.1

The magnetic field in the gap is uniform.

On Fig. 10.1, draw four field lines to show the pattern and direction of the magnetic field in the
gap. [2]

(b) Fig. 10.2 shows a horizontal copper wire PQ between two opposite magnetic poles.

N S
A
copper
wire P

Fig. 10.2

A circuit is made by connecting a sensitive digital ammeter between P and Q. The wire PQ is
then moved vertically downwards.

(i) State and explain what is observed on the ammeter.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) State what is observed on the ammeter when PQ is moved

1. vertically downwards at a greater speed,

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

2. vertically upwards at the same speed as in 1.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 7]

10 A solenoid is held in a vertical position. The solenoid is connected to a sensitive, centre-zero

ammeter.

A vertical bar magnet is held stationary at position X just above the upper end of the solenoid as
shown in Fig. 10.1.

S
position X magnet
N

solenoid
A

position Y magnet

Fig. 10.1

The magnet is released and it falls through the solenoid. During the initial stage of the fall, the
sensitive ammeter shows a small deflection to the left.

(a) Explain why the ammeter shows a deflection.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The magnet passes the middle point of the solenoid and continues to fall. It reaches
position Y.

Describe and explain what is observed on the ammeter as the magnet falls from the middle
point of the solenoid to position Y.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 7]

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a simple direct current (d.c.) electric motor. The coil rotates about the axis when
there is a current in the coil. The coil is connected to the rest of the circuit by the brushes.

axis
coil

S
N
brush
brush

+ –

Fig. 9.1

(a) (i) On Fig. 9.1, draw a pair of arrows to show which way the coil rotates. Explain the direction
you have chosen.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) On Fig. 9.1, draw an arrow to show the direction in which electrons flow through the coil.
[1]

(iii) Explain why the electrons flow in the direction you have shown in (a)(ii).

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State any difference each of the following changes makes to the rotation of the coil in
Fig. 9.1:

(i) changing the polarity of the power supply to that shown in Fig. 9.2

– +

Fig. 9.2

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) changing the coil to the new coil shown in Fig. 9.3

original coil new coil

Fig. 9.3

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) using a stronger magnetic field.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

8 A student turns the handle of an alternating current (a.c.) generator and the coil rotates.

Fig. 8.1 represents the structure of the a.c. generator.

handle
coil

N S
slip rings
coil

voltage
output

brush

Fig. 8.1

(a) There is an alternating voltage output between the two terminals.

(i) Explain why rotating the coil produces an output voltage.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) State the position of the rotating coil when the alternating output voltage is at a maximum
value and explain why the maximum output occurs at this position.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) A lamp and an open switch are connected in series to the output terminals of the a.c.
generator.

The switch is closed and the lamp lights up. The student has to apply a greater force on the
handle.

Explain why a greater force is needed to keep the lamp lit.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 8]

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a permanent bar magnet next to a circuit that contains a coil and a galvanometer.

N S

Fig. 9.1

(a) Suggest a metal from which the magnet is made.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The magnet is moved to the left and inserted a small distance into the coil. The galvanometer
deflects briefly and shows that there is a current in the coil.

(i) Explain why there is a current in the coil.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) As the magnet is moving near to the coil, end Q of the coil behaves as a magnetic pole.

State the polarity of end Q and explain why it has this polarity.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 7]

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a simple electric motor with a single rectangular coil between magnetic poles X
and Y.

coil

X Y

Fig. 9.1

(a) (i) Add labels to the empty boxes to the right of Fig. 9.1, to identify the parts indicated. [2]
(ii) The coil rotates in a clockwise direction when viewed from point P.

State which of the magnetic poles, X or Y, is the N-pole. .............................................. [1]

(b) (i) Suggest two changes that cause the motor to spin faster.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) State the effect on the motor of reversing the connections to the battery.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

Explain why there is a current in the resistor.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]

9 (a) Describe how to demagnetise a bar magnet using alternating current (a.c.) in a coil.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Fig. 9.1 shows a simple direct current (d.c.) motor.

d.c. power supply

split-ring
commutator

N S

coil

Fig. 9.1

(i) Explain the purpose of the split-ring commutator.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) The voltage of the power supply is increased.

State the effect this has on the motor.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a coil of wire wound on a thin plastic cylinder. The plastic has no effect on any
magnetic field. The galvanometer is extremely sensitive.

magnet

coil of wire
S N B
A

small trolley

plastic cylinder

Fig. 7.1

A magnet is fixed to a small trolley that runs without friction on a track through the cylinder
and coil.

(i) The trolley is released from point A so it runs through the coil from right to left.

State and explain what is observed on the galvanometer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The trolley is now released from point B so it runs through the coil from right to left again.

State what is observed on the galvanometer and explain why it is different to your answer
in (a)(i).

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Fig. 7.2 shows an extension lead used to supply power to a 3 kW electric heater on a cool
evening.

damp grass
3 kW electric
heater

cut in outer
insulation

plug and socket

lying on grass
paved area
extension lead designed
for use with a 25 W lamp

Fig. 7.2

State and explain three dangers with this arrangement.

danger 1 ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

danger 2 ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

danger 3 ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

[Total: 8]

8 A bar magnet is made of metal.

(a) Suggest a metal from which the bar magnet is made.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Fig. 8.1 shows the bar magnet being inserted into a coil of wire. The N-pole and the S-pole of
the bar magnet are marked.

movement coil
of magnet

S N

Fig. 8.1

The coil is connected to a galvanometer.

(i) Explain why the galvanometer deflects as the bar magnet is being inserted into the coil.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Explain what determines the direction of the reading on the galvanometer.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Describe a method for demagnetising a bar magnet.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 8]

6 Fig. 6.1 shows two bar magnets.

N S

Fig. 6.1

(a) On Fig. 6.1, sketch the pattern and the direction of the magnetic field lines between the bar
magnets. [2]

(b) Fig. 6.2 shows the same bar magnets with a coil of wire between them.

direction of
rotation handle

N S

galvanometer
A

Fig. 6.2

(i) Name the parts labelled A in Fig. 6.2.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The coil of wire is rotated in the direction shown in Fig. 6.2.

On Fig. 6.2, draw an arrow to show the direction of the current in the coil. Explain your
answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Explain how rotating the coil in Fig. 6.2 continuously causes the galvanometer needle to
show an alternating current.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

8 A radio is connected to the mains supply using a step-down transformer.

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a basic step-down transformer.

[3]

(b) Explain the operation of a basic transformer.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) The voltage of the mains supply is 230 V. The output voltage of the transformer is 6.0 V.
Ns
Calculate the value of the turns ratio ( ). Give your answer to two significant figures.
Np

value of turns ratio = ..................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

10 Fig. 10.1 shows a simple alternating current generator.

rotation
of coil

coil

N S

P
output
Q

Fig. 10.1

(a) On Fig. 10.2, sketch a graph to show how the electromotive force (e.m.f.) induced varies with
time for one revolution of the coil. Assume that the coil starts in the horizontal position, as
shown in Fig. 10.1.
Label the points on the time axis where the coil has completed 1/4 revolution and
3/4 revolution. [3]

e.m.f.

0
0 time

Fig. 10.2

(b) Explain why an e.m.f. is induced only when the coil is turning.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

Name: .......................................................................................................................................

Purpose: ...................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) State two possible changes that cause a larger e.m.f. to be induced.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

9 A circuit contains a battery, a variable resistor and a solenoid. Fig. 9.1 shows the magnetic field
pattern produced by the current in the solenoid.

solenoid

magnetic field line

Fig. 9.1

(a) (i) State how the magnetic field pattern indicates regions where the magnetic field is
stronger.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State what happens to the magnetic field when the current in the circuit is reversed.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A second solenoid is placed next to the first solenoid.

Fig. 9.2 shows the second solenoid connected to a very sensitive ammeter.

very
sensitive
ammeter
A

second solenoid

Fig. 9.2

(i) The variable resistor is adjusted so that its resistance changes quickly.
State and explain what is seen to happen in the circuit of the second solenoid.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) The variable resistor is adjusted much more slowly than in (i).
State and explain the difference in what is seen to happen in the circuit of the second
solenoid.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 7]

7 An electromagnet consists of a solenoid X that is made of copper wire. The solenoid contains an
iron core.

(a) Explain why:

(i) the structure of copper makes it a suitable material for the wire

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) iron is a suitable material for the core of an electromagnet.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Fig. 7.1 shows the electromagnet inside a second solenoid Y.

terminals of Y

solenoid X iron core

solenoid Y

a.c. power supply

Fig. 7.1

(i) Describe and explain what happens in solenoid Y when solenoid X is connected to an
alternating current (a.c.) power supply.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) A switch and a lamp are connected in series with the terminals of solenoid Y. When the
switch is closed, the lamp lights up at normal brightness.

Describe and explain what happens to the current in solenoid X when the switch is
closed.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

10 (a) (i) An americium (Am) nucleus decays by the emission of an α-particle into a neptunium
(Np) nucleus.

Complete the nuclear equation for this decay.

241
95
Am →
[2]

(ii) Americium is used in smoke detectors.

Explain why beta (β) emitters or gamma (γ) emitters are not used in smoke detectors.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The half-life of this americium nuclide is 470 years. A sample of this nuclide contains
8.0 × 1014 atoms. After some time, 6.0 × 1014 americium atoms have decayed.

Calculate the time required for this decay.

time = .......................................................... [3]

[Total: 6]

11 (a) State, in terms of the particles in each nucleus, how the nuclei of two isotopes of the same
element are different.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Fig. 11.1 shows a graph of nucleon number against proton number. The nucleus 21 2 Bi is
83
plotted on the graph at the cross marked P.

213
P
212

nucleon 211
number
210

209

208
79 80 81 82 83 84
proton number

Fig. 11.1
(i) On Fig. 11.1,

1. plot a cross labelled Q for the nucleus formed when the 21 2 Bi nucleus emits an
83
α-particle,

2. plot a cross labelled R for the nucleus formed when the 21 2 Bi nucleus emits a
83
β-particle.
[4]

(ii) The half-life for the decay of 21823 Bi is 60 minutes.

A sample of 21823 Bi is placed at a fixed distance from a detector. The initial measurement
of the count rate from the sample of 21823 Bi is 2400 counts per minute.

Calculate the count rate from the sample 5.0 hours later.

count-rate = ...........................................................[2]

[Total: 7]

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.

11 (a) A radon-222 nucleus contains 86 protons and 136 neutrons. It decays by emitting an
α-particle and becomes a nucleus of an isotope of polonium. The symbol for radon is Rn and
the symbol for polonium is Po.

Write down the nuclide equation for this decay.

[3]

(b) Carbon-14 is radioactive with a half-life of 5700 years. An animal bone is dug up in an
archaeological excavation. The quantity of carbon-14 in the bone is 25% of what it was when
the bone was buried.

Calculate the time that has elapsed since it was buried.

time = .............................................. years [2]

[Total: 5]

10 (a) A detector of ionising radiation measures the background count rate in a classroom where
there are no radioactive samples present.

The readings, in counts/minute, taken over a period of time are shown in Table 10.1.

Table 10.1

counts / minute 16 12 14 16 15 17

(i) State two possible sources of this background radiation.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Explain why the readings are not the same.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) With no radioactive sample present, a scientist records a background radiation count of
40 counts / minute.
He brings a radioactive sample close to the detector. The count rate increases to
200 counts / minute.
After 24 days the count rate is 50 counts / minute.

Calculate the half-life of the radioactive sample.

half-life = ...........................................................[4]

11 The radioactive isotope bismuth-210 (210

83 Bi) decays by β-particle emission to an isotope of
polonium (Po).

(a) Complete the nuclide equation that represents this decay.

210 Bi ..... .....
83 ..... Po + ..... β
[3]

(b) A radiation detector is placed on a bench in a laboratory where there are no artificial sources
of radiation. The detector is switched on.

In seven one-minute periods, the detector displays these readings.

24 22 25 25 21 20 24

(i) Explain why, in the absence of any artificial source, there are readings on the detector.
Suggest one origin of this effect.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Explain why the readings obtained are not all the same.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) The half-life of bismuth-210 is 5.0 days.

A sample of bismuth-210 is brought close to the detector and in one minute, the reading
displayed is 487. The equipment is left in the same place for exactly 10 days.

Predict the reading in a one-minute period at the end of this time.

reading = ...........................................................[3]

[Total: 9]

10 (a) A radioactive nucleus of carbon decays to a nucleus of nitrogen by emitting a particle.

Complete the nuclide equation and state the name of the particle.

14 C 14 N + ..... X
6 7 .....

name of particle X …………………………………………….. [3]

(b) A radiation detector in a laboratory records a reading of 10 counts / min. There are no
radioactive samples in the laboratory.

(i) Explain why the radiation detector records a reading and suggest a possible source.

explanation ....................................................

source ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5700 years. There are atoms of carbon-14 in all living
organisms.

An archaeologist digs up some ancient wood. In the same laboratory as in (b)(i), a

sample of this ancient wood gives a reading of 20 counts / min. An equivalent sample of
living wood gives a reading of 80 counts / min. It is suggested that the age of the ancient
sample is 11 400 years.

Do a calculation to check whether this suggestion is correct.

[4]

[Total: 9]

⑳
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CHAPTER 5 : NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Atomic Rays
17 Questions
14

9 An extremely violent nuclear reaction is taking place at the centre of the Sun. It is this reaction that
enables the Sun to emit both a very large quantity of energy and an extremely large number of
charged particles.

(a) Name the type of nuclear reaction taking place in the Sun.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Many of the charged particles produced by the Sun are emitted from its surface at high
speeds and travel out into space.

(i) Explain why these particles constitute an electric current.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State the equation that relates the electric current I to the charge Q that is flowing. Define
any other terms in the equation.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Some of the particles emitted by the Sun travel straight towards the Earth until they enter the
Earth’s magnetic field. Because they constitute a current, they experience a force and are
deflected.

(i) Describe the relationship between the direction of the force and

1. the direction of the current,

................................................................................................................................[1]

2. the direction of the magnetic field.

................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) A negatively charged particle is travelling in a magnetic field. This is represented in

Fig. 9.1. The direction of the magnetic field is into the page.

direction of travel
of particle

magnetic field
into page

negative particle

Fig. 9.1

On Fig. 9.1, draw an arrow, labelled F, to show the direction of the force that acts on the
particle. [1]

[Total: 6]

S
β-particle

N
direction of travel of β-particle
when in the position shown

Fig. 7.3

On Fig. 7.3, draw an arrow to show the direction of the force on the β-particle due to the
magnetic field. [2]

[Total: 5]

www.dynamicpapers.com
-x
>
14

10 (a) The nucleus of a hydrogen atom is a proton. The mass of a proton is m and the size of the
charge on a proton is e.
Complete Table 10.1. Express your answers in terms of m and e. Three spaces have already
been completed.

Table 10.1

particle or emission mass charge

proton m e

neutron m

γ-ray
nucleus of helium-4
( 42He)
[4]

(b) Many schools and colleges use radioactive isotopes for teaching and research. Describe how
these radioactive isotopes are handled, used and stored in a safe way.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 7]

222
11 Radon-222 is radioactive. It can be represented as 86
Rn.

(a) For a neutral atom of radon-222, state

1. the number of protons, ...........................

2. the number of neutrons, ...........................

3. the number of electrons. ...........................

[2]

(b) A radon-222 nucleus decays by α-particle emission to a polonium (Po) nucleus.

Complete the equation for the decay of radon-222.

222
86
Rn [2]

(c) Radon-222 has a half-life of 3.8 days.

At a certain time, a sample contains 6.4 × 106 radon nuclei.

Calculate the number of α-particles emitted by the radon nuclei in the following 7.6 days.

number = ...........................................................[3]

[Total: 7]

11 (a) Fig. 11.1 shows data about nine elements.

proton number element symbol

2 helium He
3 lithium Li
4 beryllium Be
5 boron B
6 carbon C
7 nitrogen N
8 oxygen O
9 fluorine F
10 neon Ne

Fig. 11.1

Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope with a nucleon number of 14. It decays by emitting

β-particles.

Use any data you need from Fig. 11.1 to write down the nuclide equation for this decay.

[4]

(b) A radioactive sample is placed close to a detector. The radioactive isotope in the sample has
a long half-life. The detector records a count rate of 597 counts / s.

Fig. 11.2 shows the readings when different materials are placed between the radioactive
sample and the detector.

count rate
material
counts / s
a sheet of paper 602
a piece of thin aluminium 598
a piece of thin lead 510

Fig. 11.2

Explain whether any α-particles, β-particles or γ-rays are emitted by the radioactive sample.

α-particles .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

β-particles .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

γ-rays ........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 7]

10 Some older types of oscilloscope contain a cathode-ray tube.

(a) In a cathode-ray tube,

(i) 1. state the purpose of the heater,

...........................................................................................................................................

2. identify the electrode that emits electrons,

...........................................................................................................................................

3. identify the electrode that accelerates electrons.

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Explain why the space inside the tube is a vacuum.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The trace shown in Fig. 10.1 is seen on the screen of the tube.

Fig. 10.1

State

(i) what causes the up and down movement of the electron beam,

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) what causes the horizontal movement of the electron beam,

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) how the peak-to-peak height of the trace on the screen can be reduced.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

11 In a famous experiment, a beam consisting of a very large number of α-particles was projected, in
a vacuum, at a very thin gold foil.

Fig. 11.1 shows the paths of three of the α-particles A, B and C travelling towards the foil.

gold foil

Fig. 11.1

α-particle A is travelling along a line which does not pass very close to a gold nucleus.
α-particle B is travelling along a line which passes close to a gold nucleus.
α-particle C is travelling directly towards a gold nucleus.

(a) Explain why an α-particle and a gold nucleus repel each other.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) On Fig. 11.1, draw lines with arrows to show the continuation of the paths of α-particles A, B
and C. [3]

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 6]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

11 (a) State two differences between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Radioactive tracers emitting γ-rays can be used in medicine. The half-life of the source of
these γ-rays is 6 hours.

(i) Explain why a source of γ-rays used in this way should not have a half-life shorter or
longer than about 6 hours.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Technetium-99 is a source of γ-rays often used as a radioactive tracer. It is produced

from molybdenum-99 which emits β-particles. The symbol for technetium is Tc and the
symbol for molybdenum is Mo.

Complete the nuclide equation for this decay.

99
..... .....
42 Mo ..... Tc + ..... β
[3]

(iii) Technetium-99 is a radioactive nuclide.

State another use of radioactive nuclides in medicine.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

11 (a) An underground water pipe has cracked and water is leaking into the surrounding ground.

Fig. 11.1 shows a technician locating the position of the leak.

technician

ground surface

water that leaked

metal water pipe into ground

crack in water pipe

Fig. 11.1

A radioactive isotope is introduced into the water supply and the water that leaks from the
crack is radioactive.

The technician tries to locate an area above the pipe where the radioactive count rate is
higher than in the surrounding area.

(i) State and explain the type of radiation that must be emitted by the isotope for the leak to
be detected.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) The half-life of the isotope used is 6.0 hours.

Explain why an isotope with this half-life is suitable.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Caesium-133 is a stable isotope of the element caesium, but caesium-135 is radioactive.

A nucleus of caesium-133 contains 78 neutrons and a nucleus of caesium-135 contains

80 neutrons.

Put one tick in each row of the table to indicate how the number of particles in a neutral atom
of caesium-133 compares with the number of particles in a neutral atom of caesium-135.

The first row has been completed already.

particles in caesium-133
2 more than 1 more than equal to 1 fewer than 2 fewer than
caesium-135 caesium-135 caesium-135 caesium-135 caesium-135
number of
neutrons ✓

number of
protons
number of
nucleons
number of
electrons

[2]

[Total: 6]

8 (a) (i) Describe what is meant by an electric field.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State what is meant by the direction of an electric field.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 8.1 shows a polystyrene ball covered with aluminium paint. The polystyrene ball is
suspended between two charged metal plates by an insulated thread.

insulated thread

negatively charged
metal plate
positively
charged
metal plate polystyrene ball
covered with
aluminium paint

Fig. 8.1

The ball oscillates between the two charged plates.

Explain why the ball oscillates.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(c) There is a current of 0.29 A in an electrical circuit.

Calculate the time taken for a charge of 15 C to flow through the electrical circuit.

time = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a beam of α-particles moving towards a thin sheet of gold in a vacuum.

gold sheet

beam of α-particles

detectors

vacuum

Fig. 9.1

Detectors in the region surrounding the thin gold sheet detect the α-particles and determine
the number of particles that travel in various directions.

State and explain what can be deduced from the following observations.

(i) The majority of the α-particles pass through the gold sheet undeflected and are detected
on the far side.

deduction ...........................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) A small number of α-particles are deflected as they pass through the gold sheet.

deduction ...........................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) A very small number of α-particles are deflected through very large angles or return back
the way they came.

deduction ...........................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) A beam that consists of both α-particles and β-particles is passed through a region of space
where there is a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the beam.

State two ways in which the deflection of the α-particles differs from that of the β-particles.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

(c) Draw a line between each type of ionising radiation and its property and another line between
the property and its use. One has been done for you.

Name of Property Use

ionising
radiation

It is the most
ionising radiation
Remotely detecting
and is most easily
X-ray leaks in underground
absorbed by very
water pipes
small amounts of
substance

Penetration is
affected by small
Detecting fractures in
α-particle changes in the
bones
amount of solid it is
passing through

It is highly
Detecting smoke in a
β-particle penetrating and is
fire alarm system
poorly ionising

Can pass easily

Detecting a change in
through soft living
the thickness of
γ-ray tissue. Calcium
aluminium foil during
absorbs more than
its manufacture
soft tissue
[3]

[Total: 10]

10 (a) A cloud chamber can be used to detect α (alpha)-particles and β (beta)-particles. Alcohol in
the cloud chamber exists as a vapour and condenses on ions produced in the air. This forms
visible tracks.

Fig. 10.1 shows the tracks when a source of α-particles and β-particles is present in the cloud
chamber.

cloud chamber

alcohol vapour
in air
source of
α-particles
and β-particles

Fig. 10.1

Some of the tracks are short and thick. Other tracks are longer and thinner.

State and explain which tracks are produced by α-particles and which tracks are produced by
β-particles.

α-particles .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

β-particles .................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) A radioactive isotope of sodium (Na) is used to detect leaks from water pipes. A nucleus of
this isotope of sodium contains 11 protons and 13 neutrons. This nucleus decays by emitting
a β-particle to form a nucleus of magnesium (Mg).

(i) Describe what is meant by an isotope.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Write down the nuclide equation for the decay of this isotope of sodium to magnesium.

[3]

(iii) This isotope of sodium has a half-life of 15 hours. The isotope of magnesium is stable
and does not undergo radioactive decay.

Suggest why these properties of the isotope of sodium and the isotope of magnesium
make this isotope of sodium suitable to detect leaks from water pipes.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

11 (a) Fig. 11.1 shows a beam of α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays directed between two metal
plates P and Q.

P + + + + + + + +

beam of
α-particles, β-particles
and γ-rays
Q – – – – – – – –

Fig. 11.1

The metal plates are parallel and there is a large potential difference (p.d.) between them.
Plate P is positive and plate Q is negative.

On Fig. 11.1, draw the paths of each of the radiations between the plates and after leaving
the plates.

Label the paths α, β and γ. [5]

(b) State and explain one practical application of γ-rays.

application ................................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 7]

10 Two of the isotopes of hydrogen are hydrogen-2 ( 12H ) and hydrogen-3 ( 13H ).

(a) (i) State one similarity in the composition of their nuclei.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe how a nucleus of hydrogen-3 differs from a nucleus of hydrogen-2.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) In a nuclear fusion reactor, a nucleus of hydrogen-2 fuses with a nucleus of hydrogen-3 at
an extremely high temperature. This fusion reaction produces an isotope of element X and
releases a neutron.

(i) Explain why an extremely high temperature is needed when forcing these two nuclei
together.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Using nuclide notation, complete the equation for this reaction.

2 3
1H + 1H

[2]

[Total: 8]

10 (a) The magnitude of the charge on a β (beta)-particle is 1.6 × 10–19 C.

(i) State the proton number and nucleon number of an α (alpha)-particle.

proton number ...................................................................................................................

nucleon number ................................................................................................................

[2]

(ii) Determine the magnitude of the charge of an α (alpha)-particle.

charge ...............................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) A nucleus of radium-230 consists of 88 protons and 142 neutrons. Radium-230 is radioactive
and decays by β (beta)-emission to an isotope of actinium. The symbol for radium is Ra and
the symbol for actinium is Ac.

Write down the nuclide equation for this decay.

[3]

Calculate the mass of radium in the sample after 279 min.

mass = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

9 Uranium-235 (235
92U) is a radioactive isotope of uranium that occurs naturally on Earth.

(a) Describe the composition and structure of a neutral atom of uranium-235.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) Another isotope of uranium is uranium-238.

Describe how an atom of uranium-238 differs from an atom of uranium-235.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) In the reactor in a nuclear power station, a nucleus of uranium-235 absorbs a slow-moving
neutron and then undergoes nuclear fission.

Two neutrons, a nucleus of xenon-140 (140

54Xe) and a nucleus of an element represented by E
are produced.

Complete the equation for this fission reaction.

235U 140Xe
...........
n + 92 54 + ........... E + 2n

[2]

(d) Xenon-140 (140

54Xe) is radioactive. It decays by β-emission to isotope Q.

Determine:

(i) the proton number of Q ............................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the nucleon number of Q. ............................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 9]

CHAPTER 6 : SPACE PHYSICS
Star
1 Question
15

11 (a) Describe and explain how a stable star is formed.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Describe and explain what can be deduced from cosmic microwave background radiation
(CMBR).

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 6]

CAMBRIDGE IGCSE PHYSICS - DIGITAL TEXTBOOK, CHAPTER 24

QUESTION FROM CHAPTER 6 - SAVEMYEXAMS

⑯6
N

W
in
-
⑲

⑧
·
-

0 The solar system

Source:Physics for CAMBRIDGEIGCSE

by David Sang

Asteroids & comets

also orbits the Sun other than these planets.

(Asteroid belt lies
Asteroid
* is a small rocky objectwhich orbits the Sun

between Mars and Jupiter)

comets
* are made of dustand ice
Question from Chapter 6 : savemyexams
List of equations
v=s
t ∆p = ρg∆h

average speed = total distance travelled T (in K) = θ (in °C) + 273

total time taken
pV = constant
c = ∆E/m∆θ
a = ∆v
∆t
v = fλ
g= W sin i
m n=
m sin r
ρ=
V
n= 1
sin c
k= F I=
Q
x t
F = ma
E= W
Q
moment = force × perpendicular distance from the
pivot V= W
Q
p = mv
impulse = F∆t = ∆(mv) R= V
I
∆p
F= P = IV
∆t
E = IVt
Ek = 1 mv2
2
R V
∆Ep = mg∆h 1
= 1
R V
2 2
W = Fd = ∆E
Vp Np
(useful energy output) =
(%) efficiency = (×100%) Vs Ns
(total energy input)
(useful power output) IpVp = IsVs
(%) efficiency = (×100%)
(total power input) P = I 2R
v = 2πr
P= W T
t H0 = v
∆E d
P=
t d= 1
p= F v H
0
A

-
338

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