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Chapter-3-Velocity-and-Acceleration

The document explains the concepts of speed, velocity, and acceleration, highlighting the importance of a reference point in describing motion. It defines distance and displacement, providing formulas for calculating both, and distinguishes between speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). Additionally, it covers how to calculate acceleration and includes various examples and exercises to reinforce understanding.

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Michelle Pacheco
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4 views

Chapter-3-Velocity-and-Acceleration

The document explains the concepts of speed, velocity, and acceleration, highlighting the importance of a reference point in describing motion. It defines distance and displacement, providing formulas for calculating both, and distinguishes between speed (scalar) and velocity (vector). Additionally, it covers how to calculate acceleration and includes various examples and exercises to reinforce understanding.

Uploaded by

Michelle Pacheco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How would you describe how

fast an object is moving?


Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration
Objectives
• Define basic terms related to the concepts
of velocity and acceleration
• Describe the differences between velocity
and acceleration
• Utilize the formula for calculating velocity
and acceleration of the object
• To describe motion accurately and
completely, a frame of reference is
needed.
An object is in motion if it changes
position relative to a reference point.

The passenger can use a tree as a reference point to decide


if the train is moving.
Describing
Motion
Whether or
not an object
is in motion
depends on
the reference
point you
choose.
Describing
Motion
Reference
point is
essential in
distance and
displacement.
Distance (d)
Distance is the length of how far an object
travels.
A to point B – that is the DISTANCE it
traveled. (SI unit is the meter)

B A
Displacement
Displacement is the difference between the final and starting
position.

V
A quantity
that has
E
magnitude C
and
direction T
is called
a… O
R
Graphical Method (Tip-to-Tail)

1.Draw a vector 6 km East.


2.From the tip of that vector, draw
another 8 km North.
3.The resultant displacement is the
straight-line distance from the starting
point to the final position.
Pythagorean Theorem

Displacement= √(Δx)2+(Δy)2
Forward- Backward Formula

Displacement=(Total East)−(Total West)


Find the direction (Angle 𝜽)

!!
tanθ=
!"

!!
θ=tan -1
!"
How to solve?
1. Distance
d1+d2+d3…
5km+ 10km+ 15 km=30km
Try to solve?

Alvin travels 20 km N, 30 km E, 20
km S, 30 km W then stopped.
Distance:
How to solve?

Alvin travels 20 km N, 30 km E, 20
km S, 30 km W then stopped.
Displacement:
How to solve?
Irene bikes 10 km N, 8 km S and 10
km N again.
Displacement:
How to solve?

John walks 3km N, then turns and


walks 4 km W.
Displacement:
Direction:
Try this

Bob walks 10 meters east, then turns


and walks 15 meters south. What is
Bob's displacement?
Try this
A student walked 50 m due east.
Realizing that he forgot his book, so he
decided to go back to his house. He has
traveled 35 m due west when he met
his brother carrying his book. After
getting the book from his brother, he
turned east and walked his way to
school and additional distance of 50 m.
Try this
A person walks 80 m East, then 60 m
North. Find the resultant
displacement and its direction (angle
from East).
Speed
Calculating Speed: If you know the distance an
object travels in a certain amount of time, you
can calculate the speed of the object.

Speed = Distance/time
Speed
If the cyclist
moves 30 km
in 2h, what is
his speed?
Velocity
Velocity is a description of an
object’s speed and direction.
It is a vector.
v= displacement
time
Speed v. Velocity
1. How are speed and velocity similar?
2. How are speed and velocity different?
3. Is velocity more like distance or
displacement? Why?
.
Do Now:

A car travels eastward with a constant


velocity of 30 m/s for 20s. After
that, it changes its direction and
travels westward with a
constant velocity of 20m/s for 15 s.
Calculate the total displacement
and average velocity of the car
during this time interval.
Do Now:

A car travels at a constant speed of 60


meters per second. How far will
it travel in 5 seconds?
Do Now:

An object is moving with a velocity of


20 meters per second to the east. If it
continues at this velocity for 10 seconds,
what is the displacement?
Do Now:
A train travels at a constant velocity of
30 m/s for 20 seconds. How far does the
train travel during this time?
Do Now:

A bicycle is moving along a straight path.


The rider travels 15 meters in 5 seconds.
Calculate the average velocity of the
bicycle.
Acceleration
Is a vector quantity that is defined as
the rate at which an object changes
its velocity.
Understanding Acceleration

1. A car travels at the speed of 20 meters per second


and that speed didn't change. Is there
acceleration?

2. A car travels 10 meters per second but few


minutes after, it came to a stop gaining a speed of 0
meter per second. Is there acceleration?
Understanding Acceleration

A car with the speed of 10 meters per second


turn left without changing its speed or
maintaining its speed.

A car traveling at that meters per second third


left and changes its speed to 5 meters per
second.
In science, acceleration refers to increasing
speed, decreasing speed, or changing
direction.
• A car that begins to move from a stopped position or speeds
up to pass another car is accelerating.

• A softball accelerates when it changes direction as it is hit.


Acceleration can be
positive or negative
Calculating Acceleration
Acceleration = Change in velocity
Total time

Change in velocity = final velocity-initial velocity


OR..
= final speed-initial speed

So…Acceleration = (Final speed – Initial speed)


Time
Calculating Acceleration
As a roller-coaster car starts down a slope, its
speed is 4 m/s. But 3 seconds later, at the
bottom, its speed is 22 m/s. What is its
average acceleration?

What information have you


been given?
Initial speed = 4 m/s
Final Speed = 22 m/s
Time = 3 s
Calculating Acceleration
What quantity are you trying to calculate?
The average acceleration of the roller-coaster car.

What formula contains the given quantities and the


unknown quantity?

Acceleration = (Final speed – Initial speed)/Time


Perform the calculation.

Acceleration = (22 m/s – 4 m/s)/3 s = 18 m/s/3 s


Acceleration = 6 m/s2

The roller-coaster car’s average acceleration is 6 m/s2.


Do This
A car accelerates from 20 m/s to 40
m/s in a time span of 5 seconds.
Calculate the average acceleration of
the car.
Do This
An object is thrown upward with an
initial velocity of 20 m/s. After 5
seconds, its velocity becomes 10 m/s
downward. Calculate the average
acceleration of the object.
Try this
A car starts from rest and accelerates at a
rate of 3 m/s2 for 55 seconds. What is its final
velocity?

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