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DESIGNING THE FUTURE WITH EXPERTISE AND INNOVATION
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STHETICS

ARCH462-R7
Architectural Design 8 - Design of
Complex Structures

TASK NO. 2
Issues to resolve

DATE:
25, JANUARY 2024

Prepared By:

MIKEY LUISE A. BUTALID

VICTOR JUGAN

Presented To:

AR. ANDRE A. BORDON

 WHAT IS AN AIRPORT?
An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air
transport. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control
tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible
open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a
plane to take off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as
control towers, hangars, and terminals. Larger airports may have fixed-base operator
services, airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic control centers, passenger
facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services.

DOMESTIC AIRPORT
A domestic airport exclusively accommodates flights within the same country and
lacks customs and immigration facilities, making it incapable of handling international
flights. A domestic flight refers to a commercial flight operating within a country's
borders, where both departure and arrival occur in the same nation. Airports that
solely cater to domestic flights are classified as domestic airports. These airports
typically feature short runways designed to accommodate short or medium-haul
aircraft and regional air traffic. Domestic flights are generally more affordable and
have shorter durations than international flights. However, in some cases, international
flights may be cheaper due to the proximity of cities in different countries.
Additionally, domestic flights in smaller nations are often favored by high-paying
business travelers, whereas leisure travelers tend to opt for road or rail transport.
 AIRPORT COMPONENTS

AIRSIDE FACILITIES LAND SIDE FACILITIES

• Runway Curb front pedestrian facilities
• Apron Public transportation (including
• Taxiway Terminal Building bus and rail)
• Gate Parking facilities
• Control tower Entry exit roadways

Passenger movement Baggage handling

GROSS TERMINAL BUILDING AREA ESTIMATES

Rule-of-Thumb.

For rough estimating purposes - A rule-of-thumb of about 150 square

feet (14 m²) of gross terminal building area per design peak-hour
passenger.

Another rule using 0.08 to 0.12 square feet (0.007 to 0.011 m²) per
annual enplanement at airports with over 250,000 annual
enplanements can similarly be applied.
 LANDSLIDE AREA

THE AREA OF THE TERMINAL THAT IS ACCESSIBLE TO THE PUBLIC AND IS LOCATED BEFORE
THE SECURITY CHECKPOINTS. IT INCLUDES SPACES SUCH AS THE CHECK-IN COUNTERS,
BAGGAGE CLAIM AREAS, DEPARTURE AND ARRIVAL HALLS, AND TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
FOR PASSENGERS ACCESSING THE AIRPORT.
 AIRSIDE AREA

THE AREA BEYOND LANDSIDE AREA INSIDE THE AIRPORT, IT UNCLUDES RUNWAYS, TAXIWAYS,
AAND RAMPS. RUNWAY - AN AREA WHERE AIRCRAFT TAKES OFF AND LANDS. IT IS MADE OF
SOFT GRASS, ASPHALT, OR CONCRETE. IT HAS WHITE MARKINGS, WHICH HELP THE PILOT
DURING TAKE OFF AND LANDING. IT ALSO HAS LAMPS ON THE SIDES TO GUIDE THE PILOT
DURING NIGHT. THE VEHICLES OTHER THAN THE AIRCRAFTS ARE STRICTLY PROHIBITED TO
ENTER THIS AREA OF THE AIRPORT TAXIWAY IS A PATH FOR AIRCRAFT AT AN AIRPORT
CONNECTING RUNWAYS WITH APRONS, HANGARS, TERMINALS ALLOW AIRCRAFT TO MOVE
ON THE GROUND BETWEEN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE AIRPORT WITHOUT USING THE RUNWAY.
 TERMINAL

A TERMINAL IS MADE UP OF SEVERAL GATES WHERE PLANES PARK AND PASSENGERS WAIT
TO BOARD. IN LARGE TERMINALS, THESE GATE AREAS MAY BE DIVIDED INTO SECTIONS
KNOWN AS CONCOURSES, FILLED WITH DINING, SHOPPING AND LOUNGE OPTIONS, AS WELL
AS RESTROOMS AND OTHER FACILITIES.
LIST OF ALL SPACES
Waiting Area
Check-in & Security
Check-in Area (Lobby)
Check-in Counters
Self-Service Kiosks
Security Check-in (Baggage Entrance)
Baggage Screening Area
Departure Facilities
Departure Lobby
Departure Concourse
Departure Gates
Boarding Bridges (Jet Bridges)
Hold Room (Passenger Waiting Area before Boarding)
Arrival Facilities
Arrival Lobby
Arrival Concourse
Arrival Curbside (Pick-up Area)
Baggage Reclaim (Carousel Area)
Lost & Found Office
Information & Services
Information Desk
Customer Service Desk
Airline Offices
Baggage Handling & Storage
Baggage Make-Up Area
Baggage Sorting Area
Oversized Baggage Handling
Retail & Commercial Spaces
Duty-Free Shop (if applicable)
Souvenir & Gift Shops
Convenience Stores
Restaurants & Cafés
Fast Food Stalls
Coffee Shops
ATMs & Currency Exchange
Car Rental Booths
Passenger Amenities & Public Services
Public Restrooms
Baby Changing Rooms
Nursing Rooms
Prayer Rooms/Chapel
Business Lounge
Smoking Areas
VIP Lounge
Emergency Medical Clinic
Isolation Room
Landside Transportation & Parking
Terminal Entrance & Exit
Pick-up & Drop-off Zones
Public Parking (Short-Term & Long-Term)
Taxi & Ride-Share Area
Bus & Shuttle Terminal
Private Car Parking
Motorcycle & Bicycle Parking
Airside & Restricted Areas
Runways
Taxiways
Aircraft Apron (Parking Stands)
Hangars
Ground Support Equipment Storage
Fire and Rescue Station
Fueling Stations
Operations & Support Facilities
Air Traffic Control Tower
Airport Operations Office
Security & Surveillance Room
Staff Lockers & Break Room
Mechanical & Electrical Rooms
Maintenance Offices
Special Facilities
VIP Terminal (for government officials, celebrities, etc.)
General Aviation Terminal (for private aircraft)
Cargo & Freight Handling Area
 SPACES ARE DEVIDED INTO 4 GROUPS

1. AIRPORT DEPARTURE AREA

AREA TOTAL
SPACE NO. OF
QTY PER UNIT AREA UNIT FUNCTION REMARKS REFERENCE
REQUIREMENTS USERS
PERSON AREA

Provides PLANNING
Information information to Adjacent to the AND
2 5 1 sq.m. 5 sq.m. 10 sq.m.
Desk guests and main entrance. DESIGNER’S
passengers. HANDBOOK

Mostly for Accessible from

passengers curbside,
AIRPORT
500 waiting before security
Lobby 1 500 1 sq.m. 500 sq.m. PASSENGER
sq.m. check-in and checkpoint, and
TERMINAL
security baggage claim
screening. area.

Area where
Adjacent to
500 passengers wait PLANNING
Waiting Areas 1 500 1 sq.m. 500 sq.m. check-in
sq.m. before check-in AND DESIGN
counters.
and boarding.

Reserved areas
PLANNING
for passengers
Ticketing 360 Near entrance, AND
30 30 3m x 4m 12 sq.m. to check-in and
Counters sq.m. easily visible. DESIGNER’S
drop-off
HANDBOOK
luggage.

Allows
passengers to
AIRPORT
Self-Check-in check in and Near ticketing
10 10 2 sq.m. 2 sq.m. 20 sq.m. PASSENGER
Kiosks print boarding counters.
TERMINAL
passes without
assistance.

Area for security

inspections
Security Next to check-in PLANNING
5 50 4 sq.m. 20 sq.m. 100 sq.m. before entering
Screening area. AND DESIGN
restricted
zones.

Passengers
drop checked
Baggage Drop Near check-in PLANNING
5 50 3 sq.m. 15 sq.m. 75 sq.m. luggage before
Area counters. AND DESIGN
security
screening.

The gate helps TIME-SAVER

Adjacent to
1620 manage STANDARDS
Departure Gates 20 100 0.81 sq.m. 81 sq.m. departure
sq.m. passenger flow FOR BUILDING
waiting areas.
onto aircraft. TYPES

Enclosed,
Boarding movable bridges AIRPORT
Adjacent to
Bridges (Jet 20 N/A N/A N/A N/A that connect PLANNING
departure gates.
Bridges) aircraft to the MANUAL
terminal.

Area where
boarding passes AIRPORT
Boarding Pass Before
5 20 2 sq.m. 4 sq.m. 20 sq.m. are scanned PASSENGER
Verification departure gates.
before entry to TERMI
secure zones.
 Passengers Adjacent to PLANNING
can refresh waiting and AND
Restrooms 4 10 1.50 sq.m. 15 sq.m. 60 sq.m.
before lounge DESIGNER’S
boarding. areas. HANDBOOK

Specially
designed to
PLANNING
accommodat Adjacent to
AND
PWD Toilet 2 2 2 sq.m. 4 sq.m. 8 sq.m. e baggage
DESIGNER’S
passengers claim area.
HANDBOOK
with
disabilities.

TIME-SAVER
Located in
Serves food STANDARDS
departure
Restaurants 1 40 1.80 sq.m. 72 sq.m. 72 sq.m. and drinks to FOR
waiting
passengers. BUILDING
areas.
TYPES

Travelers eat Located in

AIRPORT
Food and or buy food departure
10 10 1.50 sq.m. 15 sq.m. 150 sq.m. PASSENGER
Beverage Shops while waiting waiting
TERMINAL
for flights. areas.

Tax-free
TIME-SAVER
shopping
Near STANDARDS
area for
Duty-Free Shops 5 10 2.50 sq.m. 25 sq.m. 125 sq.m. departure FOR
passengers
gates. BUILDING
before
TYPES
boarding.

Premium
waiting
areas for
Located near AIRPORT
first-class
VIP Lounge 2 50 2 sq.m. 100 sq.m. 200 sq.m. departure PLANNING
and
gates. MANUAL
business-
class
passengers.

Exclusive
PLANNING
lounge Near
Airline Clubs & AND
2 10 1.50 sq.m. 15 sq.m. 30 sq.m. spaces for departure
Lounges DESIGNER’S
frequent gates.
HANDBOOK
flyers.

Provides
Distributed
power
across AIRPORT
Charging outlets and
10 10 1 sq.m. 1 sq.m. 10 sq.m. departure PLANNING
Stations USB
waiting STANDARDS
charging
areas.
points.

Allows
Near
passengers PLANNING
ATM Stations 2 40 1 sq.m. 40 sq.m. 80 sq.m. restrooms
to withdraw AND DESIGN
and lounges.
cash.

Sells local
souvenirs, Near waiting
News & Gift PLANNING
5 10 2 sq.m. 20 sq.m. 100 sq.m. gifts, and areas and
Shops AND DESIGN
reading lounges.
materials.

Away from
Designated AIRPORT
general
Smoking Lounge 1 15 2 sq.m. 30 sq.m. 30 sq.m. smoking PASSENGER
waiting
area. TERMINAL
areas.
2. AIPORT ARRIVAL AREA

SPACE NO. OF AREA PER TOTAL UNIT

QTY UNIT AREA FUNCTION REMARKS REFERENCE
REQUIREMENTS USERS PERSON AREA

Area where
Direct access PLANNING
passengers
Baggage Claim to exits and AND
1 500 1.80 sq.m. 900 sq.m. 900 sq.m. retrieve their
Area transportation DESIGNER’S
checked
services. HANDBOOK
baggage.

Extended Connected to PLANNING

waiting area baggage claim AND
Arrival Lobby 1 200 1.80 sq.m. 360 sq.m. 360 sq.m.
for arriving and exit DESIGNER’S
passengers. doors. HANDBOOK

Area for AIRPORT

waiting Near arrival PASSENGER
Waiting Area 1 200 1.50 sq.m. 300 sq.m. 300 sq.m.
passengers gates. TERMINAL
and greeters. PLANNING

Holds
AIRPORT
baggage Located near
Baggage Handling PASSENGER
2 N/A 7m x 7m 49 sq.m. 98 sq.m. before the baggage
Room TERMINAL
placing it on claim area.
PLANNING
claim belts.

Handles lost
Adjacent to PLANNING
Lost & Found baggage and
1 5 4 sq.m. 20 sq.m. 20 sq.m. baggage claim AND
Office passenger
area. DESIGN
claims.

Specially
PLANNING
designed for Adjacent to
AND
PWD Toilet 2 2 2 sq.m. 4 sq.m. 8 sq.m. passengers baggage claim
DESIGNER’S
with area.
HANDBOOK
disabilities.

Area for Near baggage PLANNING

passengers to claim, food AND
Restrooms 4 10 1.50 sq.m. 15 sq.m. 60 sq.m.
refresh upon stalls, and DESIGNER’S
arrival. exits. HANDBOOK

Space for
families,
drivers, and AIRPORT
Meet & Greet Near exit
1 50 2 sq.m. 100 sq.m. 100 sq.m. greeters PASSENGER
Area doors.
waiting for TERMINAL
arriving
passengers.
 Designated
Outside the
waiting area AIRPORT
Public Transport terminal
1 50 2 sq.m. 100 sq.m. 100 sq.m. for taxis, PASSENGER
Waiting Area near the
buses, and TERMINAL
exits.
ride-sharing.

Provides car
rental Located AIRPORT
Car Rental Booths 3 5 4 sq.m. 20 sq.m. 60 sq.m. services for near the PLANNING
arriving exits. STANDARDS
passengers.

Allows
Near PLANNING
passengers
ATM Stations 2 40 1 sq.m. 40 sq.m. 80 sq.m. restrooms AND
to withdraw
and exits. DESIGN
cash.

Small cafés
and food Located
AIRPORT
Food & Beverage stalls near the
5 10 1.50 sq.m. 15 sq.m. 75 sq.m. PASSENGER
Shops serving waiting area
TERMINAL
arriving and exits.
passengers.

Sells
Located PLANNING
newspapers,
News & Gift near waiting AND
3 10 2.50 sq.m. 25 sq.m. 75 sq.m. souvenirs,
Shops areas and DESIGNER’S
and small
exits. HANDBOOK
gifts.

Security TIME-SAVER
Security screening Located STANDARDS
Inspection 2 30 1.80 sq.m. 54 sq.m. 108 sq.m. area for near exit FOR
Stations incoming doors. BUILDING
passengers. TYPES

Allows
PLANNING
passengers Adjacent to
Exits 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A AND
to leave the the lobby.
DESIGN
terminal.
3.PRIVATE SPACES

SPACE NO. OF AREA PER TOTAL UNIT

QTY UNIT AREA FUNCTION REMARKS REFERENCE
REQUIREMENTS USERS PERSON AREA

Provides Accessible for

AIRPORT
emergency both
PASSENGER
Medical Services 1 10 2 sq.m. 20 sq.m. 20 sq.m. and basic passengers
TERMINAL
healthcare and
PLANNING
services. employees.
Stores
NATIONAL
electrical Adjacent to
BUILDING
equipment the
Electrical Room 1 N/A 6m x 6m 36 sq.m. 36 sq.m. CODE OF
and backup mechanical
THE
power room.
PHILIPPINES
systems.

Holds Situated PLANNING

documents, behind AND
Storage Rooms 5 N/A 4m x 4m 16 sq.m. 80 sq.m.
supplies, and ticketing DESIGNER’S
equipment. counters. HANDBOOK

Secure PLANNING
storage for Near staff AND
Lockers 2 N/A 4m x 4m 16 sq.m. 32 sq.m.
employees’ facilities. DESIGNER’S
belongings. HANDBOOK

PLANNING
Restroom Located near
AND
Staff Toilets 2 10 1.50 sq.m. 15 sq.m. 30 sq.m. facilities for lockers and
DESIGNER’S
staff. lounge areas.
HANDBOOK

Designated
Separated INTERNATIO
space for sick
from general NAL HEALTH
Isolation Areas 10 1 20 sq.m. 20 sq.m. 200 sq.m. or potentially
passenger FACILITY
infectious
areas. GUIDELINES
passengers.

Sorting and
handling PLANNING
Located near
Baggage Make- space for AND
3 10 3m x 4m 12 sq.m. 360 sq.m. baggage
up Area luggage DESIGNER’S
transport.
before HANDBOOK
loading.

A space Located
AIRPORT
where flight behind the
Crew Lounge 1 20 1.80 sq.m. 36 sq.m. 36 sq.m. PASSENGER
crew can rest ticketing
HANDBOOK
and unwind. counters.

PLANNING
Washing Positioned
AND
Showers 2 5 1 sq.m. 5 sq.m. 10 sq.m. facilities for next to staff
DESIGNER’S
staff. lockers.
HANDBOOK
 Stores NATIONAL
Restricted to
Utility maintenance BUILDING
authorized
Equipment 5 N/A 5m x 5m 25 sq.m. 125 sq.m. and CODE OF
personnel
Rooms operational THE
only.
equipment. PHILIPPINES

Used for PLANNING

Located near
Multipurpose small AND
1 12 3 sq.m. 36 sq.m. 36 sq.m. the office
Room meetings and DESIGNER’S
areas.
gatherings. HANDBOOK

PLANNING
Staff & Rest area for
Located near AND
Janitor 1 20 1.80 sq.m. 36 sq.m. 36 sq.m. janitors and
staff offices. DESIGNER’S
Lounge airport staff.
HANDBOOK

Office for
Positioned PLANNING
overseeing
Manager's next to the AND
1 2 10 sq.m. 20 sq.m. 20 sq.m. airport or
Office multipurpose DESIGNER’S
airline
room. HANDBOOK
operations.

Manages
baggage- Positioned PLANNING
Baggage
related behind AND
Service 1 2 10 sq.m. 10 sq.m. 10 sq.m.
concerns, ticketing DESIGNER’S
Office
including lost counters. HANDBOOK
items.

Houses NATIONAL
essential Close to the BUILDING
Mechanical
1 N/A 10m x 6m 60 sq.m. 60 sq.m. mechanical electrical CODE OF
Room
systems like room. THE
HVAC. PHILIPPINES
 OUTDOOR SPACES

SPACE NO. OF AREA PER TOTAL UNIT

QTY UNIT AREA FUNCTION REMARKS REFERENCE
REQUIREMENTS USERS PERSON AREA

Dedicated
Must remain
pathway for
clear of any AIRPORT
aircraft
Aircraft Runways N/A N/A 18m width N/A N/A obstructions STANDARD
takeoff and
to ensure MARKINGS
landing
safety.
operations.

Provides Incorporated
NATIONAL
safe access into
BUILDING
Pedestrian for people roadways
N/A N/A 3.0m width N/A N/A CODE OF
Pathways walking and terminal
THE
within airport surroundings
PHILIPPINES
premises. .

A designated Located at NATIONAL

area for the rear side BUILDING
Receiving and
1 N/A N/A N/A N/A cargo of the CODE OF
Loading Decks
handling and terminal THE
deliveries. building. PHILIPPINES

NATIONAL
Allocated Found on the
BUILDING
space for periphery of
Parking Areas N/A N/A 3m x 5m 15 sq.m. N/A CODE OF
vehicle the airport
THE
parking. complex.
PHILIPPINES

Facility
overseeing Strategically
AIRPORT
flight positioned at
PASSENGER
14.5m x operations an elevated
Control Tower 1 N/A 210.25 sq.m. 210.25 sq.m. TERMINAL
14.5m and height for
PLANNING
communicati maximum
AND DESIGN
on with visibility.
aircraft.

Provides a Situated at AIRPORT

workspace the entrance PASSENGER
Security House 4 2 2 sq.m. 4 sq.m. 16 sq.m. and shelter to monitor TERMINAL
for security incoming PLANNING
personnel. traffic. AND DESIGN

Connects
Links aircraft
aircraft AIRPORT
taxiways
parking to PASSENGER
Apron Access with
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A terminal TERMINAL
Ramps designated
gates for PLANNING
parking
boarding and AND DESIGN
positions.
servicing.
 AIRPORT
Passenger drop- Positioned at the PASSENGER
Terminal Curb 2 N/A 3m width N/A N/A off and baggage main terminal TERMINAL
unloading area. entry point. PLANNING AND
DESIGN

Secure parking NATIONAL

Located adjacent
for vehicles left BUILDING CODE
Long-Term Parking N/A N/A 3m x 5m 15 sq.m. N/A to the short-term
for extended OF THE
parking area.
periods. PHILIPPINES

Dedicated space
Positioned near AIRPORT
Aircraft Maintenance for aircraft
N/A N/A 51m x 53m 36 sq.m. 36 sq.m. aircraft parking STANDARD
Area servicing and
and taxiways. MARKINGS
repairs.

Space Conveniently
PLANNING AND
Loading and designated for located near
1 N/A 6m x 10m 60 sq.m. 60 sq.m. DESIGNER’S
Unloading Areas passengers and main terminal
HANDBOOK
cargo handling. entrances.

Aircraft
Positioned
movement path AIRPORT
between aircraft
Taxiway N/A N/A 15m width N/A N/A connecting STANDARD
parking and main
runways to other MARKINGS
runways.
airport sections.

Infrastructure AIRPORT
Placed
providing PASSENGER
separately from
Power House 1 N/A 9.40m x 8.40m 78.96 sq.m. 78.96 sq.m. electrical power TERMINAL
the terminal for
to airport PLANNING AND
safety.
facilities. DESIGN

NATIONAL
Parking option Located near the
BUILDING CODE
Short-Term Parking N/A N/A 3m x 5m 15 sq.m. N/A for brief visits to terminal entrance
OF THE
the airport. for convenience.
PHILIPPINES

Facilitates Connects
NATIONAL
movement of different sections
BUILDING CODE
Public Corridors N/A N/A 3m width N/A N/A passengers and of the terminal
OF THE
staff between and adjacent
PHILIPPINES
airport zones. facilities.
SECURITY INSPECTION STATIONS.

There are three types of passenger inspection stations, depending on the

location of the station in relation to the aircraft boarding area.
These include:
(1) Boarding Gate Station;
(2) Holding Area Station: and
(3) Sterile Concourse Station.
Minimum Requirement:
one walk-through weapons
detector
nex-ray device.
Capacity :
500 to 600 persons per hour
Area:
100 to 150 square feet (9 to 14 sq.m).
X-ray units handle 600 items per
hour.
 SECURITY INSPECTION STATION LAYOUTS

MANUAL SEARCH (144 SQ FT) X-RAY SEARCH (120 SQ FT)

To ensure smooth passenger flow and maintain security at a domestic airport, the area
leading to security inspection should accommodate potential queuing without obstructing
other passageways, especially during rescreening or physical searches. Similarly, the
boarding area beyond the security checkpoint, including holding areas and departure
lounges, must be designed to uphold security protocols, necessitating careful planning of
entrances, exits, fire doors, and concession locations to prevent breaches and maintain
control.
CHECK IN FULLY AUTOMATED SYSTEM
CURB SIDE CHECK IN

PUBLIC LOBBY AREA

Passenger and visitor waiting;
housing concession areas
other passenger services and baggage claim.

A)Ticketing Lobby
Ticket lobby sizing-
1) total length of airline counter frontage
2) queuing space in front of counters
3) additional space for lateral circulation to
facilitate passenger movements
IATA requirements for counter position
370 square feet for counter positions used for domestic flights
405 square feet for counter positions used for international flights.
 TICKETING LOBBY-(AREA AND LAYOUT)
Queuing space - minimum of 12 to 15 feet (4 to 5 m).
Lobby depths in front of the ticket counter range from20 to 30 feet (12 to 15 m) for a ticket area serving
50 gates or more.
Area Required 1.4sq.m per person

AIRLINE TICKET COUNTER/OFFICES- (ATO)

The Airline Ticket Counter (ATO) area is the primary location for passengers to complete
ticket transactions and check-in baggage.

It includes the airline counters, space and/or conveyors for handling outbound baggage,
counter agent service areas, and related administrative/support offices.

TYPICAL LINEAR COUNTER AND ITS STANDARD

BACK ON THE ENVELOPE CALCULATION

LENGTH OF THE QUEE=15’
THE SPACE BETWEEN PERSON =3’
SO 5 PERSON PER QUEE
TOTAL WIDTH = 53’
LEGTH OF EACH COUNTER
INCLUDING BAGGAGE = 13’
THERFORE NO OF COUNTER = 4
THEREFORE NO OF PERSON
CAN HANDLE AT A TIME= 20
 LAYOUT BY IATA

FLOW THROUGH COUNTER STANDARDS

ISLAND COUNTER CONFIGURATION

RECTANGULAR AND CIRCULAR KIOSK CONFIGURATION

DEPARTURE LOUNGES

a. The departure lounge serves as the designated waiting area for passengers before boarding their
flight. In most airports, except for those with low passenger traffic, these lounges are typically
leased and managed by individual airlines.
b. A standard departure lounge includes several key features: designated space for airline agents to
handle ticket collection, seat assignments, and baggage check-in; a seating and waiting area for
passengers; a designated queuing space for boarding; and a separate aisle or corridor for deplaning
passengers. Figures 5-22, 5-23, 5-24, and 5-25 illustrate common layouts of departure lounges.
c. The number of agent positions or desks within the lounge is determined by each airline based on
its passenger processing, waiting, and boarding standards. At larger airports, a minimum queue
length of 10 feet (3 meters) in front of agent positions is recommended.
d. The size of the departure lounge depends on the number of passengers expected to be present 15
minutes before boarding. Table 5-3 provides guidelines for estimating lounge area requirements
based on aircraft seating capacity and load factors. A typical lounge depth considered practical
ranges between 25 to 30 feet (8 to 9 meters).

e. When a departure lounge serves multiple aircraft gate positions, the total estimated lounge area
(as indicated in Table 5-3) may be reduced by 5% per additional gate, up to a maximum of six gates.
f. Seating capacity in departure lounges is not designed to accommodate all boarding passengers, as
some may choose to stand while waiting, and others may arrive just before or during the boarding
process. On average, each seat requires 15 to 20 square feet (1.4 to 1.9 m²), including the necessary
aisle space.
g. The deplaning area is typically a designated, roped-off aisle or a separate corridor that guides
passengers from the loading bridge or apron gate to the public corridor. This separation helps
prevent congestion and interference between deplaning and departing passengers.
 BAGGAGE CLAIM FACILITIES
a. Inbound baggage handling requires both public and nonpublic areas within the terminal. The
public space (claim area) is where passengers and visitors can access checked baggage for
identification and retrieval. The nonpublic space is designated for off-loading baggage from carts
and containers onto conveyor systems that transport them to the public claim area.
b. The baggage claim area should be located near the deplaning curb with easy access to ground
transportation and parking facilities. Arriving passengers should have a direct path to the claim
area, avoiding intersections with departing travelers. The claim area must also allow efficient
baggage delivery from the aircraft apron through carts, tractors, or mechanical conveyors.
c. Baggage claim systems vary based on airport activity levels:
Simple shelf or counter: Common in low-activity airports, this consists of a 30 to 36-inch-wide
(75 to 90 cm) shelf where baggage is placed for passenger identification and retrieval. Passengers
move laterally along the shelf to locate their luggage.
Flat-bed plate devices: Ideal when baggage loading areas are adjacent and on the same floor
level as the claim area, allowing for direct feed loading.
Sloping-bed devices: Suitable for remote feed systems where loading areas are on different
floors or not immediately adjacent. Some sloping-bed systems are wide enough to store two
rows of baggage.
d. In low-volume airports, dedicated baggage claim areas for individual airlines are often not cost-
effective. Instead, claim facilities are shared or preferentially assigned among multiple airlines. The
Design Day Activity Analysis (referenced in paragraph 24) helps determine the appropriate size of
baggage claim areas by analyzing passenger arrivals during peak 20-minute periods. For exclusive-
use facilities, each airline establishes its own space, staffing, and system requirements based on
operational needs.
 Figure S-23. Typical Combined Security/Departure Lounge Layout

Figure S-24. Departure Lounge Passenger Processing Area

Figure 5-25. Departure Lounge Typical Seating/Aisle Layout
Mechanized Claim Devices
 SPACE ALLOCATIONS
The terminal building area is comprised of both usable and unusable space.
Unusable space involves those areas required for building columns and exterior and interior walls, about 5
percent of the total gross area. The usable space can be classified into the two broad categories of
rentable and nonrentable space. Usually, 50 to 55 percent is allocated to rentable space and 45 to 50
percent to nonrentable space.

AIRLINE OPERATIONS AREAS.

Airline operations areas are those areas occupied by airline personnel for performing the functions
related to aircraft handling at the gate. Composition of functions will vary among individual
airports. The following areas are most commonly required:
Cabin Service or Commissary - an area for the storage of immediate need items for providing
service to the aircraft cabin.
Cabin Service and Ramp Service Personnel - an area for training facilities and a ready/lunch
room.
Aircraft Line Maintenance - for supplies, tools, storage, personnel, etc.
Office Area - for managerial personnel and clerks.
Flight Operations Facilities - includes a message center, area for meteorological data and flight
plans, and flight operations personnel.
Flight Crew and Flight Attendant Facilities - includes an area for resting, toilet facilities, and
personal grooming area.
Secure Area Storage - for items requiring secure storage because of either the value or fragility
of the items.
Volatile Storage - for items requiring extra precautionary storage due to instability in handling
and storage.

The area required for airline operations may be estimated for planning purposes on the basis of
500 square feet (46.5 m’) per equivalent peak hour aircraft departure.
This factor includes all of the operations areas previously described.
However, at some airports one or more airlines may use additional terminal space for regional or
airline system functions and/or other support services beyond those functions common to daily
airport operations.
In a Federal Inspection Services (FIS) area, controlled entrances and exits are crucial,
necessitating security measures like alarms on unlocked windows and doors, with alerts
directed to a central monitoring point. For airports handling significant in-transit
passenger traffic, a dedicated sterile waiting area should be established to mitigate
congestion around baggage claim and to ensure a separation between in-transit travelers
and domestic or cleared passengers, thus preventing potential security breaches.
Airport Roads
There are four main types of roads within an airport: primary airport access roads, terminal area access
roads, terminal frontage roads, and service roads.

a. Primary Airport Access Roads

These roads provide direct access to the airport from the surrounding community’s road network. Their
design should accommodate:
A capacity of 700 to 800 vehicles per hour per lane under at-grade interrupted flow conditions,
similar to urban arterial highways with signalized intersections. The average speed range is 20 to 25
mph (30 to 35 km/h), with a demand-to-capacity ratio of about 0.80.
For limited access highways with uninterrupted flow (grade-separated), the design should
accommodate 1,200 to 1,600 vehicles per hour per lane, similar to urban freeways with average
speeds of 40 to 50 mph (60 to 80 km/h) and a demand-to-capacity ratio of approximately 0.60.
Lane width should be 12 feet (3.6 m), with at least two lanes in each direction for efficient traffic
movement.

b. Terminal Area Access Roads

These roads serve airport passengers, employees, and visitors, connecting primary airport access roads
to terminal buildings and parking areas.
1. The design should allow smooth traffic flow with clear lane assignments for safe access to terminal
curbs, parking lots, and public areas.
2. Separation of directional choices should be clear to prevent confusion, and drivers should not have to
make more than two decisions at any given point.
3. Traffic flow in front of terminals is typically one-way and counterclockwise to facilitate right-side
loading and unloading of passengers.
4. A recirculation system should be in place, allowing vehicles to re-enter the passenger terminal area
by linking ingress and egress lanes.
5. For airports with multiple terminal buildings, more than one terminal access road may be necessary
for efficient circulation.
PLANNING STUDIES
The planning and design of ground access systems typically follow a structured process, as shown in Figure
below. This process can be carried out alongside the development of other airport terminal components or as
an independent activity when addressing ground access challenges at an otherwise well-functioning airport
facility. The first stage, known as the inventory phase, involves gathering data on projected air transport
demand, airline schedules, airport operating policies, and the existing ground transportation infrastructure and
services. These data points serve as the foundation for demand forecasting, which estimates future
requirements for motor vehicle traffic, passenger movement, and parking. Forecasts take into account
variations on an annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, hourly, and peak-hour basis. Once demand projections are
established, a demand-capacity analysis is conducted to determine whether existing facilities can accommodate
anticipated growth. If needed, alternative infrastructure options are explored to improve airport access. The
final stage involves evaluating potential facility alternatives by considering service quality, performance
efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Based on this analysis, the most suitable option is selected for
implementation.

Outline of Ground Access System Planning Process

CIRCULATION SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS

Centralized Layout – In this design, the terminal complex consists of either a single building or a series of
interconnected buildings. The ground transportation system is typically arranged in a sequential and
centralized manner. While there may be vertical or horizontal separation for vehicles transporting departing
and arriving passengers, all passenger-related vehicles generally follow the same roadway system. Additionally,
public parking and car rental services are centrally positioned for accessibility.
This layout, known as the centralized ground access concept, is commonly used in major commercial airports
across the United States, such as Chicago O’Hare, San Francisco International, Los Angeles International,
Atlanta Hartsfield, Washington National, and Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International. A key advantage of this
concept is its ability to accommodate terminal expansions without compromising the functionality of the
existing ground access system. Figure 9-2 illustrates this configuration schematically.
 Segmented Layout. Division of the terminal building into originating and
terminating passenger sides or grouping of airlines on either side of the building
achieves flow separation on a horizontal basis. Originating passengers use one set
of terminal frohtage roads.and terminating passengers the other; or specif- v’ ‘) ic
airlines may group themselves on either side of the terminal unit. Orlando
International, Jacksonville, and Greater Cincinnati airports use this type of ground
access system layout called the segmented ground access concept. (See Figure
below.) This layout.also permits expansion through terminal unit extension with
retention of the same ground access system concept.

Segmented Ground Access Concept

In a decentralized layout, the terminal complex is composed of multiple unit terminal
buildings, allowing for separation of vehicle flow on terminal access and frontage
roads. Traffic is directed through designated airport access and terminal access roads,
ensuring efficient movement to and from individual terminal facilities.
In this configuration, parking and car rental services are organized separately for each
terminal unit, rather than being centrally located. This layout follows the
decentralized ground access concept, which is implemented in airports such as
Kennedy International and Kansas City International.
The system is designed to be easily expandable by adding additional terminal units
along the terminal access road, each with its own separate frontage roads for smooth
traffic flow. Figure below provides a schematic representation of this concept.

Decentralized Ground Access Concept

Unitized layout consists of a series of terminal buildings arranged in a linear
configuration, with access provided through a centrally located roadway. This
design follows the unitized ground access system concept, which is utilized by
airports such as Dallas-Fort Worth International and Houston Intercontinental.
Expansion of this system is typically achieved by adding new terminal units
between existing terminal area access roads, allowing for a scalable and efficient
airport circulation system. Figure below illustrates this concept.

Unitized Ground Access Concept

NOSE TO BUILDING CLEARANCES

In the push-out/power-out configuration, the distance between the nose of an aircraft

and the building may vary anywhere between 15 to 30 feet (4.5 to 9 m).

For planning purposes,

30 feet (9 m) should be used for gate type A; 20 feet (6 m) for gate types B and C, and 15
feet (4.5 m) for gate type D.
Aircraft Extremity to Building Clearances. A 20 feet (6 m) value is satisfactory, except
that 45 feet (14 m) should be provided for inboard pier gates.
Aircraft door widths range
from 32 inches (84 cm) to 42 inches (107 cm).
Their respective flow rates
are approximately 25 passengers and 40 passengers per minute.
A 36-inch (91 cm) entrance doorway
accommodates approximately 37 passengers per minute.
 Space requirements for passenger processing area of terminal
building are calculated in accordance with the formulas described in
Airport Development Reference Manual of IATA and are shown in
Table Required Facilities Schedule.

Source: JICA STUDY TEAM

 TYPE OF DESIGN AIRCRAFT BY EACH ICAO CATEGORY AND REQUIRED RUNWAY LENGTH

The Table shows that, in case of the critical conditions (i.e.

temperature of 34 ºC with a tropical depression of 980 hPa) the critical
aircraft requiring the longest runway length is the B777-300 .
 DESIGN AIRCRAFT IN EACH CATEGORY OF ICAO CODE

Considering the possible occasional use of the Boeing 747-400, which

has a wingspan of 64.92 meters and a length of 70.67 meters,
appropriate design dimensions have been taken into account for the
airfield. Despite the aircraft being in the process of retirement, its
operational requirements are still factored into the planning.
For the airfield design, the following dimensions have been
established:
Critical Wingspan: 65 meters, based on the B747-400, representing
the maximum size for a Code E aircraft.
Critical Aircraft Length: 74 meters, considering the B777-300 as the
largest Code E aircraft.
Runway Length: Planned to be 2,500 meters to accommodate
operational needs.
 AIRFIELD REQUIREMENTS

Runway

1. Aerodrome Reference Code

In accordance with ICAO Annex 14 (abstracted in Table below, the

2,500-m long runway is defined as ICAO Code Number 4, and the
wingspan of Design Aircraft of less than 65 m is defined as ICAO Code
Letter E, thus the corresponding runway width shall be 45 m.

ICAO ANNEX 14 (AERODROME REFERENCE CODE AND WIDTH OF RUNWAY)

 AIRFIELD REQUIREMENTS

1. Runway Turn Pad

As a parallel taxiway is not initially included in the first phase, a

runway turn pad will be constructed at both ends of the runway to
facilitate aircraft U-turn maneuvers. Based on simulations for a 180-
degree turn using the design aircraft (A300-300), the width and length
of the turn pad have been determined accordingly, as illustrated in
Figure Below

WIDTH AND LENGTH OF TURNING PAD FOR A300-300

The above turning pad is not sufficiently wide to accommodate the

most critical Code-E aircraft, such as the B777-300, which features a
triple-tandem main-gear configuration and an extended wheelbase. If
this aircraft is introduced before the construction of a parallel taxiway,
the runway turn pad will need to be expanded to accommodate its
maneuvering requirements.

2. Runway Strip

As per ICAO Annex 14, a runway strip for a precision approach

runway must extend laterally at least 150 meters on both sides of the
runway centerline and longitudinally for 60 meters before the threshold
and beyond the runway end.
3. Runway End Safety Area

As recommended in ICAO Annex 14 (Table 4.2-1), the runway-end

safety area should extend at least 240 meters beyond the end of the
runway strip for a Runway Code Number 4, as illustrated in Figure below

ICAO ANNEX 14 (RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA)

Source: ICAO Annex 14

RUNWAY END SAFETY AREA (240 M FROM THE END OF RUNWAY STRIP)
Taxiways

Design criteria for taxiways are less stringent than those for runways
because the speeds of aircraft are slower than those on the runways.
The table below shows the main physical characteristics design
criteria for taxiways.
Width of Taxiway
According to ICAO Annex 14, a straight section of a taxiway should have a
minimum width of 23 meters for a Runway Code Letter E. However, the JCAB
standard requires a width of 30 meters. Since the stub taxiways are short
and positioned perpendicular to the runway, the conceptual design adopts
the 30-meter width to facilitate smooth maneuvering of the critical design
aircraft, the A330-300. Figure 4.2-4 illustrates the aircraft's path and the
necessary pavement fillet along the centerline turning radius of 60 meters.

Taxiway Width with required Fillet for A330-300

The most critical aircraft within the Code E classification is the B777-300,
which features a triple-tandem main gear configuration and a longer
wheelbase. If this aircraft is introduced, the pavement fillet will need to be
expanded accordingly.

Width of Taxiway Shoulder

As recommended by ICAO Annex 14, the combined width of the taxiway and
its shoulders should be 44 meters for a Runway Code Letter 4. Accordingly,
each taxiway shoulder must be 7 meters wide, resulting in a total width of 7
m + 30 m + 7 m = 44 m.
Separation between Airfield (Runway, Taxiways and Apron)

Airfield separations are determined basically to follow the minimum

separation distances recommended by ICAO Annex 14, as shown in Table
Below

ICAO ANNEX 14 (TAXIWAY MINIMUM SEPARATION DISTANCES)

Source: ICAO Annex 14

The above minimum distances between runway and taxiways for Code E
(182.5 m in column (5); and 80 m in column (10)) are not exactly followed
worldwide since the aircraft wingspan keeps changing in the industry,
and Code F aircraft are widely spread in a short period of time.
Practically, the airfield and buildings, once constructed, cannot move in
the future if the airport receives unforeseeable traffic demand in 30 to 40
years. It is recommended therefore, to apply a distance of 190 m
between runway and taxiway and 100 m between two taxiways (for Code
F).
ICAO notes that the distance between aircraft stand taxi-lane and object
(42.5 m for Code E) may need to be increased if jet exhaust velocities
cause hazardous conditions for ground servicing, therefore a distance of
47.5 m is used.

In view of the above, separation distances between runway, taxiways

and objects are set as shown in Figure below.
 SEPARATION BETWEEN RUNWAYS AND TAXIWAYS

Design for rapid taxiways( code number 1 or 2

Design for rapid taxiways( code number 3 or 4

• For code number 3 or 4, taxiway centerline marking begins at least 60

mt (Point A- in the figures describing rapid exit taxiways ) from the point
of tangency of the centerline curve and is off set 0,9 mt. to facilitate
pilot recognition of the beginning of the curve

• For the runways code number 1 or 2; the taxiway centerline marking

starts at least 30 mt. From the point of tangency of the centerline curve.
With regard to the terminal facilities, the following facilities need to be
provided and are shown in figure below.

Passenger aircraft parking apron

Passenger terminal building
Cargo terminal building
Control tower, ATC operation and administration building
Fire station and airport maintenance building
Power house with chiller yard
Water tank and pump house
Roads and car park

Source: JICA STUDY TEAM

Sample Layout
Cargo Volume

Required Area of the Cargo Terminal Building

The required area of the cargo terminal building for the estimated cargo
volume is set according to Table below.

Area of Cargo Terminal (Import)

Area of Cargo Terminal (Export)

Cargo Terminal Building Equipment

Two cases are presented for the cargo terminal, fully automated case
and semi-automated case, the respective facilities. It was decided to
arrange MHS and ASRS (Full automated) as single systems for both
import and export for the purpose of planning efficiency.
Cargo Terminal Equipment (Full automated)

Cargo Terminal Equipment (Semi automated)

 Example of MHS(other airport) Example of ETV (other airport)

Example of ASRS (other airport) Example of large inspection

machine (other airport)

The layout for the detailed design and the confirmation of necessary equipment for
both cases (Full automated and semi automated) will be carried out in the future.
Dhaka International Airport
Sample Draft Cargo Terminal Layout (Full automated)

Dhaka International Airport

Sample Draft Cargo Terminal Layout (Semi automated)
ISSUES DURING THE CONSTRUCTION FOR EXPANSION

Delays and re-routing of aircraft, along with

Operational Disruption temporary terminal adjustments, can cause
passenger inconvenience.

Transporting materials and equipment to the

Logistical Complexities construction site within a secure airport
environment requires meticulous planning.

Airport security is a top priority. Construction

activities must adhere to stringent security
Security Concerns
protocols to prevent unauthorized access and
potential security breaches.

Construction activities can generate noise,

Environmental Impact dust, and waste, which can impact the
surrounding environment.

Effective communication and coordination

among all stakeholders, including airport
Coordination and Communication authorities, airlines, contractors, and
regulatory agencies, are essential for
successful project delivery.

Unforeseen circumstances, such as weather

Budget and Schedule Overruns delays, material shortages, or design changes,
can lead to budget and schedule overruns.
CONDITION OF EXISTING CARGO TERMINAL BUILDING

While passenger terminals have received

major upgrades, information specifically
Cargo Operations detailing the current condition of the cargo
terminal buildings is less readily available in
general public information.

Like any airport facility, the cargo terminal

Factors to Consider would be subject to ongoing maintenance and
upgrades.
Optimizing cargo handling at an airport necessitates a coordinated effort between sending and receiving parties,
prioritizing efficiency and timeliness; senders must swiftly accommodate cargo in storage and secure work areas upon
completion, while receivers should synchronize acceptance with aircraft arrival schedules to minimize delays; effective
communication and a streamlined tracking system are crucial for seamless transfers, and strategic storage layouts
coupled with efficient loading equipment can significantly enhance processing speed, ultimately ensuring a smooth and
rapid flow of goods.
WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT LAYOUT

EXAMPLE FOOR PLAN

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT,

EXAMPLE FOOR PLAN

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT CONTROL ROOM (STP)

FLOOR AREA STP

PLAN VIEW OF STP CONTROL ROOM

MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY (MRF)

FLOOR AREA MRF

FLOOR PLAN OF MRF

WATER TANK AND PUMP HOUSE (WPH)

FLOOR AREAS OF WATER TANK AND PUMP HOUSE

FLOOR AREAS OF WATER TANK AND PUMP HOUSE

FLOOR PLAN OF WATER TANK AND PUMP HOUSE

 FLOOR PLAN POWER HOUSE
THE POWER HOUSE IS LOCATED BETWEEN THE PASSENGER TERMINAL BUILDING AND THE CONTROL TOWER
OPERATION AND ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. IT IS A SINGLE STOREY, REINFORCED BUILDING HOUSING THE
TRANSFORMERS, SWITCHGEARS, GENERATOR SETS ETC. IN ADDITION TO THE TECHNICAL SPACES, THE POWER
HOUSE INCLUDES A WORKSHOP WITH STORAGE AREA, A CONTROL ROOM, OFFICE AREA, NAP ROOM, TOILETS,
SHOWERS, LOCKER ROOM AND A KITCHEN.
CALCULATION FORMULA FOR CONTROL TOWER EYE LEVEL

SOURCE: JICA STUDY TEAM

RUNWAY THRESHOLD ELEVATION

RUNWAY (SOUTH) RUNWAY (NORTH)

Longitudinal Slope 0.15% 0.05%

Transverse Slope 1.3% 1.3%

Runway Threshold Elevation 7.4m 9.85m

SOURCE: JICA STUDY TEAM

REQUIRED EYE LEVEL

RWY 2,500m RWY3,300m

RWY 03 RWY 21 RWY 03 RWY 21

2.0 Required Eye Level 19.00m 15.50m 31.5m 15.50m

Elevation of Eye Level 27.1m 23.6m 39.5m 23.6m

Control Tower Elevation 40.00 m

SOURCE: JICA STUDY TEAM

 Zoning plan of control tower, ATC operation and administration building takes into account grouping of divisions or sub-
divisions and each department. The operations area are located from ground to second floor at the south end or left wing
while the administration area is located at the north end or right wing of the building.

EXAMPLE FOOR PLAN

SOURCE: JICA STUDY TEAM

FLOOR AREA OF CONTROL TOWER, ATC OPERATION AND ADMINISTRATION BUILDING
The space requirements for the fire station and airport maintenance building were computed
from the assumed number of personnel and required equipment. The floor areas are listed and
shown in Table below

Fire Station & Maintenance Building (FSM)

Layout Plan of Fire Station and Maintenance Building

 AIR NAVIGATION FACILITY

1) General
The Air Navigation Facility comprises four main components: radio navigation aids, aeronautical
telecommunication systems, aeronautical ground lights, and a meteorological observation
system. These systems incorporate state-of-the-art technology to ensure safe, reliable, and
efficient air traffic operations. The following key navigation facilities are essential for the
airport:
2) Radio Navigation Aids
Doppler VHF Omni-Directional Radio Range/Distance Measuring Equipment (DVOR/DME)
DVOR/DME is a critical navigational aid that enhances aircraft safety by providing precise
azimuth flight courses and distance measurements. It assists in structuring airport terminal flight
routes, including Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) and Standard Terminal Arrivals
(STARs). To ensure continuous aircraft guidance in all weather conditions, DVOR/DME should
be installed at or near the airport.
Instrument Landing System (ILS)
ILS is an essential landing aid that enables precision approaches even in adverse weather
conditions. It ensures the exact alignment and descent of an aircraft during final approach
through:
Glide Path (GP): Provides vertical guidance.
Localizer (LLZ): Offers horizontal alignment.
Marker Beacons or Distance Measuring Equipment (DME): Supplies range information.
3) Aeronautical Telecommunication System
VHF Air-to-Ground Communication Equipment
This system is a crucial component of Air Traffic Control (ATC) operations, enabling clear and
effective communication between pilots and ground controllers. The VHF frequency range (118-
136 MHz) is utilized for:
Aerodrome Control frequency
Distress frequency
Automatic Message Handling System (AMHS) and AIS Terminal
AMHS is an ICAO-standard communication system replacing the older AFTN system for
ground- to-ground communication. AMHS user terminals facilitate the exchange of Air Traffic
Services (ATS) messages, which include:
Flight data (landing, takeoff, flight schedules, aircraft handovers)
Meteorological (MET) messages
NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) messages
Aviation administrative messages
Voice Communication Control System (VCCS) and Voice Recorder
VCCS enables seamless voice communication between tower controllers, pilots, and relevant
ATC units through VHF circuits and telephone connections.
A Voice Recording System is also implemented to serve as legal evidence in case of disputes or
incidents involving pilots, controllers, and technical operators. This ensures accountability and
supports investigative procedures.
 AERONAUTICAL GROUND LIGHTING SYSTEM

Aeronautical ground lighting (AGL) is essential for Category I (CAT I) operations, adhering to
ICAO Annex 14 and the Aerodrome Design Manual Part-4 “Visual Aids”. The system includes the
following components:

Precision Approach Lighting System (PALS) for Runway 21

PALS facilitates precision approaches, assisting pilots in aligning the aircraft correctly during
final approach and decision-making before landing.
Simplified Approach Lighting System (SALS) for Runway 03
SALS supports non-precision approaches and aids pilots during VOR/DME, ADF, or visual
approaches, particularly in low-visibility conditions or nighttime operations.
Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) for Both Runways
PAPI provides pilots with a visual reference for maintaining a 3-degree glide slope during
approach, ensuring a safe and stable descent toward the runway.
Runway Edge Lights
These lights enhance runway visibility, guiding aircraft during landing, takeoff, and taxiing
operations under low-light or adverse weather conditions.
Runway Threshold and End Lights
Installed at the beginning and end of the runway, these lights improve runway visibility and
operate simultaneously with the runway edge lights when in use.
Taxiway Edge Lights
These lights ensure high visibility along taxiways, assisting aircraft in safely navigating to and
from the runway.
Apron Floodlights
Apron floodlights provide sufficient illumination across all apron service areas, ensuring clear
visibility for aircraft and ground operations.
Wind Direction Indicators
These illuminated indicators display real-time wind direction, assisting pilots in selecting the
correct runway for takeoff and landing during both daytime and nighttime operations.
Aerodrome Beacon
The aerodrome beacon helps identify the airport’s location to aircraft operating in the vicinity,
particularly during nighttime flights or poor visibility conditions.
AGL Remote Control System
This system enables monitoring and control of the AGL components, including status checks,
brightness adjustments, and activation/deactivation. The air traffic controller manages the system
from a remote console.
AGL Power Supply System
The power system ensures a stable electricity supply to the AGL system through a Constant
Current Regulator (CCR), maintaining consistent light output across all operational components.
Meteorological Observation System

As per ICAO Annex 3, an Automated Weather Observation System

(AWOS) is required at the airport to observe and report meteorological
conditions such as surface wind, runway visual range, cloud base, and
air pressure.
The AWOS provides continuous, real-time weather updates without
human intervention, ensuring accurate and up-to-date information for
aviation users. The system generates a new weather report every
minute using sensors positioned near the runway's touchdown zone.

Main Components of the Meteorological System:

Automatic Weather Observation System (AWOS) – Monitors
essential meteorological parameters.
Runway Visual Range (RVR) – Measures visibility conditions along
the runway.
Ceilometer – Determines cloud height and coverage for both
runways.
Zoning of Aiport Facilities

This sample zoning layout of airport facilities strategically allocates key areas to optimize
operations, safety, and efficiency. It includes runways, taxiways, terminals, cargo zones, and hangars,
ensuring smooth aircraft movement and logistics. The terminal area houses check-in counters, gates,
and baggage claim, while cargo and maintenance zones support aviation operations. Security
checkpoints, administrative buildings, and emergency services are strategically placed for safety.
Future expansion areas are also considered to accommodate growth. This organized zoning enhances
efficiency, minimizes delays, and improves the passenger experience.

New Bohol Airport Construction

EQUIPMENT AND SPACE CONSIDERATION

CHECK IN AREA

Equipment Space Considerations:

Sufficient counter space to handle peak

Check-in counters
passenger flow.

Clear and organized queuing areas to prevent

Self-service kiosks
congestion.

Adequate space for baggage handling

Baggage drop-off systems
equipment behind the counters.

Security Screening

Equipment Space Considerations:

X-ray scanners: For baggage and personal

Wide lanes to accommodate passenger flow.
belongings.

Metal detectors: Walk-through and handheld Space for passengers to prepare and retrieve
devices. belongings.

Advanced imaging technology (AIT): Body

Designated areas for secondary screening.
scanners.

CCTV systems.
EQUIPMENT AND SPACE CONSIDERATION

Baggage Handling System (BHS)

Equipment Space Considerations:

Large, dedicated areas for sorting and

Conveyor belts: For transporting baggage.
processing baggage.

Sorting systems: Automated systems for

Space for maintenance and repairs.
routing baggage.

Claim areas must have sufficient space for

Baggage claim carousels: For passenger
passengers to collect their bags, without
retrieval.
causing congestion.

Passenger Boarding Area

Equipment Space Considerations:

Passenger boarding bridges (jet bridges): For Adequate gate space to accommodate aircraft
direct access to aircraft. size.

Gate seating: Comfortable seating with Comfortable seating areas with sufficient
charging ports. space for passengers.

Flight information display systems (FIDS): For

Clear signage and wayfinding.
up-to-date flight information.
EQUIPMENT AND SPACE CONSIDERATION

Retail and Food & Beverage (F&B)

Equipment Space Considerations:

Retail store fixtures: Shelving, displays, and Strategic placement of retail and F&B outlets
checkout counters. to maximize passenger flow and spending.

Retail store fixtures: Shelving, displays, and

Adequate space for seating and queuing.
checkout counters.

Restaurant and cafe equipment: Kitchen Consideration of the type of retail and food
equipment, seating, and serving areas. that the airport wishes to provide.

Restrooms

Equipment Space Considerations:

Sufficient number of restrooms to

Toilets, sinks, and hand dryers.
accommodate passenger volume.

Accessibility features for passengers with

Clean and well-maintained facilities.
disabilities.

Proper placement throughout the terminal.

EQUIPMENT AND SPACE CONSIDERATION

Airport Lounges

Equipment Space Considerations:

comfortable seating, charging stations, wifi, Adequate space for the amount of expected
food and drink service areas. patrons.

Seperate areas for different needs, such as

Business centers.
quite areas, and social areas.

Wayfinding and Signage

Equipment Space Considerations:

Digital displays: For flight information and Strategic placement of signage to guide
directions. passengers through the terminal.

Static signage: Clear and concise signs in

Clear and legible fonts and graphics.
multiple languages.

Key Design
Considerations

Technology
Passenger Flow Accessibility Sustainability Flexibility
Integration

The design should Sustainable design The terminal should be Modern airports
The terminal should be
optimize passenger principles should be adaptable to future increasingly rely on
accessible to all
flow to minimize incorporated to changes in technology technology to enhance
passengers, including
congestion and wait reduce environmental and passenger the passenger
those with disabilities.
times. impact. demand. experience.
 Changi Airport

BUILDING PRECEDENT STUDY

Airport Boulevard, Singapore 819642

Changi Airport is one of the world's busiest

and most awarded airports, known for its
exceptional design, efficiency, and
passenger experience. Located in
Singapore, it serves as a major
international hub for air travel, connecting
over 100 airlines to more than 400 cities
worldwide. Changi Airport is consistently
ranked among the best airports globally,
recognized for its cleanliness, efficiency,
and world-class amenities, making it a
model for airport design and operations.

KEY FEATURES:
ARCHITECT A world-class airport with a modern, sleek
URE design, featuring expansive terminals and the
iconic Jewel Changi with a futuristic glass-and-
steel dome.

PASSENGER Offers luxurious lounges, nap zones, free WiFi,

EXPERIENCE and entertainment hubs, ensuring a seamless
and comfortable journey for all travelers.

Home to the world’s tallest indoor waterfall

AMENITIES
(Rain Vortex), lush indoor gardens, a rooftop
swimming pool, and 24/7 cinemas.

DINING Over 280 shops and restaurants, including global

AND brands and famous local eateries, providing a
RETAIL diverse shopping and dining experience.

Situated in the eastern part of Singapore, just 20

LOCATION
km from the city center, with excellent MRT and
road connectivity.

Designed with eco-friendly features, including

SUSTAINABI-
green energy solutions, water recycling systems,
LITY
and energy-efficient architecture.

The main concourse of Changi Airport is composed of

Terminals 1, 2, and 3. Terminals 1 and 2 primarily handle
international airline flights operating under the Fifth,
Sixth, and Seventh Freedoms of Flight (International Civil
Aviation Organization, 2019), while Terminal 3 is dedicated
to the national carrier, Singapore Airlines. All three
terminals utilize a finger-pier layout, allowing the airport
to accommodate a large number of aircraft simultaneously.
While this configuration optimizes the use of available
airside space, it also results in longer walking distances for
passengers traveling from boarding gates to customs or
transferring between flights, a common occurrence at
Changi Airport’s Building Layout (Construction Headline, n.d.)
Changi Airport.
 Changi Airport Terminal 1, the journey for passengers
follows a seamless sequence of time and space, designed to
enhance convenience and efficiency. Upon arrival,
passengers enter the Arrival Hall (L1), where baggage claim
belts are arranged systematically for easy retrieval of
luggage. Immigration counters are strategically positioned
to process arriving passengers efficiently. From this area,
passengers can either proceed to ground transport
services, including taxis, buses, and car rentals, or
transition to connecting flights via transfer counters. For
departing passengers, the journey begins at the Departure
Check-in Hall (L2), where check-in counters are arranged
in rows for different airlines. After check-in, passengers
proceed through security screening and immigration
before entering the Departure Transit Lounge (L3). This
level offers an array of shopping and dining experiences, as https://antonettavanhaalen.blogspot.com/2020/04/changi-airport-terminal-1-arrival-
hall.html
well as premium lounges for relaxation. Passengers can
also explore amenities such as the Cactus Garden and the
Sky View Lounge, adding comfort and leisure to their wait
before boarding. The terminal is well connected with clear
directional signage, skytrains to other terminals, and
multiple information counters to assist passengers at every
stage. The design ensures a smooth transition from arrival
to departure while providing access to world-class services
and facilities.
Changi Airport Terminal 2 is designed to provide a
seamless flow for passengers from arrival to departure.
When arriving, passengers enter the Arrival Transit Hall
(L1), where baggage claim belts are located. From here,
they can proceed to immigration clearance before exiting
into the public arrival area. Transfer passengers can use
shuttle buses or transfer counters to move between
terminals.
For departing passengers, the journey begins at the
Departure Immigration Area (L2) after checking in at their
respective airline counters. Once cleared, they enter the
Departure Transit Lounge (L2-L3), where a variety of retail
stores, duty-free shops (such as The Shilla Duty-Free),
and dining options enhance the waiting experience. The
terminal also includes lounges, gardens, and relaxation
spaces to ensure a comfortable stay before boarding.
Passengers are guided through a structured sequence of
spaces that balance functionality and comfort. The
terminal integrates efficient movement pathways with
interactive zones such as the Orchid Garden, Social Tree,
https://antonettavanhaalen.blogspot.com/2020/04/changi-airport-terminal-1-arrival-
and Xperience Zone, making waiting time enjoyable. The
hall.html well-marked transfer routes and automated people-
mover systems enable a smooth flow for transit
passengers between gates and terminals.
Changi Airport Terminal 3, the journey for passengers
follows a structured sequence, ensuring efficiency and
comfort. For departing passengers, the process begins at the
check-in counter in the Departure Hall, where they drop off
baggage and receive their boarding passes. They then
proceed to departure immigration for clearance before
moving through security screening into the departure
lounge. Here, they can access duty-free shops, lounges, and
relaxation areas before heading to their designated boarding
gates, where they board the aircraft via a departure bridge.
For arriving passengers, the experience starts as they
disembark from the aircraft and follow designated pathways
leading to immigration clearance in the Arrival Hall. After
completing immigration procedures, they proceed to the
baggage claim area to collect their luggage before moving on
to customs clearance. Once cleared, they exit into the public
arrival area. Throughout the terminal, architectural features
such as green walls, water walls, and skylights enhance the
ambiance, providing a welcoming and calming atmosphere. https://tierradesign.com.sg/projects/singapore-changi-airport-terminal-3/
The finger-pier layout of the terminal maximizes aircraft
capacity but results in longer walking distances for
passengers. Despite this, the design of Terminal 3 ensures a
smooth and well-organized travel experience.

https://tierradesign.com.sg/projects/singapore-changi-airport-terminal-3/

The Changi Terminal Layout Map (Gate Layout) provides a structured overview of how gates are distributed among the three
terminals at Singapore Changi Airport, ensuring smooth passenger flow and connectivity. Terminal 1, marked in blue on the right
side, houses gates C1 to C26 and D30 to D49, with Skytrain stations C and D facilitating easy transfers. Terminal 2, shown in
yellow at the bottom, contains gates E1 to E28 and F30 to F60, with Skytrain stations E and F providing quick access to other
terminals. Meanwhile, Terminal 3, marked in red at the top, accommodates gates A1 to A21 and B1 to B10, supported by Skytrain
stations A and B for efficient movement.
The Skytrain system, an automated transport service, efficiently connects all three terminals, ensuring quick transit for
passengers with connecting flights. Additionally, a designated transit route allows for seamless navigation between different gate
areas. Various lounges, including the SilverKris Lounge, SATS Premier Club, and Skyview Lounge, are strategically located on
mezzanine levels to offer comfort and relaxation to travelers. The airport's layout is designed for maximum efficiency and
convenience, with color-coded sections that help passengers easily identify their locations. The placement of Skytrain stations
minimizes walking distances and ensures timely transfers, making Changi Airport one of the most passenger-friendly transit
hubs.
Jewel Changi Airport is a multi-dimensional lifestyle and retail hub integrated with Singapore Changi Airport, providing
passengers and visitors with a seamless sequence of time and space as they navigate through its various levels. Upon arrival, users
typically enter through Level 2 (L2), the main entrance, where they are welcomed by a spacious atrium filled with retail outlets,
dining options, and a clear view of the iconic Rain Vortex, the world’s tallest indoor waterfall. From here, visitors can choose to
explore different floors depending on their interests and needs.
Moving upwards, Levels 3 and 4 (L3 & L4) primarily house additional retail stores, entertainment areas, and restaurants that offer
both casual and fine dining experiences. The spatial arrangement allows users to gradually transition from shopping and dining to
more leisurely experiences as they move toward Level 5 (L5), which features Canopy Park, an expansive recreational space with
gardens, walking trails, and interactive attractions. This topmost level offers a tranquil, nature-inspired retreat, contrasting with
the bustling lower levels, providing a well-balanced journey through different environments.
For those heading downwards, Basement Levels B1 and B2 serve as key transit areas, housing food courts, supermarkets, and
convenient links to public transport systems such as the MRT and bus terminals. This ensures that travelers have easy access to
transportation options before departing for their next destination. The entire design of Jewel Changi Airport follows a smooth,
intuitive spatial sequence that accommodates different types of users—whether they are passengers on a short layover, tourists
exploring the attractions, or locals visiting for leisure and shopping. The carefully curated flow from transit areas to immersive
experiences creates an efficient yet memorable journey, making Jewel a standout destination in global airport design.
HSBC RAIN VORTEX
Let the world’s tallest indoor waterfall steal your breath
away. At 40 metres high, it is one of the centrepiece
attractions that greets visitors when they enter Jewel. As
spectacular by day as it is by night, it sets the stage for a
mesmerising Light & Sound show, running from 7.30pm
– 12.30am daily at hourly intervals.

SHISEIDO FOREST VALLEY (West SHISEIDO FOREST VALLEY (East Trail)

Trail) Take a leisurely hike up this trail that leads you
This multi-sensory walking trail past cascading waterfalls on the east side of Jewel.
includes an interactive art
installation created to enhance the
experience of your visit to Jewel.

CRYSTAL CLOUDS LEVEL 2 VIEWING DECK SOUTH GATEWAY GARDEN

Day or night, the crystal clouds This spot promises one of the best Set against the backdrop of the
shimmer like stars to create a panoramic views of Jewel and iconic Changi Airport Control
mesmerising kaleidoscope of makes for one of the top photo Tower, admire these statuesque
colourful reflections framing points be it day or night. palm trees that transport you into a
Jewel’s North Gateway Garden. Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/443952899/Jewel-Floor-Plan-
modern oasis.
Brochure
 WEST GATEWAY GARDEN
Hanging from the ceiling are elegant floral balls
composed largely of Tillandsia air plants. Take a
respite from your shopping escapade on the
raintree benches located here.

EAST GATEWAY GARDEN

Encounter a lush vertical garden of hanging fern
columns at the east entrance. 17 fern columns
made out of an exotic variety of fern and
epiphytic plants provide a natural backdrop for a
selfie in the tropics.

YOTELAIR SINGAPORE CHANGI AIRPORT

Asia’s first YOTELAIR can be found at Jewel,
offering guests the perfect space to recharge
around the clock, just minutes away from the
departure gates. Whether you want to sleep,
work-out or socialise – YOTELAIR has
everything a traveller needs. Not to mention the
24/7 KOMYUNITI lounge (left) overlooking Jewel’s
verdant landscaping.

CHANGI EXPERIENCE STUDIO

Embark on a journey of fun and surprises at the
Changi Experience Studio! Go on an exciting
expedition in the virtual world of Changi Airport
– through its past, present and future. Get a
glimpse into the operations of an airport and
discover the secrets behind what makes the
world’s leading airport tick. Engage in the
wonder of amazing projection experiences,
interactive games and immersive shows, which
will delight adults and children alike.

IMMERSION GARDEN
See where the waterfall ends. Sit by the edge of this
contemplative pool encircled by lush foliage while
discovering the array of dining options surrounding the
garden.

MAJESTIC WATERFALL
Share a meal with friends at the eateries with
the calming waterfall view as your backdrop, or
shop to your heart’s content at the many
international and local high street brands
located here.

Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/443952899/Jewel-Floor-Plan-
Brochure
 Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/443952899/Jewel-Floor-Plan-
Brochure

01 Hedge Maze
At 1.8m in height, the walls of foliage 06 Manulife Sky Nets - Walking
provide an immersive experience as you Suspended across a void 25 metres above
weave your way through Singapore’s ground, this is one walk you won’t forget.
largest hedge maze.
07 Manulife Sky Nets - Bouncing
02 Mirror Maze Experience the thrill of being almost
Venture into a world of illusion at the weightless as you leap about this giant net that
world’s first mirror maze set in a garden. stretches 250 metres long!

03 Topiary Walk
Let your imagination run wild with 08 Petal Garden
animal topiaries at this photo-friendly Look out for spectacular blooms that are
enclave. always on display at this pocket of perennial
04 Discovery Slides spring.
Set within a reflective sculpted art
installation are four different ways for you 09 Canopy Bridge
to descend and have fun! Experience walking amongst ‘clouds’ and step
onto a glass-bottomed walkway 23 metres
05 Foggy Bowls
above ground.
These concave bowls of mist will
naturally draw children to play as if
amongst clouds.
 Haneda Airport
Ōta, Tokyo, Japan

BUILDING PRECEDENT STUDY

Haneda Airport is one of Japan’s busiest and most

efficient airports, renowned for its seamless

operations, modern facilities, and exceptional

passenger experience. Located in Tokyo, it serves

as a key international and domestic hub,

connecting millions of travelers to destinations

worldwide. Haneda Airport is consistently ranked

among the top airports globally, recognized for its

punctuality, cleanliness, and advanced technology.

With its blend of traditional Japanese aesthetics

and state-of-the-art infrastructure, Haneda offers

a world-class travel experience, making it a model

of efficiency and innovation in airport design and

management.

KEY FEATURES:
ARCHITECT A modern and sophisticated airport terminal with a
blend of traditional Japanese aesthetics and cutting-
URE
edge design. Features expansive glass structures,
spacious interiors, and seamless passenger flow.

Offers premium lounges, relaxation zones, free WiFi,

PASSENGER
and state-of-the-art entertainment areas, ensuring a
EXPERIENCE
comfortable and convenient journey for travelers.

Home to an extensive range of facilities, including

AMENITIES traditional Japanese gardens, observation decks,
capsule hotels, and 24-hour dining options.
Over 200 shops and restaurants, featuring
DINING
international brands and authentic Japanese cuisine,
AND
from sushi bars to ramen shops, providing a rich
RETAIL
cultural and culinary experience.

Conveniently located just 15 km from central Tokyo,

LOCATION with excellent access via trains, buses, and
expressways, ensuring quick and easy connectivity.

Designed with eco-friendly initiatives, including

SUSTAINABI-
energy-efficient lighting, sustainable construction
LITY materials, and advanced waste management systems.

The main concourse of Haneda Airport is composed of Terminals 1, 2, and 3.

Terminals 1 and 2 primarily handle domestic flights, with Terminal 1 serving airlines
such as Japan Airlines, Japan Transocean Air, and Skymark Airlines, while Terminal 2
accommodates carriers like All Nippon Airways, Air Do, and Solaseed Air. Terminal 3
is dedicated to international flights, operating 24 hours a day to accommodate long-
haul services. All three terminals utilize a linear layout, ensuring efficient passenger
flow and minimizing walking distances. This configuration allows the airport to
optimize its available space while maintaining seamless connectivity between
domestic and international flights. While the layout enhances operational efficiency,
passengers transferring between flights or moving from arrival gates to customs may
https://francejapon.fr/aeroport-de-haneda still experience moderate walking distances. However, Haneda Airport mitigates this
through an interconnected underground passageway and a high-frequency shuttle
bus system, ensuring smooth transitions and maintaining its reputation as one of the
https://francejapon.fr/aeroport-de-haneda world's most efficient airports.
 https://francejapon.fr/aeroport-de-haneda

Haneda Airport Terminal 1 are designed for efficient passenger circulation, ensuring smooth transitions between
different areas of the terminal. Upon arrival, travelers enter the 1st-floor Arrival Lobby, where they can access
baggage claim, transportation options such as taxis and buses, and various amenities like currency exchange and
rental car services. Moving upwards, the 2nd-floor Departure Lobby serves as the primary check-in area,
featuring airline counters, security checkpoints, and access to departure gates. The layout is structured to
facilitate a seamless flow from check-in to boarding, minimizing congestion and wait times.

Beyond security, passengers navigate through spacious corridors lined with retail shops, dining options, and
relaxation spaces before reaching their designated gates. The upper levels (3F-6F) house additional facilities such
as restaurants, observation decks, and lounges, enhancing the travel experience. The basement level (B1F)
provides convenient connections to the Tokyo Monorail and Keikyū Line, allowing quick transit to other terminals
and central Tokyo. This well-planned circulation system optimizes both time and space, ensuring an efficient and
comfortable journey for all users.
 https://francejapon.fr/aeroport-de-haneda

Haneda Airport Terminal 2 are designed to ensure an efficient and intuitive passenger flow. The terminal layout
strategically organizes movement across multiple levels, minimizing congestion and enhancing accessibility.
Upon arrival, passengers enter the Arrival Lobby (1F), which serves as the main gateway for domestic travelers.
Here, key services such as baggage claim, taxi and bus access, baggage delivery, coin lockers, and exchange services
are readily available. This level also connects directly to B1F, an essential transit hub featuring the Keikyu Line and
Tokyo Monorail stations, allowing passengers to transfer smoothly between terminals or travel to central Tokyo.
The B1F Passageway provides a direct connection to Terminal 1, approximately 400 meters away, accessible via
moving walkways or a free shuttle bus.

For departing passengers, the Departure Lobby (2F) is where airline check-in counters, baggage drop areas, and
security checkpoints are efficiently arranged. Post-security, travelers enter a spacious concourse lined with retail
shops, dining establishments, and waiting areas, creating a seamless pre-boarding experience.
The upper levels enhance the terminal experience with additional amenities. Level 3F houses a marketplace and
dining options, while 4F and 5F feature observation decks, offering panoramic views of aircraft operations and a
tranquil space for relaxation. Additionally, the airport lounges (3F-4F) provide comfort for premium travelers.

Throughout the terminal, clear signage, automated walkways, and strategic zoning optimize passenger circulation.
The seamless integration of transportation options at B1F, combined with the terminal’s layered spatial
organization, ensures that Haneda Airport Terminal 2 maintains smooth, time-efficient movement for all travelers,
whether arriving, departing, or in transit.
 Location and impact on terminal flow are
Security Inspection Stations crucial, requiring collaboration between
airlines and terminal planners.

AOA security is the airport operator's

responsibility (FAR Part 107).
Access control via security fencing and
controlled gates/doors.
Air Operations Area (AOA) Access
Passenger AOA access only post-
screening.
Controlled gates for service vehicle
access.

Unsecured area doors leading to the AOA

must be locked or alarmed.
Doors Emergency exit locking allowed with
panic knockout devices (fire code
compliance).

Minimum No. 10 gauge galvanized steel

chain link.
Minimum 8 feet (2.5 m) height.
Three-strand (12 gauge) barbed wire
overhang at a 45-degree angle.
Minimum 6-inch (15 cm) separation
between barbed wire strands.
Security Fencing
Fence posts at maximum 10-foot (3 m)
intervals, within 2 inches (5 cm) of
perimeter structures.
10 to 20 feet (3 to 6 m) cleared area
outside the perimeter fencing.
Gates of comparable strength, opening at
least 90 degrees.

Enclosed or with barriers to prevent AOA

Observation Decks
access and object throwing.

Perimeter lighting within the protected

area, above the fence.
Security Lighting Lighting oriented to prevent glare on
aircraft and roadways, and minimize
residential irritation.
 ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
Architectural programming acts as a bridge between a client's needs and a design's realization, going beyond a
simple list of requirements. It's a structured process that delves deeply into the client's goals, operational needs, and
spatial expectations, translating them into a comprehensive document that guides the entire design process.

CIRCULATION
Effective passenger circulation is essential for airports, ensuring smooth movement throughout the building to
prevent congestion. This requires designs that prioritize clear, secure, and rapid pathways, while also providing a
visually engaging experience.

A clear delineation of pedestrian and

vehicular pathways is essential.

Linear paths

Space arrangement

1 DESIGNATED PATHWAYS FOR CIVILIANS AND VEHICLES

2. UNOBSTRUCTED VIEW OF PATHWAYS

Clear and direct

Obstacle free
 3 PATHS MUST STIMULATED THE SENSES. NOT TOO MUCH TO BE A DISTRACTION

Visually stimulating

Simple without being too minimalistic

Colors that does not irritate the eye

4. CLEAR THE TRAFFIC SIGNS AND GUIDES FOR USERS.

Universally accepted signs and guides

Easily recognizable signs

Landmarks for each area

ACCESSIBILITY

Universal accessibility is paramount, ensuring that individuals of all ages and abilities, including those with
disabilities, can navigate and utilize the facility without barriers. The design must be inclusive and non-
discriminatory, prioritizing ease of access for everyone

1 . SIGNS AND DOORWAYS AND PATHWAYS FOR SPECIFIC USES.

Signs to guide the users

 Priority signs

2 . MUST BE VERSATILE IN ITS USES AS IT CAN BE USED BY ALL TYPES OF USERS.

Inclusivee design

Equipment usable for all

Prioritization of users

3. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF DIMENSIONS AND SCALING

Inclusive furniture designs

Design must follow are standards for airport

design

Spaces are wide and does not feel enclosed

UTILITIES

Incorporating robust maintenance and sustainability strategies is crucial for the long-term viability of any public
building.
 1 . EXOPOSED UTILITIES SHOULD BLEND WITH THE DESIGN BACKGROUND

Appropriate placement of lighting

Pipes and tubing has the same colour as the

ceiling

Plumbing utilities must be placed strategically

and uniformly.

Covering for vulnerable utility parts

Strategic placement of Utilities

Utility rooms must be secured

2. EASY ACCCESS FOR MAINTENANCE BUT ALSO PROTECTED FROM EXTERIOR HARM.

3. UTILITIES MUST BE DESIGNATED TO CONVERVE SPACE AND IN AN UNIFORMED MANNER.

Lightings and fixtures placed in an orderly

manner

Using the appropriate sizing of the lightings

Utilities must be color coded

 4. SEGRAGATION OF UTILITIES AND WASTE TO AVOID ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD

Grey water and black water must have

different outlets

Garbage segregation

5. MATERIALS USED FOR UTILITIES ARE LOCALLY AND READILY AVAILABLE

Materials used must be related to the

environment

The design must correlate with the society and

community

Materials are appropriate and affordable

SECURITY

Robust security measures are essential for fostering a sense of safety and comfort among users, particularly in high-
traffic environments like airports, which serve as crucial travel gateways.

1 . STRATEGIC LOCATION OF SURVEILLANCE AND SECURITY EQUIPMENT

Cameras are located above with a clear view

below

Additional detectors in fire prone areas

 Exterior of the building must also contain
cameras

2. LIMITED ACCESS FOR UNAUTHORIZED PERSONNEL AND USER VEHICLES

Separate entry for users and vehicles.

Clear signage for restricted areas

Checkpoint for vehicles

3. EGRESS FOR EMERGENCIES MUST BE SPACIOUS AND CAN LET PEOPLE MULTIPLE
PEOPLE THROUGH.

Exit points and entry points must follow CAAP

rules and regulations

Emergency Exits and stairs must be well lit

Stairs must provide handholds

 4. DESIGN MUST INCLUDE PROPER SOTRAGE AND GOODS AND EQUIPMENT

Maintenance equipment are stored in secured,

clean and dry place

Hangars are secured with limited personnel

entry

SUSTAINABILITY

PASSIVE COOLING
Passive cooling in airport passenger terminal buildings involves designing structures that minimize reliance on
mechanical systems by utilizing natural ventilation, shading, and thermal mass to regulate indoor temperatures.

SOLAR CONTROL
Solar control in airport passenger terminal buildings strategically minimizes unwanted solar heat gain through
architectural design and materials, enhancing passenger comfort and reducing energy consumption.

WATER SUPPLY EFFICIENCY

Water supply efficiency within airport passenger terminal buildings is a critical aspect of sustainable airport
operations, necessitating a comprehensive approach that encompasses the implementation of water-saving fixtures,
the utilization of alternative water sources like rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling for non-potable uses,
and the deployment of meticulous water metering and monitoring systems; these strategies collectively aim to
minimize potable water consumption, reduce reliance on municipal supplies, and enable proactive water
management, thereby contributing to the overall environmental responsibility of the airport.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Energy efficiency in airport passenger terminal buildings is achieved through a holistic approach that integrates
optimized HVAC systems, efficient lighting solutions, a well-insulated building envelope, and the incorporation of
renewable energy sources; this strategy, coupled with intelligent energy management systems and smart
technologies, aims to minimize energy consumption, reduce operational costs, and promote environmental
sustainability while maintaining a comfortable and functional environment for passengers and staff.
 PROGRAMING MATRIX
PROGRAMING MATRIX

GOALS FACTS CONCEPT NEEDS PROBLEMS

Create a Linear or
logical, radial flow Adequate
Peak hour patterns for space for
intuitive,
passenger Lack of
and efficient check-in
flow data. adaptability
efficient circulation. counters,
FORM to changing
flow for security
Aircraft passenger
passenger Modular checkpoints,
turnaround volumes.
s, design for and waiting
times.
baggage, future areas.
and staff.
expansion.

Value
Minimize Project engineering Cost- Budget
constructi budget to optimize effective constraints
ECONOMY on and and material and durable impacting
operation funding selection and building design
al costs. sources. construction materials. quality.
methods.

Provide a
comfortab
le and Adequate
Passenger User-
convenien seating, Long wait
demograp centered
UTILITY t restrooms, times and
hics and design
experienc and congestion.
needs. principles.
e for all amenities.
passenger
s.

Minimize
Local
the Energy-
climate Passive High energy
environme efficient
and cooling and consumption
ENVIRONMENTAL ntal HVAC and
environme solar control and carbon
impact of lighting
ntal strategies. emissions.
the systems.
conditions.
airport.
 Create a
Visually
welcomin Local
Use of natural appealing
g and architectur Generic and
light and and
AESTHETIC memorabl al styles uninspiring
local comfortable
e airport and design.
materials. interior
experienc materials.
spaces.
e.

SPACE IDENTIFICATION

1 . SITE ASPECTS

Pedestrian Entrancee Fuel Depot

Guard house Airport Maintenance

Power House Airport Hangar

Fire and Rescue Unit Storage area Apron

CAAP Office Taxiway

Public Parking Space Taxi and Habal Habal Terminal

Staff Parking Space

 ADMINISTRATIVE AND ACCOUNTING OFFICE

CAAP Office Security Office

PCAS Office Tourism Office

Airline Office Storage Area

Ticketing Office

PUBLIC SPACE

Lobby Departure Area

Waiting Area Arrival Area

Restroom Baggage Check in Counter

Concessionaire Area Prayer Room

UTILITIES

Electrical Room Waste Disposal

Maintenance Room Paging Area

Janitor Rooms Information Centers

AIRPORT FIRE CODE

Category Regulations & Standards Requirements Dimensions

Terminals, hangars, and fuel

ICAO Annex 14, NFPA 415,
1. Fire-Resistant Materials farms must use fire-resistant N/A
NFPA 409
materials.

Automatic sprinklers, foam

2. Fire Suppression Systems NFPA 409, Local Fire Codes systems, and alarms N/A
installed in high-risk areas.

Class B & C extinguishers in

3. Fire Extinguishers NFPA 10, ICAO Annex 14 terminals, hangars, and Every 15m in buildings
fueling areas.

Installed in control towers,

4. Smoke & Heat Detectors NFPA 72, ICAO Annex 14 terminals, baggage claim Max spacing 9m
areas, and hangars.

Clearly marked and well-lit

5. Exit Routes & Signage NFPA 101, Local Fire Codes exits; NFPA Life Safety Code Max 60m travel distance to exit
compliance.

Posted evacuation plans in

6. Evacuation Plans NFPA 1620, ICAO Doc 9137 N/A
key areas, regular training.

Fire stations must be

Within 3km from critical runway
7. Fire Station Proximity NFPA 403, ICAO Annex 14 located within a 3-minute
areas
response time.
ARFF teams trained for 1 ARFF unit per 1,000m of
8. ARFF Team Requirements NFPA 403, ICAO Doc 9137
aircraft emergencies. runway
First responders must arrive
9. Emergency Response
NFPA 403, ICAO Annex 14 within 3 minutes of an alarm 3 minutes max
Time
activation.

Hydrants and foam reserves

10. Water & Foam Supply NFPA 11, ICAO Annex 14 Hydrants every 90m
available for jet fuel fires.

On-site EMS teams for

11. Emergency Medical EMS station within 5 minutes
NFPA 450, Local Regulations immediate medical
Services (EMS) from terminals
response.
Emergency vehicles must
12. Runway & Taxiway Min 10m wide emergency
ICAO Annex 14, NFPA 403 have direct routes to all
Access access roads
runways.

Fuel farms positioned safely

13. Fuel Storage & Handling NFPA 407, ICAO Annex 14 Min 30m from buildings
with containment dikes.

Grounding & bonding of

14. Electrical & Equipment Grounding resistance ≤ 10
NFPA 70, ICAO Annex 14 fueling equipment to
Safety ohms
prevent static discharge.

Strict enforcement in
NFPA 1, Local Fire Smoking area min 50m from
15. No Smoking Policy restricted zones; designated
Regulations fuel storage
smoking areas required.
 Regular fire drills and
16. Routine Fire Drills NFPA 1620, Local Fire Codes Conducted every 6 months
inspections.

Foam suppression systems Firewall min 2-hour fire

17. Hangar Fire Protection NFPA 409, ICAO Annex 14
and firewalls in hangars. rating

All staff must undergo

regular fire safety and 40-hour training for ARFF
18. Personnel Training NFPA 600, ICAO Annex 14
emergency response staff
training.

Proper storage and disposal

19. Hazardous Materials Storage min 60m from
NFPA 30, ICAO Annex 18 of hazardous materials like
Handling runways
aviation fuel.

A centralized fire alarm and

20. Fire Alarm & Alarm audible range min
NFPA 72, ICAO Annex 14 emergency communication
Communication Systems 300m
system.
Division of airport into
21. Airport Fire Zones NFPA 415, ICAO Annex 14 different fire hazard zones N/A
for prevention.
Fire suppression near
22. Aircraft Refueling Refueling stands min 15m
NFPA 407, ICAO Annex 14 refueling areas with
Safety from terminals
emergency shutoff valves.
Mandatory in hangars,
NFPA 80, Local Fire
23. Fire Resistant Doors control rooms, and fuel Fire rating min 90 minutes
Regulations
storage areas.
Smoke control, fire doors,
24. Passenger Terminal Fire
NFPA 101, ICAO Annex 14 suppression systems in Evacuation max 4 minutes
Safety
passenger areas.
Backup power for fire
25. Emergency Power
NFPA 110, ICAO Annex 14 suppression, alarms, and Min 2-hour battery backup
Backup
lighting.
Training in fire suppression,
26. Fire Prevention Training
NFPA 600, Local Fire Codes evacuation, and emergency Annual refreshers required
for Staff
response.
Real-time monitoring of fire
27. Fire Hazard Monitoring
NFPA 72, ICAO Annex 14 hazards and suppression Min coverage 95% of airport
System
status.
Fire trucks equipped with
28. ARFF Vehicle
NFPA 414, ICAO Annex 14 high-reach extendable Min 2 vehicles per runway
Requirements
turrets (HRET).
Independent suppression
29. Fire Protection for Min 30-minute fire
NFPA 101, ICAO Annex 14 system and emergency
Control Tower resistance
escape plan.
30. Emergency
Coordination between
Coordination with Local Fire NFPA 1710, Local Fire Codes Joint training every 6 months
airport and city fire services.
Depts
 FIRE ALARM SPECIFICATION

Fire Alarm System Specifications

Microprocessor-controlled,
addressable, automatic fire alarm
System Type system.
Complete, operative, and coordinated
system.

Alarm-initiating devices.
Alarm notification appliances.
Control panels.
System Components Auxiliary control devices.
Annunciators.
Power supplies.
Wiring.

SOURCE: JICA STUDY TEAM

Main Fire Alarm Control Panel Facilities (Minimum

Requirements)

Location display
Indication of activated automatic fire Zone display
detector Indication of activated break glass
manual call point

Remote control of the emergency

message unit.
Fireman’s microphone Integration with the public
address/voice alarm system.
Zone-by-zone control.

Capability to broadcast to any

Fire officers broadcast
combination of individual zones.

Cables capable of maintaining circuit

Wiring integrity for a prolonged period under
fire conditions.
 FIRE FIGHTING SPECIFICATION

Sprinkler System Specifications

Integrated system of underground and

overhead piping.
System Design
Designed in accordance with NFPA 13
standards.

Hydraulically designed network

Overhead Piping Systematic pattern of sprinkler
attachments

Each sprinkler system riser includes an

Riser Alarm
alarm actuation device.

Two (2) sprinkler risers

Located in opposite stairwell areas
Riser Locations
Serves ground floor, second floor, and
roof deck levels.

Stand hose pipes and fire hose

Integration
cabinets integrated with risers.

Areas with suspended ceilings: Pendent

type sprinklers.
Sprinkler Types (NFPA 13 Compliance)
Areas without ceilings: Upright
sprinklers.

Stand Hose Pipe Connection and Fire Hose Cabinet System

Building height
Standpipe System Design Floor area
Egress system design
Stand Hose Pipe Connection and Fire Hose Cabinet System

Provided throughout the passenger

terminal building.
Interconnected with the sprinkler system.
Fire Hose Cabinet System Class III system.
Hose diameters:
- 40 mm for occupant use.
- 65 mm hose valves for fireman’s use.

Not more than 60m travel distance

Cabinet placement Hose nozzle reaches every room, and
within 6 meters of every part of a room.

External Fire Hydrant System

Provided on both ramp and street sides of

the terminal building.
Location
Strategically located around the building
perimeter.

Provide protection to the structure from

Purpose
potential exposure to fires.

Sufficient number of hydrants.

Hydrant location enables delivery of
needed flow through hose lines to:
Requirements
- All exterior sides of the terminal
building.
- Other areas to be protected.
 (Fire Fighting) Water Mist System

Protects airside window glass from

Purpose shattering due to intense heat during a
fire.

Water mist sprays located on the exterior

Location
of airside window glass.

Upon activation, water mist sprays cover

Activation
all windows facing the airside.
References

Horonjeff, R., McKelvey, F. X., Sproule, W. J., & Young, S. B. (2010). Planning and design of
airports (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Ashford, N., Mumayiz, S., & Wright, P. (2011). Airport engineering: Planning, design, and
development of 21st-century airports (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). (2018). Airport planning manual (Doc
9184, Part 1). ICAO.

Khemlani, L. (2020) Jewel changi airport: Project profile, Aecbytes.com. Available at:
https://www.aecbytes.com/profile/2019/ProjectProfile-JewelChangiAirport.html

Scribd. (n.d.). Airport design. Retrieved March 24, 2025, from

https://www.scribd.com/document/119253927/airport-design