CHAPTER 3

HEATING LOADS
• Heating load – The amount of that must be supplied to
keep the building or room air at the desired temperature.
• Heating load requirements for buildings result from two
types of heat losses:
–Heat transfer losses
–Infiltration/ventilation losses
• Heat transfer
–Conductions : It is a result of molecular or electron action.
–Convection: Is the form of heat transfer that results from gross
movement of liquids or gases.
–Radiation: Is the form of heat transfer that occurs between two
separated bodies as a result of a means called electromagnetic
radiation, sometimes called wave motion.
• Rate of Heat Transfer
1
𝑄 = 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝑇𝐷
𝑅
𝑄 - heat transfer rate, Btu/hr.
𝑅 - thermal resistance of material h𝑟. 𝑓𝑡 2 . °F /Btu Table A.4
𝐴 – surface area through which heat flows, 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑇𝐷 = 𝑡𝐻 − 𝑡𝐿 : temperature difference across which heat flows.

• Thermal Resistance Surface Air Films

Table A.5 list thermal resistance of these air films.

• Conductance and Conductivity

1
𝐶= 𝑅
Btu/hr. 𝑓𝑡 2 .ºF
Film Coefficient- the thermal conductance of the air film.
𝐾
𝐶=
𝐿
• Overall Thermal Resistance
𝑅0 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 … . . 𝑒𝑡𝑐

• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U

1
𝑈= Btu/hr. 𝑓𝑡 2 .ºF
𝑅0
𝑄 = 𝑈𝑥𝐴𝑥𝑇𝐷

Table A.6 and A.7 U-values for roofs, walls, floors, partitions and doors.
Table A.8 for glass windows and glass doors.
• U-values and Energy Standards

For Degree Day DD=4000-6000

DD – is a number reflects the length and severity of a heating season
Table A.9

• Heat Transfer Losses: Basement Walls and Floors

𝑄 = 𝑈 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 ∆𝑇
 Part of the basement above ground: Use U from A.6 and A.7

Part of the basement below grade U and TD will be different

For U use table 3.2

For TD – outside winter design temperature is taken to be
the deep ground temperature value (between 40ºF and
60ºF)

Basement Inside Temperature

1. Basement heated (with terminal unit) – use the basement inside
design condition .
2. Unheated basement – No heat loss calculation.
3. Basement heated by heat source equipment
A. Area that the heat source is in: Assume the inside temperature is equal to that
of the rest of the building.
B. For other partitioned off areas, assume an unheated basement.
Heat losses from floor above basement – if conditions are not known
an estimated unheated basement temperature of 50ºF should be
used.

• Heat Transfer Losses: Floor on ground and floor over

crawl space
–Floor over crawl space:
Crawl space is vented – space air temperature will equal the
outside air design temperature
Use
𝑄 = 𝑈 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 ∆𝑇

In cold climates, the floor should be insulated, an overall R-20

value is a typical requirement
 Crawl space is used for the warm air ductwork, the heat loss
calculations is more complicated.

• Floor Slab on Grade

Heat loss is greatest neat the outside edges (perimeter)
𝑄 = 𝐸 𝑥 𝐿 𝑥 𝑇𝐷
𝑄 – heat transfer loss through floor on grade Btu / hr.
𝐸 – edge heat loss coefficient, Btu/hr. ºF per ft. of edge length
(Table 3.3)
𝐿 – total length of outside (exposed) edges of floor , ft.
𝑇𝐷 – design temperature difference between inside and outside
air, ºF.
• Infiltration and Ventilation Heat Loss
–Sensible heat loss
𝑸𝒔 = 𝒎 𝒙 𝒄 𝒙 𝑻𝑪
𝑄𝑠 – heat required to warm cold outdoor air Btu/hr.
𝑚 – weight flow rate of outdoor air infiltration, lb/hr.
𝑐 – specific heat of air, Btu/ lb.ºF
𝑇𝐶 – temperature change between indoor and outdoor air, ºF

𝑸𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟏 𝒙 𝑪𝑭𝑴 𝒙 𝑻𝑪

– Latent heat Loss Effect of Infiltration Air

𝑸𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 𝒙 𝑪𝑭𝑴 𝒙 (𝑾𝒊 ′ − 𝑾𝟎 ′)

𝑄𝑙 – latent heat required for infiltration

𝐶𝐹𝑀 – air infiltration 𝑓𝑡 3 /min
𝑊𝑖′ , 𝑊0 ′ - indoor and outdoor humidity ratio grw/ lbda
If the lower room air humidity resulting from infiltration is acceptable
latent heat loss effect may be neglected.

• Finding the Infiltration Rate

–Crack Method
Table 3.4 lists typical allowable infiltration rates.

• Corner Room Infiltration

– Consider one side only

• Door Usage
Table 3.5 infiltration rates for frequent door usage.
• Air Change Method
–One air change is defined as being equal to room air volume
–Values range from 0.5 ACH to 1.5 ACH

𝑉
𝐶𝐹𝑀 = 𝐴𝐶𝐻 𝑥
60
CFM – air infiltration rate to room, cfm
ACH – number of air changes per hour for room
V – room volume 𝑓𝑡 3 .

VENTILATION LOAD
• Outside air – maintain the indoor air quality.
• Additional part of the building heating load.
• Use the same equations.
𝑸𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟏 𝒙 𝑪𝑭𝑴 𝒙 𝑻𝑪
𝑸𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 𝒙 𝑪𝑭𝑴 𝒙 (𝑾𝒊 ′ − 𝑾𝟎 ′)
• Fans create a slightly positive air pressure – prevent infiltration, no
allowance for infiltration is made only ventilation.
• Fixed windows (no openable parts), crack infiltration is limited to
exterior doors only.

Design Conditions
Inside – Table 1.1
Outside – Table A.9

Unheated Space Temperature

• Assume halfway between indoor and outdoor design conditions.
• Unheated space has a large exposed glass area – Assume
outdoor temperature.
• If totally surrounded by heated spaces, assume indoor design
conditions.
Room Heat Loss and Room Heating Load
• Room heat loss is the sum of each of the room heat transfer losses
and infiltration heat losses.
• Room heating load is the amount of heat that must be supplied to
the room
• Room heat loss = Room heating load.

Building Net Heating Load

• The sum of the building heat transfer losses, infiltration losses and
ventilation load.

Building Infiltration Loss

• Infiltration CFM is equal to one half the sum of the infiltration CFM.
System Heat Losses

• Duct Heat Transfer Loss

–Duct pass through unheated space add 2.5% of the building sensible heat loss.
–Use R-4 insulation.

• Duct Leakage In general 15-25% is

–Large building add 5-10% of the load the standard piping
and pickup factor.
• Piping Losses
–Negligible
3.1
1
𝑄= 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝑇𝐷
𝑅

1
= 𝑥 15𝑥9 𝑥 66 − 18
0.35

= 18,500 Btu/hr.

3.2
𝐿
𝑅=
𝐾

𝐿 = 𝑅 𝑥 𝐾 = 0.23 𝑥 12 = 2.76 𝑖𝑛 (𝑢𝑠𝑒 3")

3.4
ITEM R value
Concrete 0.08 x 6 = 0.48 (Table A.4 p 492)

Insulation = 5.00

½ in gypsum board = 0.45 (Table A.4 p 491)

Inside air = 0.68 (Table A.5)

Outside air = 0.17 (Table A.5)

𝑅𝑜 = 6.78 ℎ𝑟.𝑓𝑡 2 .℉/𝐵𝑡𝑢

1 1
𝑈= = = 0.15 Btu/hr. 𝑓𝑡 2 . ℉
𝑅𝑜 6.78

𝑄 = 𝑈 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 ∆𝑇
= 0.15 x (30 x 12) x (70-(-5))=4050 Btu/hr.
3.8
A= 4.5 ft. x 3.0 ft. = 13.5 𝑓𝑡 2
U = 0.98 BTU/hr. 𝑓𝑡 2 . ℉
𝑄 = 𝑈 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝑇𝐷 = 0.98 x 13.5 x (68-3) = 860 Btu/hr.

3.11
From table A.9 DD=6351 DB=1
From table 3.3
5400 6351 7400
0.49 x 0.54

7400−5400 0.54−0.49
= =
7400−6351 0.54−𝑥
2000 0.05
= =
1049 0.54−𝑥
52.45=1080-2000x
3.11Cont.
1027.55
𝑥= = 0.514 Btu/hr. ºF per ft. of edge = E
2000

𝑄 = 𝐸 𝑥 𝐿 𝑥 𝑇𝐷
L= (100+40)2 = 280 ft
Q = 0.514 x 280 x (68-1)
Q = 9642.64 Btu/hr.

3.12
Length of crack=2 x 3 + 2 x 4 =14ft.
CFM= 0.8 x 14 = 11.2 CFM
Q=1.1 x CFM x TC
Q=(1.1)(11.2)(69-(-8))=950 Btu/hr.
3.13
Volume = 15 x 20 x 10 =3000𝑓𝑡 3
1
CFM = 3000 x 1.5 x =27 CFM
60
Q = 1.1 x CFM x TC
Q = 1.1 x 27 x (72-1)
Q = 2110 Btu/hr.

3.15
Outdoor design DB = -7 ºF Table A.9
Uglass = 0.98 Btu/hr. 𝑓𝑡 2 . ºF Table A.8
𝑄 = 𝑈 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝑇𝐷
= (0.98)(2000)(72-(-7))
Q = 154,840 Btu/ hr…
3.15 Cont.

…For Double Glass

U = 0.51 Btu/hr. 𝑓𝑡 2 . ℉
𝑄 = 𝑈 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝑇𝐷
= (0.51)(2000)(79)
𝑄 = 80,580 Btu/hr.
Reduction = 154,840 - 80,580 = 74,260 Btu/ hr.

3.16
Table A.9 DB=-4
U = 0.98 Btu.
Q = UA(TD)
= (0.98)(5 x 4 )(71-(-4))=1470 Btu/hr.

.
3.16 Cont.

Q=1.1 x CFM x TC
Crack length = 23
CFM= 0.6 x 23 = 13.8 CFM

Q=(1.1)(13.8)(75) = 1138.5 Btu /hr.

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2608.5 Btu/ hr.

3.18
Gross well area = 30 x 15 = 450 𝑓𝑡 2
Windows area = 5 x 4 x 4 =80 𝑓𝑡 2
Net wall area =370 𝑓𝑡 2
3.18 Cont.
DB = 6 Table A.9
𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.14 (Table A.7 page 498)
𝑈𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0.51 Btu/hr. 𝑓𝑡 2 .ºF

𝑄 = 𝑈 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝑇𝐷
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =0.14 x 370 x (72-6) = 3418.8 Btu/hr.
𝑄𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 =0.51 x 80 x 66 = 2692.8 Btu/hr.

Infiltration
Length of crack = (4x4)5 = 80 ft.
𝑄 = (1.1) CFM (TD)
=(1.1)(80)(0.5)(66)=2904
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 9015.6 Btu/ hr.