CHAPTER 9

ECOLOGICAL / ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
• Discuss the meaning of Recreation Activities
• Identify the Different types of Recreation Activities.
• Explain the specific activities you may share with the community.

Ecology comes for the Greek wod “oikos” or house and “logos” the
study of. It is defined as the scientific study of the interrelationships of plants,
animals and the environment. It is oftentimes misused as a synonym for
environment.
The plants and trees in the Philippines forests are the sources of
our medicines. The seas and rivers and waters are the sources of fish. It is
only in the Philippines where the fish die of old age, and yet the country
imports sardines. Some Filipino fishermen still use dynamic in fishing which
destroys the ecological balance of nature. In respect, the Filipino needs a lot of
education in ecology.
In our daily lives newspaper, it is very alarming to note that there
is an alarming and rapidly deteriorating ecological situation in the country.
There is a continuing rape of our forests and seas, the unabated soil erosion of
our mountains and shores, the destruction of watersheds, the drying up of
rivers and their pollution with harmful chemicals. The wanton exploitation of
our land and waters is the “root of many of our economic and political
problems “, and more “deep –seated crisis” than political instability , economic
decline and a growth in armed conflict.

The Many Faces of Planet Earth :

According to Toh Swee-Hin & Cawagas (1990) , people all over
the world are increasingly alarmed over the rapid deterioration of our natural
environment. Thus the continuing depletion of the ozone layer of the planet
earth as well as global warming through the “greenhouse effect “ have been the
subject of study of many scientists urgently looking for solutions to save our
planet from eventual destruction.
There is a prediction that there will be an increase in the
incidence of skin cancer and other ailments due to harmful solar radiation, The
rising global temperature would cause the melting of glaciers and polar caps,
which will result in severe flooding in coastal cities and communities. The so –
called “greenhouse effect” is compounded as countries continue to burn fossil
fuels like coal, oil, natural gas, and other petroleum by products, which
increase the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.
Further , Toh Swee –Hin & Cawagas say that the destruction of
rainforests in all continents (Europe , the Amazons, Asia) adds t this
“greenhouse effect” by disrupting the process that transforms carbon dioxide to
oxygen . At the same time, myriads of valuable plant and animal species are
killed and suffer extinction. Rainforests are essential in the functioning and
maintenance of natural water system. They hold rainwater and then gradually
release the water into the ground, the rivers, and lakes. With the death of
rainforests, streams and rivers have gone dry while during the rainy season,
massive soil erosion and floods occur, causing further social and ecological
damage. (e.g landslides , silting, loss crops)
Even our marine resource are greatly affected by pollution which
are brought by industrial wastes and mine tailing that are dumped into our
rivers, lakes and seas. The rich countries are also contributors to ecological
breakdown in the Third World. Because of the lower pollution standards of our
country, they take an advantage by dumping toxic wastes into the air, land,
and waters of host nations.
In the urban areas, especially in Metro Manila, the air that we
breathe is no longer safe. It poses danger to our health. The unhealthy
attitude of Filipinos throwing garbage into the rivers, lakes and seas can cause
death, because the marine resources are being contaminated, with “red tide”,
and other poisonous chemicals. The “red tide” phenomenon is truly one
message from nature to remind all of us of the harsh reality that the garbage
we throw will go back to us in another form of trash.
The Filipino people living in the mountains do not stop from
cutting trees; Philippine forests are not being conserved, so as a result there
are often brownouts and power shortages which greatly affect our economy and
consequently the whole country.
With the increasing number of tragedies brought by our abusive
acts against nature like flash floods in Baguio, Nueva Vizcaya, Antipolo and
San Mateo , volcanic eruptions in Bicol, Taal and Zambales in which the latest
is “Lahar” many Filipinos suffer the consequences of our own abuses to mother
nature.

Environment Development:
The Prevalence of many of our current environmental changes-
air and water pollution , global warming, habitat fragmentation and conversion
is in part due to the way in which we have built our neighborhoods
communities and metropolitan areas during the past half century –dispersed ,
inaccessible and automobile oriented in word sprawling.
The farther we have to travel between home and work, work and
play the more likely it is that we will drive. Thus, it should not be surprising
that as the distances between trip origins and destinations have increased so
has the amount of driving we have done. The end result of all this driving is
that the nation’s air quality has suffered. Research has shown that in fact,
pedestrian and transit-friendly communities have a positive impact on air
quality by improving travel alternatives.
As we build, we replace our natural landscape- forests, wetlands,
and grasslands with streets, parking lots, rooftops, and other impervious
surfaces. The effect of this conversion is that storm water, runoff that prior to
development was filtered and captured by natural landscape, is trapped above
impervious surfaces and accumulates and runs off into streams, lakes, and
estuaries, picking up pollutants along the way. Runoff can be reduced through
clustering of development, thereby leaving larger open spaces and buffers.
Although compact development generates higher runoff and pollutant loads
within a development, total runoff and pollutant loads are offset by reductions
in surrounding undeveloped.
As development moves further and further to the metropolitan
fringe, it competes with open space habitat and prime farmland. Loss open
space impacts the environment in multiple ways. First we lose many of the
natural landscape features we value-forests, wetlands etc. Second, we lose the
functions that these features provide- runoff control, wildlife migration, etc.
And in the instance of farmland loss, we hasten the use of lesser quality soils
for production; thereby heightening conversion of forests and wetlands for crop
production ; and increasing dependency on irrigation. Fertilizers and
chemicals.
What is the Ecological Solid Waste Management ACT OF 2000
Republic Act of 9003 considers “waste as a resource that can be
recovered “emphasizing re-cycling, re-use , and composting as methods to
minimize and eventually manage them waste program.
This act aims for the reduction of solid waste through “source
reduction and waste minimization measures including composting, recycling,
re-use, recovery, green charcoal process and others before collection,
treatment, and disposal in appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste
management facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable development
principles “
It also sets to ensure the proper segregation, collection,
transport, storage, treatment, and disposal of solid waste through the
formulation and adoption of the best environment practice in ecological waste
management excluding incineration.
Further , this Act gives strong emphasis on the role of municipal
and local government units(LGU’s). It empowers the LGU to create solid waste
management communities even in the barangay level. This requires the
participation of non-government offices, people’s organizations, church leaders,
educators, and other business and community associations.

Types of wastes identified by RA903

1. Solid Wastes- these are all household, commercial wastes,
nonhazardous institutional and industrial wastes, street sweepings,
construction debris, agricultural wastes and other
nonhazardous/nontoxic solid wastes.
2. Special Wastes- These are household hazardous wastes as paints,
thinners, household batteries, spray canister and the like. These include
wastes from residential and commercial sources that are composed of
bulky wastes, consumer electronics, white goods, yard wastes that are
collected separately, oil; and tires. These wastes are usually handled
separately from other residential and commercial wastes.
3. Hazardous Wastes- These are solid, liquid, contained gaseous or
semisolid wastes that may cause or contribute to the increase in
mortality, or in serious or incapacitating reversible illness or
acute/chronic effect on the health of people and other organisms.
4. Infectious Wastes- These are mostly generated by hospital wastes and
mining activities, which contaminate soil, and debris.
References:
National Service Training Program (CWTS)
BY: Sonia Gasilla –De La Cruz
Filename: CHAPTER 9-ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Directory: C:\Users\MR. MAKILING\Documents
Template: C:\Users\MR.
MAKILING\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Templates\Normal.dotm
Title:
Subject:
Author: MR. MAKILING
Keywords:
Comments:
Creation Date: 1/2/2021 1:46:00 PM
Change Number: 1
Last Saved On: 1/2/2021 1:48:00 PM
Last Saved By: MR. MAKILING
Total Editing Time: 2 Minutes
Last Printed On: 1/2/2021 1:49:00 PM
As of Last Complete Printing
Number of Pages: 5
Number of Words: 1,373 (approx.)
Number of Characters: 7,830 (approx.)
 CHAPTER 10
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND DEVE.LOPMENT

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
• Differentiate community organization from community
development.
• Enumerate and explain the steps in organizing the community;
• Explain the guidelines for community workers; and
• Implement strategic planning as well as the steps of planning
community development program/projects

A person is a social being. He / She cannot develop unless

he/she is a part of society. She/he must work together with his/her fellow
human beings for common interests. The problems of other men are his/her
problems. Together, they must search for solutions. Thus it is the people of
the community who must organize themselves.
A. Definition of Terms
Community is a dynamic entity composed of people living in a
given territory who share common culture, needs, aspirations, resources.
Lifestyles, and the like bounded by a feeling of belongingness and interacting
with one another in consonance with its structure and institution to achieve
common goals.(Norman , 1998a)
Community Organization is a process forged along peoples’
empowerment and the essential formation of a self-reliant organization that will
facilitate development in a sustainable manner. (Norman, 1998b). As process,
it involves a series of interrelated activities aimed to unify the people into an
organization. It also involves people’s participation in all stages of the
organizing process. Lastly it manifests the people’s collective will to participate
, voice out and be heard, and to decide as a unified group.
Community Development is an intermittent process of social
action of the people of a community in organizing themselves for democratic
planning and action on common problems and solving the felt needs of the
society.

B. Community Organizing
 Goals in Organizing the Community(Norman, 1998b)
1. People’s empowerment
2. Building organization
3. Building alliance / coalitions
4. Popular democracy
5. Social transformation
6. Leaders in development

C. Steps in Organizing the Community

Entry in the Community
• Gather basic information about the place such as culture,
practices, and the lifestyle of the people.
• Do not regard yourself as superior or different from the people in
the community.
• Dress simply as possible and act naturally as you can as you enter
the community.
• Do not appear as a savior or someone who will solve people’s
problems.
• Remember that development must be for the people and from the
people.
Integration with People

• Integrate yourself with them people by living with them, eating

their food , doing their chores, and slowly learning their way of
life.
• Gradually join their small groups so you can continue to expand
your knowledge about the condition of the community or place.
• Slowly start working in the community. Begin to realize the
hardships and problems that the people are facing. Realizing that
their problems are also your problems, you have to learn the way
how the people feel about these problems.

Community Study or Situation Analysis

• You have entered the community, now you are with the people.
• You are now with the people not alone by yourself.
• Facilitate people’s participation in analyzing their situation and
problems.
• Adjust the level of the study or analysis to the level of the
community people.
• Do Not limit their participation to merely answering the survey
questionnaire.
• Raise the awareness and consciousness of the people in handling
national problems.

Identifying and Developing Potential Community Leaders,

• As early as possible, identify potential leaders from among the

people who seem to have a deep understanding and concern in
solving their problems.
• Equip them with useful knowledge and experiences to develop
them into leaders,
• Educate and convince them that they can be potential leaders to
represent the group.

Core Group Formation

• Form a core group consisting of the identified potential
leaders. These leaders are expected to meet and accept the
challenge to organize the rest of the community projects.
• Each core group is expected to represent its organization.

Setting Up and Developing the Organizational Structure

• At this stage , the people are now ready to set up their
organization.
• Give a chance for the leaders to move and work together on
their own,
• Let the people learn how to identify the issues and problems
confronting them.
• Let them the plan the various activities they can perform
together for the common good.
• Let them see financial problem and how to solve them by
coming up with income-generating projects.

• Community Development
 Community Development-is a planned and organized effort
to assist individuals to acquire the attitudes, skills, knowledge
and general capabilities required in their democratic
participation in the Effective solution of community problems
in an order of priority determined by increasing level of
competence.

The Aims and Objectives of Community Development

The aim of community development is a community action.

In reality the primary object of community development is to a)
promote b. sustain c. support and d.) Maintain community
action.

Major Purposes/Objectives of Community Development

• To Help people employ the right methods to organize

self-initiatives.
• To Develop techniques relevant to the situation for socio-
economic and cultural progress

E. Principles of Development.

1. Development should focus on people’s participation.

2. Development should be attuned to the demands of the
people.
3. Development should be based on a theory that is tested,
validated and relevant.
4. Development should be integrated in approach.
5. Development should lead to the empowerment of people.
6. Development should sustain the natural environment as a
socio-economic base.

F. Five Elements of Community Development.

1. A focus on the goals and needs of the community
2. The encouragement of self-help
 3. Technical assistance form governmental or voluntary
organization which may include personnel, equipment,
supplies and money
4. Integration of various specialties such as, agriculture,
animal industry/husbandry , public health , education,
home economics , and work
5. Felt needs of the people in the community

G. Four General Phases of Basic Community Development

/Organization
1. Issue /Problem Identification and Information
dissemination

• This is the phase where real needs are

distinguished from felt; rapport is established,
and face-to-face interaction with people is made.
In this phase, opinions are elicited and kin
formation is disseminated.

2. Mobilization of people /community

• In this phase, people are stimulated to come

together to discuss problems. Meetings are
called to identify community problems; to
analyze the problem together with the people; to
set objectives, and plan and implement action.
In this phase, potential leaders are identified
and committee work is stimulated.

3. Organization
• This is the combination of constructive forces of
men and materials, machinery and money, so
that these may work together in an orderly way
to turn out finished goods for profit, or render
services to the community.

4. Education
• This is the phase where the members of the
community are educated to assume
responsibility for their organizations and to
acquire the organizational skills and techniques
 essential to organizational skills and techniques
essential to organization maintenance.

H . Qualification of a Community Development Worker

(Andres, 1994)

1. He/She has demonstrated potentials for

community development work.
2. He/She has demonstrated professional
commitment, direction, motivation and maturity
as manifested in his/her work history.
3. He/She is willing to understand and respect the
values and culture of people.
4. He/She has the genuine intention of sharing
whatever goods he/she has with his/her
fellowmen.

A. Guidelines for Community Workers (Norman, 1998c)

1. Work with the poor and oppressed , not for them

Help them to understand, analyze, plan and carry out their

developmental program/project. But do not do it for them.
They have the right to reject expert advice and make
mistakes. Development comes from within a people’s own
understanding of their needs and rights. So they must
decide the major issues and the basic needs and how to
tackle them.

2. Development is an awakening process.

Development is a way in which people see themselves and

awaken their right to live as human beings. Without this
awakening there is little that the animator can do or should
try to do. The people are intelligent and have much
experience. Draw out their strength. Listen to them.

3 . Let the people grow.

Development is building up the people, so that they can

build a future for themselves. Development is an experience of
Freedom as people choose what to do. It is a difficult experience
for those who have lived in dependence and without hope for a long
time. Deciding and doing something bring dignity and self respect.
Development efforts should, therefore, start with the people’s
potential, and proceeds to their enhancement and growth.

4 . Build up the people’s solidarity.

Development occurs as liberated people build together with

other people, in solidarity. As oppressed people, moving into
freedom and opportunity can either make them become selfish and
oppressive or place them into relations of solidarity with others,
sharing and caring for one another, and marching together
towards as a new society in which their own full humanity is
assured.

5 . Build up the people’s organization.

People must carry out liberating activities which keep their

local community free from exploitations.

They must establish links with other groups and with other
groups and with national coordinators in order to increase their
beginning power, and make it possible to participate more widely
in the struggle for a new society.

B. Strategic Planning
All leaders plan and think about what the organization should be
doing and how objectives might be achieved. Planning
contributes to strategic management in several ways(Thompson
1997).
1. Planning system represents analytical strategy
creation and can lead to an intent.
2. Planning system provides a useful framework for
managing the organization strategic resource. It can
provide a means of controlling resource allocation and
fostering internal linkages.
3. The primary benefit of planning is that it forces people
to think. Planning is everything.
4. Planning is one aspect of strategy creation. It is
necessary for the organization to plan.
5. Planning is the process of translating goal/objectives
into specific activities to meet community needs or
solve community problems. It involves a holistic
 situational analysis of the community towards
identifying community needs/problems; resources,
and responses. Planning basically answer the
following questions:
• How much?(quality of resources)
• Of what?(programs, services}
• For whom? (target, beneficiaries/clients);
• Why?(to achieve what goal);
• For how much? ( the social and economic
costs:;and
• What conditions?(with what other
consequences).

Seven Steps of Planning

This outline helps a real working group plan; particularly.
1. Diagnosis
• What is the problem?
• What are the needs?
2. What do we want to achieve (objective) in particular
period? This week this month, this year?
3. What are the possible ways of achieving this objective?
4. What the advantages and disadvantages of each
proposal?
• How much time, money, and personal effort will be
needed for each proposal?
5. Which proposal (plan) do we accept?

6. Who will do what , when, where and how?

7. At what point do we need to evaluate?

• who should be involved in the evaluation?

Reference Book:
National Service Training Program
Civic Welfare Training Service (cwts) II
Literacy Training Service (LTS)
2ND Edition:

Sergio J. Lee
Serge – Albert C. Tiu Lee
Filename: CHAPTER 10-COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Directory: C:\Users\MR. MAKILING\Documents
Template: C:\Users\MR.
MAKILING\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Templates\Normal.dotm
Title:
Subject:
Author: MR. MAKILING
Keywords:
Comments:
Creation Date: 1/2/2021 1:51:00 PM
Change Number: 1
Last Saved On: 1/2/2021 1:56:00 PM
Last Saved By: MR. MAKILING
Total Editing Time: 5 Minutes
Last Printed On: 1/2/2021 1:57:00 PM
As of Last Complete Printing
Number of Pages: 9
Number of Words: 1,775 (approx.)
Number of Characters: 10,123 (approx.)