6 Introduction to Statistics and Statistical Charts

Ch. 6.1 Introduction to Statistics

geffrey
Lu
Name: _________________________ Class: ___________
17

Objectives: 1. Learn how to classify discrete and continuous data.

. .

2. Learn how to use a frequency distribution table to organize data.

3. Learn how to organize data into an appropriate number of groups.

1. Determine whether the following are discrete data or continuous data. Put a ‘’ in the
appropriate box.
Discrete Continuous
data data
(a) The numbers of questions that a group of students
·
 
answered correctly in a test
(b) The amounts of time that a group of housewives ~
shopped in a supermarket last week
 
(c) The weights of irons sold in an electronic shop  ~

(d) The numbers of children studied in different
kindergartens

~ 
(e) The average speeds of trains  ~


Key Points
Organization of data
We can organize data using a frequency distribution table.
Note: When the data values cover a wide range, we have to divide the data into a suitable number of groups first.
e.g. Quiz marks of 15 S1 students: 10, 11, 11, 18, 21, 24, 25, 25, 26, 27, 27, 27, 31, 32, 35
The above data can be organized into 3 groups as shown in the table below.

○
1 ○
2 ○
3
Quiz marks Tally Frequency

10  19 //// 4

20  29 //// /// 8

30  39 /// 3

Total 15

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 6 Introduction to Statistics and Statistical Charts

2. The following data show the favourite foods of some children in a birthday party, where I, C, P,
A and S stand for ‘ice cream’, ‘chicken wings’, ‘potato chips’, ‘apple pies’ and ‘strawberry
cakes’ respectively.
I I C A S P I P P S I I S S P A
S P P C I I C P C C I P C I I I
P C P P A C S S I C I A I A I I
(a) Complete the following frequency distribution table.
Food Tally Frequency
Ice cream # 16
Chicken wings H III &
Potato chips #I 11
Apple pies # 5

Strawberry #/ Il 7

Total 48

(b) The most favourite food among the children is _________________________.

sream
ice

(c) There are 28 students favorite food is dessert.

3. The following data show the numbers of times that a group of administrative clerks went
hiking last month. ~ Example

4 1 2 0 3 1 3 4 1 0 1 2 1 1 2
3 0 0 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 2 1 0 0 4
(a) Construct a frequency distribution table according to the above data.
(b) How many administrative clerks are there in the group?
(c) How many administrative clerks went hiking for more than 2 times last month?
Solution
(a)
Times Tally of requency

O #/ 6

!
#IIll 9
&

H 11 7

i 111/

111l
4
4
-

I have are 38 administrative Toteil 30

hiling
administrative certwhena
(b) (c)
clerks in the group .

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 6 Introduction to Statistics and Statistical Charts

4. The following data show the lifetimes (correct to the nearest h) of some electric bulbs.
426 427 532 533 535 432 483
432 538 543 543 458 449 492
513 483 494 437 441 509 520
537 491 536 501 493 452 544
497 443 535 512 472 438 465
(a) Construct a frequency distribution table for the above data using the following groups:
420 h – 439 h, 440 h – 459 h, etc.
(b) How many electric bulbs have lifetimes shorter than 440 hours?
(c) What is the percentage of electric bulbs have lifetimes longer than 499 hours?
Solution
(a) Lifetimes Yally Frequency
I
420 -
439 6

440 - 459 5
460 -
479 11 2

400 -
499 H Il 7
-

500 -
519 I'll 4
520-539 H H 10

540 -
559 III 3

Total 37

(b) 6 electric bully have lifetimes shorterthan 440 hours

.

(c)
x100 %%
: % of electric bulls have lifetimes langes
,
than 499 hours

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 6 Introduction to Statistics and Statistical Charts

5. The following show the heights (correct to the nearest cm) of 20 children in a nursery school.
76 79 78 79 78 76 78 79 78 79
77 78 79 76 79 78 78 77 79 78
(a) Construct a frequency distribution table for the above data.
(b) What percentage of children are shorter than 78 cm?

al =x100%
Heights

I
(b) The shorter than 8
percentage ofchildren
Tally Frequency
are cm

76 III 3
t
77 11 2

78 # III g
79 #11 7

Total 20

6. Harry and Leo divide the heights (correct to the nearest cm) of 30 students into 3 groups and 5
groups respectively as follows:
Harry: Leo:
Height (cm) Frequency Height (cm) Frequency
150 – 159 a 155 – 159 7
160 – 169 14 160 – 164 c
170 – 179 b 165 – 169 6
170 – 174 d
175 – 179 4
(a) Find the values of a, b, c and d.
(b) What percentage of students are at least 165 cm tall?
Solution
(a) (b) The %of students - 165sm :
a= 7

c+ 6
6154x100 %
14
=
30
(14 6) 6 4 7
8d 30
+ + +
=E 50 %
+ - =
=
c
3031
a+ 14+ b = 30 d + 8 + 6 +4 + 7 = 30
= 50 %

21 b= 30
+ d +25 = 30
b= 9 d =

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 6 Introduction to Statistics and Statistical Charts

7. The following data show the total score in each match in an inter-class basketball competition.
~ Example
65
- 57 58
------38 57 42 46 46
---63 44
70 56
- 41
- 49
- 34-53 -
64 -
58 -
65
- 59
64 56
---- 38 46 51
- 42 -
-- 40 64 57 -51
David organizes the data into the following frequency distribution table.
Total score Tally Frequency
34  55 //// //// //// 15
56  70 //// //// //// 15
Total 30
(a) List two reasons why this way of organizing the data is NOT suitable.
(b) Re-organize the data into an appropriate frequency distribution table.
Solution
(a) 1 The number too little
. of groups is .

2 The range sach

of different
.
.

group is

(b)
Total score Tally Frequency
34 -
40 111I
41 -
45 11I &

46 -
50 111 4
51 -

55 11I 3
56 -
60 # III go
61 -
65 H I 6

66 -
78
S I

Total 30

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 6 Introduction to Statistics and Statistical Charts

8. The following data show the lengths (in cm) of the hand spans of 24 students.
16.6 18.7 19.1 17.5 16.7 19.4 20.8 17.4 18.4 19.8 21.3 18.3
20.4 22.1 19.2 16.5 17.6 23.1 19.2 17.9 18.5 21.7 22.8 17.2
Billy suggests organizing the data into the following two groups:
16.5 cm  19.9 cm, 20.0 cm  23.4 cm
Is this way of organizing the data suitable? If not, suggest another way of organizing the data.
Solution
I think this way is suitable
.

9. Find the mistakes of the following frequency distribution table (a) and complete the table (b).
(a)
Number of unread emails Tally Frequency
1–5 / 1
5 – 10 //// / 6
10 – 15 //// // 7
15 – 19 //// 4
19 – 25 // 2
Total 21
(b)
Number of unread emails Tally Frequency
5 / I

6- //// / 6

11-15 //// //
16 -
20 //// *
2) -
25 // 2

Total 28