CODE OF ETHICS Confidentiality and Privacy ─ The social worker

should respect the privacy of clients and hold in

Ethics: Science that treats of morals and right confidence all information obtained in the course
conduct of professional service.*
Professional Ethics : System of ethical principles Fees ─ When setting fees, the social worker
and rules of conduct generally accepted by the should ensure that they are fair, reasonable,
members of a professional group, based on the considerate and commensurate with the service
philosophy, values, and guiding principles of that performed and with due regard for the client’s
profession. ability to pay.
Professional Code of Ethics : written expression of
some of these principles and rules of conduct for
the guidance of the professional group and the 3. The social worker’s ethical responsibility to
unwritten principles and rules of conduct which colleagues
usually have the same force as the code. Respect, Fairness and Courtesy ─ The social
worker should treat colleagues with respect,
courtesy, fairness and good faith.
Code of Ethics of the National Association of
Social Workers Dealing with colleague’s clients ─ The social
worker has the responsibility to relate to the
1. The social worker’s conduct and comportment clients or colleagues with full professional
as a social worker consideration.
Propriety ─ The social worker should maintain
high standards of personal conduct in his capacity
or identity as a social worker. 4. The social worker’s ethical responsibility to
employees and employing organizations*
Competence and Professional Development ─
Must strive to become and remain proficient in Commitments to employing organizations ─ the
professional practice and the performance of social worker should adhere to commitments
professional functions. made to the employing organization

Service ─ The social worker should regard as

primary the service obligation of the social work 5. The social worker’s ethical responsibility to
profession. the social work profession*
Integrity ─ Should act in accordance with the Maintaining the integrity of the position ─ should
highest standards of professional integrity. uphold and advance the values, ethics, knowledge
Scholarship and Research ─ The social worker’s and mission of the profession
study and research should be guided by the Community Service ─ the social worker should
conventions of scholarly inquiry. assist the profession in making social services
available to the general public

2. The social worker’s ethical responsibility to Development of Knowledge ─ take responsibility

the client for identifying, developing, and fully utilizing
knowledge for professional practice
Privacy of Client’s interest ─ The social worker’s
primary responsibility is the clients* 6. The social worker’s ethical responsibility to
society
Rights and Prerogatives of Clients ─ Make every
effort to foster maximum self-determination on Promoting the General Welfare ─ the social
the part of clients. worker should promote the general welfare of the
society
 -To promote cultural values that will enhance the
practice of the social work profession
PURPOSES SERVED BY A PROFESSION’S CODE OF
ETHICS B. Relative to Client
- It helps check abuses, which can result from the -To uphold the basic human rights of clients and
powers and privileges accompanying the serve them without discrimination*
monopoly enjoyed by the profession.
-To accept primary responsibility and
- It provides the community some protection accountability to clients, respecting their right to
against abuses by members of the profession self-determination and observe confidentiality in
which are helpful in the socialization of future all my dealings with them
professionals.
-To seek out the marginalized and ensure equal
- It sets guidelines for relationship, if not specific access to the resources, services and
duties of members to each other, to their clients, opportunities required to meet basic needs
and to other groups.
-To expand choice and opportunity for all persons,
- It is a useful resource for the enrichment or with special regard for disadvantaged or
improvement of the professional curriculum. oppressed groups or persons

STANDARDS OF ETHICAL CONDUCT C. Relative to Colleagues

A. Relative to self and the profession -To acknowledge and respect the professional
expertise of other disciplines, extending all
- To conduct myself in a manner consistent with necessary cooperation that will enhance effective
the philosophy, principles, values and beliefs of service*
the social work profession
-To bring any violation of professional ethics and
- To act at all times with honesty, openness and standards to the attention of the appropriate
transparency in all my professional transactions bodies inside and outside the profession and
- To constantly work towards my own professional ensure that relevant clients are properly involved
advancement so as to contribute to the -To advocate with legislative and policy bodies for
promotion of social work practice the welfare of all colleagues
- To contribute time and professional expertise to
activities that promotes respect for the integrity
and competence of social workers PHILIPPINE CODE OF ETHICS FOR SOCIAL
WORKERS
- To share research knowledge and practice
wisdom to colleagues and other professionals The Philippine Association of Social Workers
adopted this on November 24, 1964 and revised it
- To be vigilant and act to prevent the in November 1998.
unauthorized and unqualified practice of social
work 1. We believe in the inherent worth and dignity
of all men
- To support the professional association duly
organized and constituted for the professional 2. We believe that every man has natural and
welfare of all social workers social rights, capacities, and responsibilities to
develop his full potentials as human being.
- To respond and volunteer my professional
services in times of emergency 3. We believe that the government and the
people have the joint responsibility to promote
-To uphold and protect the dignity and integrity of social justice, and to ensure the economic and
the profession social well-being of all people.*
4. We believe in free men living freely in a free she does as a private citizen and as a member of
society where poverty is neither a fate nor the profession
punishment but a condition that can and must be
changed.
5. We are committed to the development of C. Duties toward the agency/organization
highly fulfilled human beings in an atmosphere -A profession is loyal to her agency
of social equity and economic prosperity.
-A professional cooperates in the achievement of
6. We are committed to seek a higher quality of her agency’s goals
life for all people.
-A professional seeks opportunities to participate
in the formulation of policies, thereby
Unwritten duties and obligations expected of a contributing to the improvement of agency
professional social worker: services

A. Duties toward clients -A professional does not just oppose agency

policies without first discussing the matter with
-A professional deal with clients openly and the appropriate persons
frankly
-A professional observes established agency rules,
-A professional is patient, tolerant and channels, and procedures, and advocates for their
considerate of the client’s point of view change or modification if these are not necessary
-A professional never uses threat or deceit D. Duties toward the community/public*
-A professional is punctual, keeping appointments -A professional responds promptly to requests for
and makes no compromises she cannot keep assistance
-A professional is careful and thorough in dealing -A professional makes use of appropriate
with client problems opportunities to interpret her work to the
community
-A professional never discriminates against any
client, giving so-called “hopeless” cases as much -A professional helps bring about a sound and
as attention as promising ones constructive public opinion in matters of social
concern
-A professional will act in relation to a client’s
problems only on the basis of adequate
knowledge of the client’s situation.
SOME ETHICAL DILEMMAS
Manipulation: Matter of influencing clients to act
B. Duties toward colleagues and the profession in the way a worker wants them to act in
response to a given situation, or manipulating
-A professional is courteous and fair in dealing agency reports to justify budgetary requests.
with co-workers
Advocacy: Some promote unnecessary conflict
-A professional cooperates with co-workers in the situations, resorting to various machinations,
pursuit of common goals including the use of insult, embarrassment,
-A professional should maintain high standards of distortion of truth, disruption and violence.
honor, integrity and morality Conflicting loyalties: would loyalty to a client’s
-A professional makes only constructive criticism cause, such as where human dignity or survival is
of co-workers and of the profession involved, be a justifiable reason for not upholding
loyalty to one’s organization or colleague group?
-A professional does not exploit her professional
membership, and distinguishes between activities
Cultural and other realties: The social worker is *Professional Authority
expected to follow the established rules and
procedures of an agency. However, personalistic Social work graduate who has successfully passed
culture often calls for the use of personal the licensure examination given by the Board for
“connections” to facilitate action on a client’s Social Workers of the Professional Regulation
request. The use of one’s connections, however, Commission (PRC) is considered professionally
quite often means that one has to disregard competent to use any of his repertoires (range) of
accepted agency rules or channels. social work intervention to help the client.

*Sanction of the Community

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS The passage of the Social Work Law in 1965

marked the formal acceptance of social work as a
1.SOCIAL WORK profession by the community.
-A profession which helps individuals, families, Society/Community sanctions professional
groups, communities to develop, improve, authority by granting the profession certain
maintain, and/or restore their capability for powers and privilegesn e.g. Control by the
coping with the demands of their environment profession over training centers, admission
through the use of social work methods or requirements, performance standards*
intervention.
-RA 4373 : “An Act to Regulate the Practice of
Social Work and the Operation of Social Work -Regulative Code of Ethics
Agencies in the Philippines and for Other Every profession must have a regulative code of
Purposes.” A profession that is primarily ethics to guide the professional conduct of its
concerned with organized social service activity members and insure for itself the continued
aimed to facilitate and strengthen basic confidence of the community. The code must be
relationships in the mutual adjustment between updated regularly to meet new challenges and
individuals and their social environment for the emerging social situations for which there are no
good of the individual and society, and by the use provisions
of social work method.
Charges against social workers brought before the
PASWI 1977 : The profession which fosters, Board for Social Workers, Professional Regulation
facilitates and strengthen basic relationships in Commission are based on the Philippine Code of
order to achieve the full development of the Ethics for Social Workers. Violations of the Code
individual and society by the use of social work are penalized (e.g. Suspension/Cancellation of
methods. license to practice the profession)
The ultimate goal of social work is
ENHANCEMENT OF THE SOCIAL FUNCTIONING
OF INDIVIDUALS *Professional Culture
Social Workers have a system of beliefs and
values and an accepted form of interaction and
ATTRIBUTES OF SOCIAL WORK relationships
-Systematic Body of Knowledge This professional culture is bolstered by the
-Social work knowledge is transformed into theory Philippine Association of Social Workers,
which serves as the base on which the incorporated (PASWI), which articulates and
professional rationalizes his operation in concrete expresses the profession’s concerns and works for
situations, and which underlies his professional the maintenance of professional standards and
skills. the promotion of social work interest and aims.
 the system to lie where they fell.” He
considers social services as social
2.SOCIAL WELFARE compensation for the “socially generated
Aggregation of specialized programs, institutions disservices and socially-caused diswelfare.
and services intended to meet certain residual
needs not serviced by other types of sectoral
action, and receiving some degree of financial
support, supervision or recognition from either
the public or private sectors or both.
Denotes the wide range of activities, which a
society undertakes to insure the mutual support 4. SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS
of its members in the interest of the cohesion and
well-being of the community *International Social Welfare Agencies
1. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and
the Pacific (ESCAP
REASON FOR PROVIDING SOCIAL WELFARE
SERVICES 2. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

Humanitarian and social justice goal – rooted in 3. United Nations High Commissioner for
the democratic ideal of social justice, and are Refugees (UNHCR)
based on the belief that man has the potential to *Department of Social Welfare and Development
realize himself, except that physical, social, (DSWD) Programs and Services*
economic, psychological and other factors
sometimes hinder or prevent him from realizing 1. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
the potential.
2. KALAHI-CIDSS (Kapit-Bisig , Laban sa Kahirapan-
Social Control Goal – Base on the recognition that Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social
needy, deprived or disadvantaged groups may Services)
strike out, individually and/or collectively against
3. SOCIAL PENSION
what they consider to be alienating or offending
4. ADOPTION, FOSTER CARE AND LEGAL
society.
GUARDIANSHIP
Economic Development Goal – Places priority on 5. SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING PROGRAM
those programs designed to support increases in 6. BOTTOM-UP PLANNING AND BUDGETING
the production of goods and services, and other 7. RESIDENTIAL CARE SERVICES
resources that will contribute to economic 8. SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMS’
development 9. Recovery and Reintegration Program of
Trafficked Persons (RRPTP)
10. PAMANA (Payapa at Masaganang Pamayanan)
3.SOCIAL SERVICE
Refers to the programs, services and other 5.SOCIAL WORK STRATEGIES
activities provided under various auspices, to Empirical-Rational Strategies : on the
concretely answer the needs and problems of the assumptions that the individual is rational and will
members of society. pursue something that will work to one’s self
- Richard M. Titmus – sees social problems interest.
as a structural or basically located in the Normative Re-educative strategies : change in
economy. “Since we cannot name and the patterns of action will occur only as the
blame the culprits and oblige them to persons involved are helped to change their
make redress, we must either provide existing norms and develop commitments to new
social services or allow the social costs of ones.
Power Coercive Strategies : application of power Examples : Provision of appropriate skills and
or authority to effect change on the part of those psychological support.
with less power.
4. Preventive : Prevention of social dysfunction,
social problems, social injustice, rights violations.
It involves the early discovery, control and
elimination of conditions or situations which may
have harmful effect on social-functioning.
Examples : Sex education for youth, Advocacy and
IEC activities

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SETTINGS FOR SOCIAL 5. Developmental : Provision of individual and
WORK PRACTICE social resources. The aim is to make the individual
make maximum use of his/her potentials and
Two categories of settings:* capacities, as well as to further the effectiveness
of available resources.
*Primary Settings – social agencies whose
programs and services are the direct purview or Examples : Helping unemployed breadwinners to
scope of social work Ex : DSWD, CARITAS, Hospicio avail of opportunities for skills training or
de San Jose livelihood, day care services, supplemental
feeding or helping a community affected by
*Secondary setting – agencies, institutions and malnutrition by linking them to available
organizations whose primary functions is to resources or mobilizing them to take action on the
provide other than social welfare but which problem.
employ social workers to support, strengthen, or
complement their own services such as hospitals,
schools, housing agencies, and even regional trial
courts which include under their jurisdiction,
family, children and youth affairs.
CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES FOR SOCIAL
WELFARE
OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WELFARE 1. National Development Plans
2. U.N. Strategies
1. Institutional : Individuals who are unable to 3. Philippine Realities
meet their needs is considered a “normal” 4. Social Realities
condition and helping agencies are accepted as 5. Social Problems
“regular” institutions. 6. MAJOR ISSUES AFFECTING SOCIETY
2. Residual : Conceives social welfare structures TODAY
as temporary, offered during emergency
situations and withdrawn when the regular social 1. National Development Plans
system-family and the economy is again working
properly, generally reactive and carries the stigma Ambisyon Natin 2040
of doles or charity.
-A basis for unity among Filipinos
3. Rehabilitative / Restorative / Remedial :
Restoration of impaired capacities which may -It is a vision, not a plan
either be curative / remedial, and/or THE PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
rehabilitative. The curative / remedial function
aims to remove the factors/causes of the -An anchor for development planning across
breakdown in the person’s social functioning. administrations
Rehabilitative refers to rebuilding patterns of -A guide for engaging with international
interaction. development partners
THE LIFE WE WANT secure home ownership, travel and
vacation opportunities
 Matatag (strongly-rooted : Living together  Panatag (safe) : Resources adequate for
with family, Time with family and friends day-to-day needs and unexpected
 Maginhawa (comfortable) : freedom from expenses, security of place, passive
hunger and poverty, guaranteed mobility, income during retirement
PDP 2017 - 2022
HEALTH Nutrition and health for all will be improved as the government :
a. guarantees services that provide care at all life stages
b. ensures the accessibility of these services in functional service delivery networks, and
c. Sustainably finance these services through universal health insurance
EDUCATION Lifelong learning will be pursued to attain both personal and national goals :
a. Filipinos will be equipped with 21st century skills to engage in meaningful and rewarding careers in
today’s changing world of work
b. Lifelong learning will also contribute to the development and growth of agriculture, industry and
services in the country.
c. To yield greater equity in human development outcomes, education will be made accessible to
vulnerable groups and those not reached by formal education
HOUSING Strengthening socioeconomic resilience by building safe and secure communities.
a. Expanding access to affordable, adequate, safe and secure shelter in well-planned activities
b. Implement Masa-Masid to fight crime and the proliference of drugs

Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and

sustainable economic growth, full and productive
2. U.N. Strategies employment and decent work for all
Otherwise known as the Global Goals are a Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote
universal call to action to end poverty, protect the inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and faster innovation
prosperity.
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among
OUTLINE OF Sustainable Development Goals countries
(SDG)*
Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements
Goal 1. End Poverty in all its form everywhere inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and
improved nutrition, and promote sustainable production patterns
agriculture.
Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well- change and its impact
being for all at all ages
Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality seas and marine resources for sustainable
education promote life development
Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable
women and girls use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable forests, combat desertification, and halt and
management of water and sanitation for all reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies
sustainable and modern energy for all for sustainable development, provide access to
justice for all and build effective, accountable and
inclusive institutions at all levels
Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation around the Philippine archipelago does not affect
and revitalize the global partnership for the claim over the eastern part of Sabah. The
sustainable development Philippines has a democratic government in the
form of a constitutional republic with a
presidential system. Governed as a unitary state
3. Philippine Realities with the exception of the Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
PHILIPPINE BACKGROUND* (ARMM), which is largely free from the national
The Philippines, officially Republic of the government.
Philippines, is made up of 7, 641 islands. Bounded
by the South China Sea on the west, the Philippine
Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the ECONOMY AND EMPLOYMENT
southwest, the Philippines shares maritime The Economy of the Philippines is the world's 34th
borders with Taiwan to the north, Vietnam to the largest economy by nominal GDP according to the
west, Palau to the east and Malaysia and 2017 estimate of the International Monetary
Indonesia to the south. Fund's statistics, it is the 13th largest economy in
-As of January 2018, it was the eighth-most Asia, and the 3rd largest economy in the ASEAN
populated country in Asia and the 12th most after Indonesia and Thailand. The Philippines is
populated country in the world. one of the emerging markets and is the sixth
richest in Southeast Asia by GDP per capita values,
-Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos after the regional countries of Singapore, Brunei,
lived overseas, comprising one of the world's Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.
largest diasporas.
Of a total current population of 92.2 million, there
-Became a Spanish colony during the 16th century are approximately 10 million. Overseas Filipino
, was ceded to the US in 1898 following the Workers (OFWs) around the world in 170
Spanish-American War. countries, with 1 million in Saudi Arabia alone,
-In 1942, fell under the Japanese occupation followed by Japan, Hong Kong, the United Arab
during World War II, and US forces and Filipinos Emirates and Taiwan.
fought together during 1944- 45 to regain control.
-Attained its independence on July 4, 1946. EDUCATION
Basic education took ten years to complete in the
GEOGRAPHY* Philippines – six years of elementary education
and four years of high school education for
-Southeastern Asia children aged six up to fifteen. However after the
AREA : Total – 300,000 sq. km. Land – 298, 170 sq. implementation of the K-12 Program of DepEd,
km. Water – 1830 sq. km. basic education today takes thirteen years to
complete – one year kindergarten, six years of
CLIMATE : tropical marine
elementary education, four years of junior high
school and two years of senior high school for
children aged five up to seventeen. As of 2017,
GOVERNMENT implementation of Grade 12 has started.
The Philippines is divided into 17 regions, 81 HEALTH*
provinces, 145 cities, 1,489 municipalities, and
42,036 barangays. In 2001 there were about 1,700 hospitals, of
which about 40% were government-run and 60%
Section 2 of Republic Act No. 5446 asserts that private.
the definition of the territorial sea
Cardiovascular diseases account for more than -Social Problem must be perceived as a problem
25% of all deaths. According to official estimates, by certain no. of people in the society.
1,965 cases of human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) were reported in 2003, of which 636 had -Social Problem must be regarded as capable of
developed acquired immune deficiency syndrome solution through collective action
(AIDS). Despite the increase of HIV/AIDS cases
from 12,000 in 2005 to 17,450 as of April 2014
with 5,965 people who were under anti-retroviral
therapy, the country is still a low-HIV-prevalence PERSPECTIVES INVOLVING SOCIAL PROBLEM
country with less than 0.1% of the adult
population estimated to be HIV-positive. FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE - these
perspectives says that the existence of a given
social problem is very easy to discern, that is
4. Social Realities when there is a substantial discrepancy between
widely shared social standards and actual
-Are conditions in macro level which creates conditions of life. - Poverty exist because poor
significant impact in the lives of Individual, Family, people perform less since they vary from intellect,
Groups, Organizations, communities, and in the competence, skills and effort exerted.
society as a whole.
CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE - Believes that society
composed of groups, which are in constant
5. Social Problems struggle with one another to improve their
respective status in the society. - Result of
-A problem in human relationships which oppression, domination and unfair competition of
seriously threatens society or impede important the dominant group over the subordinate.
aspiration of many people.
INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE - This view the
-Is an issue that negatively affects a person’s state problem as how it was interpreted by people and
of being in a society? when they are involved in it or when they interact
with it. - Leaves it to the poor to define the
OTHER FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE HOW SOCIAL situation in which they find themselves such as
PROBLEMS ARE DEFINED: accepting poverty as something predestined for
• History them.
• Cultural Values
• Cultural Universal l- is any aspect of one’s
social life that is common to all societies. STAGES OF SOCIAL PROBLEM DEVELOPMENT
• Awareness - ability of a person or group FOUR STAGE PROGRESSION
to bring a problem into a public
recognition. 1. AGITATION- shows a sign of discontent and
discerns a condition as offensive, harmful,
undesirable and threatening.
NATURE OF SOCIAL PROBLEM 2. LEGITIMACY AND CO-OPTION- 2nd party
involvement
-Social problem involved a Subjective Perception
of an Objective Condition - The public perception 3. BUREAUCRATIZATION AND REACTION- the
about a condition matters on how it is defined second party is unable to resolve detrimental
and seen as a problem. condition
-Social problem involved a Gap between Social 4. RE-EMERGENCE- offshoot of the failure of the
Ideals and Social Realities - The social values and legitimate agency
attitude continually changing thus the gap
between realities and ideals also changing
overtime.
6. MAJOR ISSUES AFFECTING SOCIETY TODAY provide the person with a value orientation and
counseling to change and improve his/her
POVERTY - IT REFERS TO A HARDSHIP WHICH IS attitude towards work as the case maybe.
UNACCEPTABLE.
Poverty as a problem of lack of access to
Poverty may refer to: government services – this connotes that
*MATERIAL CONDITION-needing goods and government services are not being felt by the
services, multiple derivation, low standard of people, this maybe because these services are not
living delivered where they are most needed, say
depressed barangays in far flung areas. With this
*ECONOMIC POSITION- low income, limited problem, it is necessary for the government to
resources, inequality or low social class bring their services to the people.
*SOCIAL POSITION – lack of entitlement, Poverty as a problem brought about by the
dependency or social exclusion development process – this means that there are
people who are left out because of development.
These are the people who, as a result of
2 MAIN MODELS OF POVERTY industrialization and mechanization of production
process, suddenly find themselves out of job to
Absolute / Extreme Poverty- lacking of basic
support their families.
necessities for survival e.g. starving, lack of clean
water and etc. Poverty as a problem of unequal distribution of
the wealth of society – this simply means that
Relative Poverty- when individual’s income are so
there are poor people because only a few or 10%
inadequate as to preclude them from having a
of society own and control the resources and the
standard living considered acceptable in the
means of production and distribution. The rest
society.
90% of the population have to struggle and fight
for the remaining meager share. Because of this
problem, radical changes have to be made so the
POVERTY AS A RESULT OF SOCIAL INJUSTICE wealth (i.e. Land) is redistributed.
1. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION- is the ranking of
people and the rewards they received
based on the objective criteria, often
including wealth, power and or prestige. OVERVIEW OF GENERIC POLICY FORMULATION
2. POWER- the ability to carry out your will PROCESS
and impose it on others.
A. Policy Formulation and Policy Analysis
3. PRESTIGE- the level of esteem associated
with one’s status and social standing. Systematic evaluation of how effectively a policy
addresses the target problem/issue meets
people’s needs and achieves its goals
5 major assumptions on the nature of poverty*
Five E approach to policy analysis
Poverty as a problem of deprivation – this means
that people do not have the means (i.e. financial) 1. effectiveness
to live as human beings and so you have to 2. efficiency
provide them with the resources so that you can 3. ethical sound
bring them to the minimum level of human 4. evaluation of alternatives
existence. 5. established recommendations for change
Poverty as a problem of individual shortcoming –
this implies that it is the fault of the person why CONTEMPORARY EVENTS/ ISSUES THAT
he/she is poor. Maybe he/she is lazy or lacks the DETERMINES POLICY*
motivation to succeed. And so the solution is to
A. POPULATION EXPLOSION – vividly describes INDUSTRIALIZATION – Innovations of machine
how the earth’s population, growing by a million technology have had and are continuing to have a
people a year, is rapidly depleting the planets revolutionary influence on economic and socio-
resources, resulting in famine, global warming, political systems everywhere.
acid rain, and other major problems.
URBANIZATION –large modern city or
B. PEACE AND ORDER – many crimes happened in “metropolis”. The cultural innovation’s concern is
the society because of misunderstanding further specialization of the earlier city state
relationship between the people brought about tradition.
by conflicting ideas. To prevent this, policy
implementation is important. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE NATURE OF POLICY

C. INFLATION – general increase in the price level; *NEEDS AND RESOURCES – if there’s policy
expansion of the quantity of money beyond implemented but lack resources to support it, it
legitimate needs of business as to cause a rise in becomes useless.
prices or reciprocally, a fall in the value of money. *POLITICAL EVENTS / DEVELOPMENT – it affects
D. UNEMPLOYMENT –there will be a need for the nature of policy because as the administration
opening more jobs to check unemployment changes, the programs and policies implemented
problem which can hardly be done because also changes.
industries resort to machines rather than *VALUES, KNOWLEDGE AND POWER – refers to
manpower. beliefs, principles and the capacity for acquiring
D. UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF FRUITS OF the target accomplishment of goals of a particular
DEVELOPMENT –both the urban and the rural policy.
areas must/should share benefit from the B. Policy Formulation
resources given by the government – ideally.
Policy: stated course of action adopted and
E. WIDESPREAD POVERTY –Because of poverty, followed by the organization in doing its work.
millions of our children (Hope of the Motherland)
were found to be suffering from diseases because Agency policy: written statement formally
of lack of funds to meet essential food adopted by the board or legal authority and
requirement. publicly made known to guide the provision of
service.*
Stages of Policy Formulation (Harry Specht)*
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
THE MAKING OF POLICY 1. Identification of the problem or issue
2. Analysis of the problem
RISING EXPECTATION – a complicated situation 3. Informing the public about the problem
normally requires a high demand for attaining 4. Development of policy goals including the
harmonious life. involvement of other agencies
ROLE OF MASS MEDIA – the mass media are 5. Building of public support
carriers of cultural patterns and behavior norms. 6. Legislation or enunciation of policy
It is through the mass media where the 7. Implementation and administration ; and
comprehensive picture of the community is best 8. Assessment and evaluation
seen. Areas of policy
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY – science and  Policy values and objectives
scientists are of paramount importance in the  Policy target group of clientele
process of global environmental problems and has  Methods of implementation; and
engendered research as the frontiers of modern  Environmental impact
science. Principles of Policy Formulation*
 1. Based on and developed out of agency 6. Get approval: Get the documents
purpose approved
2. Based on adequately evaluated facts and
experience – persons affected by policy, 7. Train employees: Train employees on the
especially clientele groups, should be policy and how it will be implemented
involved in the process. Policy process stages:
3. Implies focus and direction for the
attainment of the agency purpose. 1. Identify issues: Identify issues that need
4. Unity and consistency between the to be addressed
various policies of the agency and 2. Set agenda: Bring issues to the attention
between policies and purpose. of lawmakers
5. Entire agency should participate in the
formulation process 3. Formulate policy: Formulate a policy to
6. Should relate the agency purpose to the address the identified issues
realities of the community setting and of
4. Implement policy: Put the policy into
the agency’s own facilities and resources.
action
7. Policy-making, planning and operations
are integrally related and cannot be 5. Evaluate policy: Assess the effectiveness
separated. of the policy
8. New policies should develop out of an
evaluation of the existing policies Factors that influence public policy include:
9. Thorough knowledge of policy on the part  Public opinion, Economic conditions,
of every staff member is essential. Scientific findings, Technological change,
10. Expressed in positive forms Interest groups, NGOs, Business lobbying,
11. Administration must carry out policy in and Political activity.
the spirit of their intent.
12. Conflict between statement of the policy Policy advocacy *
and actual practice needs evaluation by
is the process of influencing decision-makers to
administrator.
support a particular policy or set of policies. The
goal is to create change in public policies, such as
laws and regulations.
Converting policies into programs and services
How policy advocacy works
involves translating broad policy statements into
specific actions and programs. This process is 1. Identify an audience: Determine who you
called policy implementation. want to reach with your campaign.

Policy implementation steps: 2. Create a content plan: Develop a

schedule with clear objectives.
1. Study requirements: Understand the
requirements of the policy 3. Engage your audience: Use social media,
letters, emails, or phone calls to share
2. Consider risk assessment: Take into your ideas.
account the results of a risk assessment
4. Track progress: Monitor how your
3. Optimize documents: Align and optimize campaign is being discussed and what
documents progress it's making.
4. Structure documents: Structure Policy advocacy examples: Lobbying for changes
documents to clearly convey the policy to legislation, Public speaking, Commissioning and
5. Write documents: Write documents that publishing research, Organizing community
clearly convey the policy campaigns, and Providing testimony to
policymakers.
Benefits of policy advocacy: Bridges the gap 4. Philippine Development Plan (PDP):
between constituents and decision-makers, Helps
hold elected officials accountable, and Promotes - A key document outlining the government's
positive change in communities. * long-term vision and priorities for economic and
social development, serving as a guiding
Related advocacy topics: Public education framework for policy formulation.
advocacy, Advocacy against global poverty,
Disability advocacy, and Social work advocacy. 5. Legislative branch involvement:
- Congress plays a crucial role in approving
legislation related to national policies, including
National policy making* budget allocation.
In the Philippines, national policy making primarily
involves the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA) which acts as the Challenges in Philippine policy making:
central body for formulating and analyzing 1. Political influence:
socioeconomic policies, providing high-level
advice to the executive and legislative branches, - Political pressures and lobbying can sometimes
and coordinating with other government influence policy decisions, potentially impacting
departments to develop and implement national their effectiveness.
plans and programs; this process typically includes 2. Implementation gaps:
agenda setting, policy formulation, legislation,
implementation, and monitoring, with key - Ensuring proper implementation of policies
stakeholders like the President, Congress, and across different government agencies can be
various government agencies participating in the challenging.
decision-making process.
3. Capacity constraints:
- Lack of sufficient technical expertise within some
government agencies can hinder policy
development and evaluation.
Key points about Philippine national policy
making: 4. Public participation:
1. Central role of NEDA: - Enhancing citizen engagement and feedback
mechanisms to better incorporate public opinion
- The NEDA is considered the primary agency into policy decisions.
responsible for overseeing the development and
evaluation of national policies, including economic
and social planning.
Local Government Unit (LGU) policy-making
2. Policy cycle:
In the Philippines, Local Government Unit (LGU)
- The policy-making process generally follows a policy-making is primarily governed by the "Local
cycle including identifying issues, setting the Government Code of 1991" (Republic Act 7160),
agenda, policy formulation, legislation (if needed), which empowers LGUs to create and implement
implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. policies tailored to their specific needs, focusing
on generating local revenue, delivering basic
3. Stakeholder involvement: services, and actively engaging citizens in the
- Various stakeholders, including government decision-making process, all while adhering to
agencies, civil society organizations, private sector national laws and guidelines set by the central
representatives, and the public, can participate in government; this decentralized approach allows
the policy-making process through consultations for a more responsive and community-based
and feedback mechanisms. governance at the local level.
 Some LGUs may lack the technical expertise or
financial resources to effectively formulate and
Key aspects of LGU policy making in the implement complex policies.
Philippines:*
Political influence:
Decentralized power: Local politics can sometimes hinder the objective
- The Local Government Code grants significant decision-making process and lead to prioritizing
autonomy to LGUs, allowing them to create their partisan interests over community needs.
own policies regarding taxation, budgeting, and
service delivery, based on local priorities and Coordination issues:
needs. Ensuring alignment between national policies and
local initiatives can be challenging.
Community engagement:
- LGUs are encouraged to actively involve citizens
through public consultations, participatory
planning, and community-based initiatives to PHILOSOPHICAL AND FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL
ensure local policies reflect the needs of the WORK
people. 3 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF A PROFESSION
Development planning: VALUE : worth which man attaches to certain
- LGUs are required to formulate comprehensive things, systems, or persons within the realm of
development plans that outline priorities and usefulness, truth, goodness or beauty.
strategies for addressing local issues across KNOWLEDGE : a picture derived from the most
various sectors like health, education, rigorous interpretation he is capable of giving to
infrastructure, and environment. the most objective data he is able to obtain.
Local legislative body: Concerned with facts and information.

- The Sangguniang Bayan (municipal council) or SKILL : one’s ability to apply the knowledge and
Sangguniang Panlungsod (city council) is values of one’s profession in her work with
responsible for enacting local ordinances and people.*
approving policies proposed by the local chief Philosophy of Social Work – based on the belief
executive. that “We believe the inherent worth and dignity of
Executive leadership: every person”.*

- The mayor or municipal mayor, as the chief

executive, plays a crucial role in initiating policy VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK
proposals, overseeing implementation, and
allocating resources. • Concept of human potentials and
capacities. Man is inherently endowed
Revenue generation: with potentials and capacities.
- LGUs have the authority to levy local taxes and • Concept of social responsibility.
fees to fund their own operations and programs, Individual has the obligation to contribute
promoting fiscal autonomy. to the common good, and society on its
part has the responsibility to facilitate the
development of its members.
Challenges in LGU policy making:*
• Concept of equal opportunities.
Capacity limitations: Opportunities do not discriminate against
any individual or group
 • Concept of Social Provision. Desirability -Preservation of secret information concerning
of providing social resources for the the client which is disclosed in professional
satisfaction of human needs for the goal relationships.
of human welfare.
-To provide the client protection, within the limits
of the law, from harm that might result from his
divulging information to the worker.*
Social Work Principles
Initially introduced in 1961 by FELIX Biestek as 5. Purposeful expression of feelings
attributes or characteristics of the client-worker
relationship in casework. -Emotional expression on the part of the client
enables him to release, express his spent-up
1. Acceptance feeling. Only then can he view more objectively
his problem, his situation and his own place in the
-Genuinely warm interest and concern in the mix-up.
client and his situation, in the cause(s) of the
difficulty or problem, and in what can be done -By the worker interposing relevant questions or
about it.* encouraging observations provides the direction
which will enable him to acquire better
-Does not mean approval of deviant attitudes or understanding and more knowledge of the
behavior situation.
-Recognition that people have strengths and 6. Controlled Emotional Involvement
weaknesses, and capacities and limitations.
-Refers to the social worker’s way of reacting to
2. Client’s Self-determination the client’s purposeful expression of feelings. It
-The client is capable of “self-help” implies the professional detachment.*

-Right and need of the client to make his own -Worker is advised to remain neutral but
choices and decision in process of receiving sensitive, understanding and responsive. Two
concepts which most social workers has
-The person’s right to self-determination is limited experienced.
by his capacity for positive and constructive
decision- making, by the framework of civil and Ambivalence – conflicting feelings
moral law, and by the function of the agency.* Transference – client unconsciously transfers to
3. Individualization the social worker attributes or characteristics of
some important or powerful persons in his life
-Recognition and understanding of each client’s
unique qualities and differential us of principles *counter-transference – worker’s unconscious
and methods in assisting each toward a better response to the client’s unconscious transference
adjustment, based upon the right of human 7. Objectivity
beings to be individuals and to be treated not just
as a human being but as this human being with his -Requires social workers to examine situations
personal differences.* and clients in a manner that is not colored by
personal feelings, biases and prejudices.
-No two persons are exactly alike.
8. Non-judgmental attitude
-Social worker must practice differential diagnosis.
-Worker must not use derogatory labels to
*Differential diagnosis: the process of identify his clients like prostitute, thief, retarded,
distinguishing between 2 similar problems by etc.
discovering a critical system which is present in
one but not in the other. -Worker must not assume a condemnatory
attitude towards the client’s attitude and
4. Confidentiality
behavior, his values, standards and actions, even A. MAJOR FIELDS
his lifestyle.
1. Public Assistance/Emergency Assistance
-Requires workers to assume a non-blaming
attitude and behavior to avoid concluding that - Refers to material/concrete aids/supports
others are good or bad, worthy or unworthy. provided, usually by government agencies to
people who have no income or means of support
9. Access to Resources for themselves and their families for reasons and
such as loss of employment, natural disasters, etc.
-Social workers have the responsibility to ensure
that clients have or be linked to the necessary 2. Family Welfare
resources, services, and opportunities.
- Concerned with the improvement, strengthening
10. Worker’s Self-Awareness and support of the family in meeting its own
needs.
-Social worker is always conscious that his/her
role is to make use of her professional - Involves programs, activities and measures that
relationship with his/her client in a way that will would prevent or resolve problems of role
enhance primarily the client’s development rather performance and relationships which threaten the
than his/her own. stability of the family as a social unit.
-Worker’s conscious use of self. Self- Refer to a program or composite of interventive
understanding (beliefs, values, biases, etc.) and techniques, activities, or measures focused on the
consciousness of one’s responses to the group. prevention or resolution of problems of role
functioning and relationships that threaten the
11. Client’s participation stability of the family as a social unit.
-Social worker does not do everything for the
client. S/He manages the case/situation with the
client except in circumstances when the client is Programs/Activities Provided by Social Welfare
in no position to exercise right to participation.* Agencies like DSWD
12. Awareness of the Social Context of Human Parent Effectiveness
Experience
Marriage Strengthening
- Understanding individual, personal experience,
group and how it informs practice. Establishment of Community Support Programs

13. Self-reliance Strengthening of Family Values and Preservation

of Cultural Heritage
- Recognizes that people have strengths and
resources that can be topped and mobilized. Thus, Family and Environment Service
social workers must not do all the work for them. Livelihood Programs
Thereby creating dependency, but rather provide
opportunities for all the people to discover and Fertility and Family Planning
muster their own strengths.* Social Worker’s Activities
Engaging the family in a problem solving
relationship

SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS Mobilizing existing resources and if possible

creating non-existing resources needed by the
Social work has become a profession because family
there exist poor people as well as affluent
societies who for one reason or another cannot Working with individuals, groups and other
fulfill some basic human need or solve a problem entities whose support and cooperation are
without help. needed to effectively help a family
Continuously/Regularly assessing the adequacy Child placement in the field of Child Welfare.
and effectiveness of existing policies, programs Social Workers are involved in work relating to the
and services that relate to the family following :
Supervising staff in their various activities in Adoption – legal process whereby a child who is
relation to the families being served. deprived of a birth family is provided with
substitute new ties, i.e. a new parent-child
3. Child and Youth Welfare relationship is established and the adopted child
- Considered with the well-being of children and enjoys the same rights and privileges as that of a
youth through the provision of programs and biological child.
services for their physical, social, psychological, Legal guardianship – process undertaken to
spiritual and cultural development. provide substitute parental care through the
- Focus is on strengthening the relationship appointment of a legal guardian for the child,
between parents and child, the role of the family, including his poverty, until the child reaches the
and the responsibility of the community in the age of majority.
child’s development. Foster care – refers to a substitute temporary
- Includes supplemental and substitute child- parental care provided to a child by a licensed
caring services to prevent and child’s suffering foster family under the supervision of a social
from parental deprivation. worker. The ultimate aim of foster family care is
to reunite the child with the biological family or to
- Workers would be working with children who prepare the child for adoption or, in the case of
need protection against conditions that exploit or older children, to prepare them for independent
violate their rights as human beings or prevent living.
them from enjoying their right to survival and
development (neglected, abandoned, destitute or Residential/institutional care – provides
orphaned children, children with physical and temporary 24 hour residential group care to
other forms of disabilities, children in especially children whose needs cannot, at the time, be
difficult circumstances and many more. adequately met by their biological parents and
other alternative family care arrangements.
Residential facilities provide an approximation of
Two major types of child welfare services* a family life under the guidance of trained staff,
but it is used as a last resource, resorted to in the
a. Direct service – rendered in the form of absence of foster families.
assistance to children in their own homes in the
form of (a.1) material assistance, formal and/or
informal educational services, sports and SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH
recreation, health services, skills training, job
placement, guidance and counseling, day care and Children – person below 18 years of age or those
correctional services and (a.2) child placement over but are unable to fully take care of
through residential care in an institution, foster themselves or protect themselves from abuse,
care or adoption. neglect, cruelty, exploitation or discrimination
because of physical disability or conditions.
b. Indirect service – is in the form of
(b.1)financing on a national or international level All individuals between 10-14 years old are
(such as through sponsorship of programs and considered into early adolescents while those 15-
personnel and/or the provision of supplies, 19 are into late adolescent (United Nations)
equipment and certain facilities, and (b.2)
coordination to facilitate linkages and avoid
duplication among agencies with similar or Forms of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of
related services. Children
Trafficking; Child Prostitution; and Child Earliest entry of being a child soldier is 11, mean
Pornography years spent as soldier is 2.6 years

Child Abuse Children in Ethnic/Cultural Communities

Maltreatment whether habitual or not, of the Live in remote areas usually accessible only by
child which includes any of the following : foot
Psychological and physical abuse, neglect, cruelty,
sexual and emotional maltreatment. Have limited access to basic social services

Acts or deeds or words which debases, degrades Often suffer from discrimination and neglect
or demeans the dignity of the child.
Unreasonable deprivation of basic needs 4. Welfare of Persons with Disabilities
Failure to immediately give • PWDs (World Health Organization) : those
medical treatment to an injured child resulting to suffering from restriction of different
impairment or growth and development or abilities as a result of a mental, physical,
permanent incapacity or death. or sensory impairment, to perform an
activity in the manner or within the range
considered normal for a human being.
• Community-Based Rehabilitation Program
Children in Conflict with the Law* (CBR)
Usually male, between ages 14-17 • Partnership project of the National
Council for the Welfare of Disabled
Charged with property related crimes, rape and Persons (NCWDP) and Christoffel Blinden
murder Mission (CBM)
Exposed to drugs or gang influence • Social worker’s contribution lies mainly in
the area of rehabilitation
• Rehabilitation – helping process which
aims to restore a handicapped person to
Child in Various Circumstances of Disability
the highest possible degree of physical,
Boys than girls social, emotional, vocational and
economic well-being.
1.5 children in 0-6 age bracket has some form of • Process involves the provision of a wide
disability, 15-19 age array of services to the person who,
Group has the highest prevalence rate understandably will need outside
assistance to be able to adequately cope
Most common forms of impairment are hearing with the consequences of his being
and visual impairment more than half are handicapped or disabled.
acquired and can be prevented.*

Children Affected by Armed Conflict

5. Women’s Welfare*
As combatants, couriers, guides, medical aids or
spies *Objective of programs for socially disadvantaged
women (also “women in especially difficult
13-18% of armed rebel groups circumstances ) are their protection and
prevention, treatment and rehabilitation.
50% of people displaced by armed conflict are
children *Service includes provision of temporary shelter
which offer home life facilities, medical and
psychiatric, dental, psychological, social, and Two essential elements
spiritual services
• Participation of the people themselves in
*Social workers in this field are engaged in efforts to improve their level of living with
research and advocacy, program planning and as much reliance as possible on their own
administration, and direct services in (a) women’s initiative
shelters, crisis intervention centers, telephone • Provision of technical and other services
hotline projects and (b) community-based in ways which encourage initiative and
programs that undertake human rights education, self-help and make these more effective.
assertiveness and gender-sensitivity training,
Crisis Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD),
organization of women’s support groups, etc. Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement
(PRRM)
*Socially disadvantaged women include women
who are victims of gender-based violence (such as - Established a name for its efforts to
domestic violence or wife-beating, marital rape, improve the living conditions of people in
incest, rape, and sexual harassment) rural communities.

- Prostituted women Emphasizes people’s participation in an integrated

program of livelihood, health and nutrition,
- Victims of armed conflicts and militarization education and training and self-government, to
(resulting in rape, torture and detention and help communities with their problems of poverty,
financial distress because of the arrest or death of ill-health, ignorance and apathy.
their husbands)
Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP)
- Solo parents (i.e. unwed mothers, widows,
abandoned or separated wives, wives of overseas Private enterprise’s implementing arm for social
contract workers, wives of prisoners, and wives of development
male patients who are confined in hospitals for Social workers have been involved in the field of
long periods) relocation and resettlement (defined in the
country as the transfer of families, usually from
slums and squatter districts to another area and
6. Community Welfare the provision of facilities and services in the next
sites)
Field of social work practice encompasses a
variety of programs and services which have for 7. Welfare of Special Categories
their main goal the well being of entire
communities - squatters, slum dwellers, refugees, displaced
immigrants, victims or armed conflict, rebel
Social workers work with individuals, families and surrenderers etc.
small groups, and their concern is the provision of
opportunities that would enable people in the
community to work together towards common
goals, particularly those that would bring about
their common upliftment.
Common Development
- First define by the United Nations as the process A. SPECIALIZED SERVICES
by which the efforts of the people themselves are 1. Medical Social Services
united with those of government to improve the
economic, social and cultural conditions of the - The Medical Social Service is responsible for
community, the aim of which is to integrate the providing assistance to patients with financial
community into the life of the nation and to limitations, for their diagnostic work up and
enable it to contribute fully to national progress treatment. Referrals for assistance are received
from the Service Wards and Outpatient 3. School Social Services
Department.
- Sometimes also referred to as pupil personnel
- Assess the psychosocial functioning of patients services or school guidance services. Services
and families and intervene as necessary. provided by professionally trained personnel and
Interventions may include connecting patients do not include the formal academic instructions
and families to necessary resources and supports provided by the school’s teaching staff.
in the community; providing psychotherapy,
supportive counseling, or grief counseling; or - Helping service to those students whose
helping a patient to expand and strengthen their problems in school stem from social and
network of social supports. Role of a medical emotional causes which interfere with their
social worker is to "restore balance in an adjustment and potential academic achievement.
individual’s personal, family and social life, in a. Restoration of impaired adjustment
order to help that person maintain or recover
his/her health and strengthen his/her ability to b. Provision of resources by mobilizing
adapt and reintegrate into society“ capacities of individual students, their
parents, families, and the academic and
*Some institutions with medical social workers: larger communities
- Lung Center of the Philippines c. Prevention of maladjustment
- National Kidney and Transplant Institute - First known school social work program in the
- Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital country – form of an “experiment” which began in
January, 1924 and ended in March 1925, at the
Zaragoza Elementary School in Tondo (now the
Rosauro Almario Elementary School)*
2. Psychiatric Services
1965 – City of Manila’s Department of Social
- Psychiatric social work is a specialized type of Welfare set up a School Social Service program in
medical social work that involves supporting, 8 public elementary and secondary schools
providing therapy to, and coordinating the care of
individuals who are severely mentally ill and who
require hospitalization or other types of intensive
psychiatric help. 4. Industrial Social Services

-Psychiatric social workers complete a variety of Generally concerned with any or all of the
tasks when working with clients, including but not following :
limited to psychosocial and risk assessments, a. Efforts to establish or improve social
individualized and group psychotherapy, crisis security, health and general welfare of
intervention and support, care coordination, and employees and their families
discharge planning services.*
b. Finding the best suited worker for
- Employed in a wide range of settings, ranging employers and the right job for workers
from intensive inpatient wards to outpatient seeking employment
psychiatric clinics.
c. Use of social workers to assist the
- Assess patients and develop individualized plans employees and their families in personal,
of care. They may also provide therapy or health, and financial problems and
counseling services to patients, as well as help difficulties
family members learn to deal with mental illness
in the family. Psychiatric social workers may d. Development and maintenance of
either provide treatment themselves or make community welfare services
referrals to appropriate persons or facilities. Industrial companies that have social workers:
• Manila Electric Company (MERALCO)
 • Sarmiento Group of Activities - Recognition of the connection between the
• Guevent Industries current stress and the past life experiences and
• Victorias Milling Company conflicts
- Initiation of new models of perceiving, thinking
5. Crisis Intervention* and feeling and development of new adaptive and
coping responses that can be useful beyond the
- For actively influencing the psycho-social immediate crises situation.
functioning of individuals and groups, during a
period of acute disequilibrium
- Involves crisis-oriented, time-limited work,
usually two to six weeks in duration
SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE: HISOTRY AND
- Should be available within 24 to 72 hours after EVOLUTION
application or referral for assistance.
Social work has become a profession because
- Intake procedures, waiting lists and the there exist poor people as well as affluent
separation of the processes of study, diagnosis societies who for one reason or another
and treatment are not necessarily observed in this cannot fulfill some basic human need or solve
intervention. a problem without help.
- Involves a warm, emphatic reaching-out and
what is called a “search and find approach”
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE
- Participation is always voluntary and the client
should be committed to the change process. Old World Background

Crisis intervention is being used in : *Social Problem: Mutual aid served as the means
of protection for family or tribe against the hostile
- Admission and emergency wards of hospitals world.
- Telephone/hotlines *Religious Devotion: Became the most powerful
incentive for benevolence and charity.
- Walk in centers
1. The early Christians helped one another when
- Children and women’s desks crisis centers for facing poverty.
women and children
2. Medieval church entrusted the administration
- Drug rehabilitation centers of charity to the religious leaders.
- Emergency services of public welfare agencies With the acceptance of Christianity as state
(for victims of natural and manmade disasters) religion institution for the poor were established
Goals in doing crisis intervention*: in monasteries, serving as orphanage as home for
the old, the sick, the handicapped, and as refuge
- Relief of symptoms for the homeless.
- Restoration to the optimal pre-crisis level of Beginning concept of Social Welfare
functioning
1. A common chest (1520)
- Understanding of the relevant precipitating
events that contributed to the state of - Martin Luther conceived that there should be a
disequilibrium common chest for the recipient of food, money
and clothing to assist the needy.
- Identification of remedial measures that can be
taken by the client and the family or that are - Church wardens played the role of relief
available through community resources administration.
2. Individualism
 - Juan de Vives advanced the idea that the fate of 5. Elberfeld system
the individual deserved attention.
- The City of Elberfeld introduced the idea of
- There should be an investigation of the social financing relief exclusively by public taxation.
conditions of every pauper family.
6. Ladies of Charity / Daughters of Charity
3. Hamburg Experiment (1788)
- By Fr. Vincent de Paul in France
- Professor Busch, commissioner for Public Relief
- Members devote themselves to personal
- Investigation and distribution of relief to services for the destitute and sick and visited the
individual paupers through volunteer committees. poor in their homes, distributing food and clothes.
4. Military Workhouse (1970) * Daughters of Charity (1633)
- Established in Munich by Benjamin Thompson, - Were the forerunners of social work. The order
later count Rumford to prevent begging by able- was founded by St. Vincent de Paul who
bodied paupers permitted young women of the peasant class for
charitable work.
- The work house manufactured clothing for the
army by utilizing the employable poor - Father Vincent de Paul, was the most important
reformer of the charities of the Catholic Church
- Both Hamburg & the Munich relief systems were during the 17th century.
financed by taxation and by collection of
voluntary gifts.
The Development of Social Work in the Philippines
PERIOD SIGNIFICANT EVENT NOTES
Pre-colonial SW during the pre-colonial period centered on mutual Sources of policy : Maragtas
(900 AD to 1521) protection and economic survival. Code and Kalantiaw Code
Basic concepts of bayanihan and damayan is more on
self-help Communities were independent social units
called barangays
Spanish Period The Spaniards brought the teaching, to do good to Poverty emerged
(1521-1898) others for the salvation of their souls, and which many
years was the underlying philosophy behind all social
welfare activities
1565 1st hospital in Cebu – founded by Don Miguel Lopez de
Legaspi
Purpose : attending the wounded from the occupation
campaigns and victims of diseases due to long voyage
at sea*
Parochial School of Cebu – first school established and
was founded by Agustinian friars*
1571 Transferred in Manila and in 1578 was named Renamed during the American
Hospitalito Sta. Ana under the supervision of period: Sternberg General
Franciscans Hospital
1578 San Lazaro Hospital was built for Filipino beggars and Pioneered the organized
became a hospital for lepers (1631) isolation of the sick by Fr. Juan
Clemente

1899 The National Association of Red Cross was established – to Hermanos – a women’s group
 provide medical supplies and food to revolutionaries in that gives medical care
Luzon
American Period (1898- Americans introduced a new educational system, new
1946) health methods, and religious freedom
1902 Creation of insular board - tasked to coordinate and Composed of government health
supervise private institutions engaged in welfare work officials
Provide subsidy to expand hospitals and asylums
1908 Philippine General Hospital was established
1910 1st deaf and blind school was organized In 1900, there are attempts to
Philippine Anti-tuberculosis Society was organized alleviate the condition of deaf
children at the Philippine Normal
School.
Feb. 5, 1915 Public Welfare Board was created – tasked to coordinate Under Legislative Act No. 2510
the welfare activities of various existing charitable
organizations
Jan. 1917 1st government owned orphanage was set up in Makati In 1926, some children were
transferred to Welfareville
1917 Associated Charities of Manila was established Considered as the Mother of
-Concept of community chest Social Work profession in the
-Between 1919 – 1921 the ACM was fused with ARC Philippines

Oct. 4, 1947 BPW became the “Social Welfare Commission” SWC offered 3 categories:
under the Office of the President. Signified formal 1. Child Welfare – including probation and parole
recognition of social welfare as a responsibility of 2. Public Assistance – relief and case work
the state* 3. Coordination and Supervision – War Relief Office was placed
under SWC

Jan. 3, 1951 The Social Welfare Commission and the President’s Three divisions are :
Action Committee on Social Amelioration were -Division of Public Assistance
fused into one agency called the Social Welfare -Child Welfare Division
Administration -Division on Rural Welfare (created by Administrative Order No. 7, on
September 5, 1951) – deals with the mounting social problems in the
rural areas.
“Self-Help” became the underlying philosophy for the rural community
development projects.*

Nov. 24, 1964 Adopted the Phil. SW Code of Ethics , rev. on Nov.
1998
1965 RA 4373 : “An Act to Regulate the Practice of Social The law requires completion of a Bachelor of Science in Social Work
Work degree, one thousand hours of supervised field practice, and the
and the Operation of Social Work Agencies in the passing of a government board examination in social work for licensing
Philippines.” or registration as a social worker.
Formal recognition of social work as a profession in the Philippines.

1968 RA 5416 : social Welfare Act – Elevated SWA to a

Department
Sept. 8, 1976 DSW change to DSSD (Department of Social Services Prioritization of the bottom 30%
and
Development)
June 2, 1978 Pres. Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1397, The sixties and seventies marked the existence of voluntary
converting departments into ministries thus the organizations and establishment of even more agencies.
Ministry of Social Services and Development. The
organizational structure, functions and program
remains the same

1980’s MSSD:
 -Launched the case management system, total family approach
and integrated human resource development program
-Self employment Assistance was upgraded
-Social Welfare indicators was updated to monitor the level of
well-being of the MSSD service users

Jan. 30, 1987 Pres. Aquino reorganized MSSD and change it to DSWD
1990’s The DSWD continued the 5 program areas of concern The aftermath of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption was the
during the early nineties. It also gave priority attention to Low use of Crisis incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) , a form
Income Municipalities (LIMs) and other socially- depressed of crisis intervention used with victims of disasters and
barangays. other crisis situation.
October 10, 1991 R.A. 7160 : Local Government Code The Department, retained its specialized social
Implementing functions together with its programs and services consisting of four categories:
services were devolved to its local government unit 1. Center /institution based services
2. Community based programs and services
3. Locally funded and foreign assisted projects
Disaster relief and rehabilitation augmentation
Feb 1999 NGO Network launched the Philippine Council for NGO RA 4373 (1965): provides that no SW agency shall
Certification (PCNC) operate and be accredited unless it shall first have
registered with the Social Welfare Administration.
DSWD shall issue the corresponding certificates of
registration
RA 5416 (1968) : empowers DSWD to set standards
and policies ; accredit public and private institutions
and coordinate government and
voluntary efforts in SW work.