S T1g (P)

T2g Mr. Alok Jena

MSc - 3rd semester
Eg
A1g E Fakir Mohon University , Balasore T2g
Topic- Spectroscopic term symbol T1g
D
T2 A1
P 2gA T1
Contents
➢ Microstates
➢ Terms
➢ Term symbol
➢ How to determine ground state term symbol
➢ Splitting of d n term in octahedral field
➢ Orgel diagram

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 MICROSTATES

➢The total no of ways to represent an electronic configuration is known as

microstates.
➢No of microstate = n Ị / ( n-r )Ị . r Ị where n= total space available , r=
given electron
➢Example (i) p1 microstates = 6Ị / (6-1) Ị . 1Ị = 6
(ii) d2 microstates = 10Ị / (10-2)Ị. 2Ị = 45
L = 0 1 2 3 4 5
Possible term = S P D F G H

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 Terms
➢Terms are the collection of energy of microstate .
➢It is represented by 2S+1 L Where 2s+1 is the spin multiplicity
➢ +1 0 -1

➢ Example 1p L = +1
S= +1/2
2S+1= 2

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d2
+2 +1 0 -1 -2

L= +2+1 = 3 , S = +1/2+1/2 = 1 , 2S+1= 3

Term is 3
F

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 Term Symbol

➢ The term symbols are a symbolic representation of

energy, angular momentum and spin multiplicity of an
atom.
➢ It is represented by 2s+1 L J
Where J= total angular momentum or L-S coupling
J = L+S to L-S
J= L-S , If the electronic configuration less than half field
J = L+S , If the electronic configuration more than half field

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d3

+2 +1 0 -1 -2
➢ L = +2+1+0 = 3
s= 1/2+1/2+1/2 = 3/2
2s+1 = 4
J = L-S = 3- 3/2= 3/2
The possible term Symbol = 4 F
3/2

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How to determine ground state term ?
➢ Maximum spin multiplicity
➢ If spin multiplicity same check maximum value of L
➢ J = L-S , for less than half field
➢ J= L+S , for more than half field
➢ J = S , for half field
example 3F, 3P, 2D, 1P, 1D
Ground state term 3F > 3P > 2D >1D > 1P
Energy order 1P> 1D> 2D> 3P> 3F

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 Splitting of dn terms in an octahedral field

L 0 1 2 3

Ground term S P D F

Components in
A1g T1g T2g, Eg A2g, T1g, T2g
octahedral field

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Determination of term symbols
Free
Orbital Ground Excited state
ion
No. of d l momentu Term Total spin (S) term in term with
ground
electrons m octahedral same spin
state
field multiplicity
2 1 0 -1 -2 Σl=L Σs=S 2S+1 2S+1L
1 ↑ - - - - 2 D 1/2*1 2 2D 2T 2E
2g g

2 ↑ ↑ - - - 3 F 1/2*2 3 3F 3T 3T ,3A , 3T (P)

1g 2g 2g 1g

3 ↑ ↑ ↑ - - 3 F 1/2*3 4 4F 4A 4T ,4T , 4T (P)

2g 2g 1g 1g

4 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ - 2 D 1/2*4 5 5D 5E 5T
g 2g

5 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 0 S 1/2*5 6 6S 6A None
1g

6 ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 2 D 1/2*4 5 5D 5T 5E
2g g

7 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ 3 F 1/2*3 4 4F 4T 4T ,4A , 4T (P)

1g 2g 2g 1g

8 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 3 F 1/2*2 3 3F 3A 3T ,3T , 3T (P)

2g 2g 1g 1g

9 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ 2 D 1/2*1 2 2D 2E 2T
g 2g

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 Splitting of ground terms by an octahedral field

Eg A2g

T2g
D F

T2g T1g

d1 d2

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 Splitting of D term by an octahedral field

T2g Eg

2D

Eg
d4 and d9 d1 and d6 T2g
Dq
Orgel diagram
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 Splitting of F term by an octahedral field

T1g (P) T1g (P)

(P)
T1g A2g

(F)
T2g

T2g

A2g T1g
d3 and d8 d2 and d7
Orgel diagram Dq
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Thank you -----

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