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The document presents a load flow analysis using methods such as Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson, highlighting the advantages of the latter for power flow calculations. It details the implementation of these methods using Power World Simulator on a system with 5 buses and 2 generators, and discusses results including improvements in power factor and Y-bus calculations. The document concludes with references to sources used in the analysis.

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Saadat Zaidi
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0 views

yasir

The document presents a load flow analysis using methods such as Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson, highlighting the advantages of the latter for power flow calculations. It details the implementation of these methods using Power World Simulator on a system with 5 buses and 2 generators, and discusses results including improvements in power factor and Y-bus calculations. The document concludes with references to sources used in the analysis.

Uploaded by

Saadat Zaidi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 10

Department of Electrical Engineering

Submitted to:
Sir Irfan Ahmad Khan

Submitted By:
M.Yasir Abbas

Class ID:

B-13697

Title:

Load Flow Analysis


Table of Contents

Chapter 1 3

1 Introduction 3

1.1 Power world simulator 3

Chapter 2 4

2 Problem Analysis 4

2.1 Gauss Seidel Method 4

2.2 Newton Raphson Method

2.3 power world simulation 4

Chapter 3 5

3 Implementation 5

3.1 Newton Raphson power Flow Method 5

Chapter 4 6

4 Results 6

4.1 Improved Power Factor 7

4.2 Y-bus 8

4.3 Mismatches 8

4.4 Power Flow Jacobian 9

References 10
Chapter No 1 Introduction
In this chapter we are going to discuss about power and load flow analysis. Generally two
methods are used to find the load flow analysis. Manual method and by software’s with the help
of computers. Manual method is longer and time consuming to avoid this we use softwares are
mentioned below.

 Power world simulator


 E-tap
 Matlab

1.1 Power world Simulator


Power World Simulator (Simulator) is a power system simulation package designed from the
ground up to be user-friendly And highly interactive. Simulator has the power for serious
engineering analysis, but it is also so interactive And graphical that it can be used to explain
power system operations to non-technical audiences. With Version 12.0 We’ve made Simulator
more powerful, more visual, and easier to use. Simulator consists of a number of integrated
products. At its core is a comprehensive, robust Power Flow Solution Engine capable of
efficiently solving systems of up to 100,000 buses. This makes Simulator quite useful as a
standalone Power flow analysis package. Unlike other commercially available power flow
packages, however, Simulator Allows the user to visualize the system through the use of full-
color animated online diagrams complete with zooming And panning capability. System models
can be either modified on the fly or built from scratch using Simulator’s full featured Graphical
case editor. Transmission lines can be switched in (or out) of service, new transmission or
Generation can be added, and new transactions can be established, all with a few mouse clicks.
Simulator’s extensive use of graphics and animation greatly increases the user’s understanding of
system characteristics, problems, and constraints, as well as of how to remedy them. The base
package of Simulator is capable of solving power systems comprised of up to 100,000 buses.
The base Package also contains all the tools necessary to perform integrated economic dispatch,
area transaction economic Analysis, power transfer distribution factor (PTDF) computation,
short circuit analysis, and contingency analysis [1]
Chapter No 2 Problem Analysis
A system contains 5 buses, 2 generators in which y-bus is need to determine with the help of
suitable methods. There are different methods from which (ybus) power flow analysis can be
determined. Methods are mentioned below.

 Gauss seidel power flow method


 Dc power flow method
 The decoupled power method
 Newton raphson power Flow method

2.1 Gauss seidal Method


Gauss-Seidel method based on node admittance matrixes was in general use, which
tenets were simple and memory space was small. But the iterative times soared up when system
extended, for the convergence of this method was relatively poor. The power system calculation
workers had to turn into research impedance method based on the impedance matrix in early
1960s. Although the convergence of load flow calculation of system was improved by
impedance method, its defects were very outstanding while system scale being expanded
continuously, such as impedance matrix was nonsingular, memory space and calculation amount
for every iteration was large. After 1960s, some methods like Newton-Raphson and P-Q
decoupling were proposed successfully in order to overcome above disadvantages of impedance
method and obviously upgraded in the fields of convergence, memoryrequirement and
calculation speed [2]

2.2 Newton Raphson Method


In numerical analysis, Newton's method (also known as the Newton–Raphson method), named
after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a method for finding successively better
approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function. The algorithm is first in the
class of Householder's methods, succeeded by Halley's method. The method can also be
extended to complex functions and to systems of equations [3]. Newton raphson method is better
than the Gauss seidel method because in this method all the power flow analysis can be done in a
single matrix
Chapter No 3 Implementation
Manual method of finding fault on a system is very difficult and tough so alternate method which
is electronic method through computer with the help of power world simulator [1.1] is being
used to determine y-bus and over all power flow analysis of a system which is consist of 5 buses,
2 generators, 2 transformers and load.

3.1 Newton Raphson power flow method


Gauss seidel method and newton raphson method both are used for load flow analysis but
newton raphson method is being preferred [2.2]. in figure 3.1 and figure 3.2 both methods are
implemented in the power world simulator. Power world is calculating on the base of mentioned
below Newton raphson equations.
N
Pi=¿ v∨¿2 Gii + ∑ ¿ V i V n Y ¿ ∨cos (θ¿ + δ n +δ i)¿ Eq (2.1)
n=1
n ≠i

N
Qi=¿ v∨¿ 2 Bii + ∑ ¿V i V n Y ¿∨sin(θ¿ +δ n+ δ i )¿ Eq (2.2)
n =1
n ≠i

These equations can be readily differentiated with respect to voltage and angles and magnitude.

[ ]
∂ P2 ∂ P4
⋯
∂ δ2 ∂ δ4
⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮¿
∂ P4 ∂ P4
⋯
∂ δ4 ∂ δ4

⋯ ⋯⋯ ⋯ ⋯⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯×=¿Eq (2.3)

← Jacobian →← Corrections→ ← Mismatc h es →


Figure 3.1: Gauss Seidel Power Flow

Figure 3.2 : Newton Raphson power flow

Chapter No 4 Results
In this diagram shows the reduced value of power flow after adding the shunt capacitor the
nominal value of shunt capacitor is 200. Overall voltage drop across the transmission lines and to
improve power factor results are shown in the mentioned below figure 4.1

Figure 4.1: Improvement after adding shunt capacitor

4.2 Y-bus Calculated


with the help of Newton raphson method Y-bus is calculated by the power world simulator is
mentioned below in table 4.2.1.

Table 4.2.1: Y-bus of the system

4.3 Mismatches
Mismatches occur in the course of solving a power problem when calculated value of Pi and Qi
and mismatches are mentioned in table 4.3.1.

Table 4.3.1: Mismatches in the system

Chapter No 4 Discussion
Chapter No 5 References
[1] 2012. . [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.powerworld.com/Document%20Library/pw120UserGuide.pdf. [Accessed 04 January 2012].

[2] . 2012. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://eprints.unifi.it/archive/00001380/24/Luo.pdf. [Accessed 04


January 2012].

[3] Newton's method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2012. Newton's method - Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method. [Accessed 04
January 2012].

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