Ecosystem

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1. Which of the following may be considered as man- (2) Pyramid of energy is always upright and can
made ecosystem? never be interted
(1) Pond and lakes (3) Saprophytes are given important place in
(2) Wetland and estuary ecological pyramids as they play a vital role in the
(3) Crop-fields and aquarium ecosystem
(4) Desert and grassland (4) It does not take into account the same species
2. Vertical distribution of different species occupying belonging to two or more trophic levels
different levels is called 10. Secondary succession begins in areas where natural
(1) Stratification (2) Scarification biotic communities have been destroyed such as in
(3) Standing crop (4) Biosphere (1) Newly created reservoir
3. The rate of formation of new organic matter by (2) Newly cooled lava
consumers of the ecosystem is known as (3) Bare rock
(1) Gross primary productivity (4) Abandoned far lands
(2) Net primary productivity 11. Select the odd statement w.r.t. ecological succession?
(3) Secondary productivity (1) As succession proceeds, the numbers and types of
(4) Secondary carnivores animals and decomposers also change
4. Which of the following is the main reason for the low (2) The species that invade a bare area are called the
productivity of oceans? seres
(1) Absence of carbon (3) All succession whether taking place in water or
(2) Excess of nitrogen on land, proceeds to a similar climax community-
(3) Light decreases with depth the mesic
(4) Excess availability of PAR (4) The individual transitional communities are
5. Select the incorrect statement w.r.t. humus. termed as seral stages or seral communities
(1) Being colloidal in nature it serves as a reservoir of 12. Match the terms given in column-I, with their true
nutrients explanation given in column-II, and select the correct
(2) Dark-coloured amorphous substance option.
(3) It is highly resistant to microbial action Column-I Column-II
(4) It undergoes decomposition at an extremely fast a. Primary (i) Amount of nutrient
rate succession present in soil
6. The rate of decomposition is controlled by chemical b. Standing state (ii) Is in near equilibrium
composition of detritus and climatic factors. with the environment
Decomposition rate is slower if c. Climax (iii) Degradation of humus
(1) Detritus is rich in lignin, chitin and the community by microbes
temperature is low along with anaerobiosis d. Mineralisation (iv) Where no living
(2) Detritus is rich in nitrogen, sugar and atmosphere organism ever existed
is warm and moist (1) a(ii), b(iii), c(iv), d(i)
(3) Conditions are aerobic with nitrogen and sugar (2) a(iii), b(iv), c(ii), d(i)
rich detritus (3) a(iv), b(i), c(ii), d(iii)
(4) Warm and moist conditions nitrogen rich detritus (4) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv)
and aerobic conditions are present 13. Select the incorrect statement w.r.t. nutrient cycle.
7. Select the odd statement w.r.t., detritus food chain (1) Nutrient cycles are of two types, gaseous and
(DFC). sedimentary
(1) DFC begins with dead organic matter (2) The reservoir for gaseous type of nutrient cycle is
(2) It is made up of decomposers mainly fungi and located in earth’s crust
bacteria (3) Environmental factors like soil, moisture, pH,
(3) Major conduit for energy flow in an aquatic temperature etc regulate the rate of release of
ecosystem nutrients into atmosphere
(4) Energy and nutrient requirements are provided by (4) The function of the reservoir is to meet with the
degrading dead organic matter or detritus deficit which occurs due to imbalance in the rate
8. The mass of living material present at each trophic of influx and efflux
level at a particular time is called 14. Which of the following is the major and important
(1) Standing crop (2) Standing state difference between carbon and phosphorous cycle
(3) Food web (4) Ecosystem (1) Atmospheric inputs of phosphorus through
9. Select the incorrect statement w.r.t. ecological rainfall are much smaller than carbon inputs
pyramids. (2) Gaseous exchanges of carbon between organisms
(1) The pyramid of biomass in sea is generally and environment and negligible
inverted
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(3) Unlike phosphorus cycle, there is no respiratory 25. Select the correct equation for net primary
release of carbon into atmosphere productivity (NPP).
(4) Phosphorus constitutes 49 percent of dry weight (1) NPP = Gross primary productivity + Respiratory
of organisms and is next only two water loss
15. Out of the total cost of various ecosystem services, (2) NPP = Gross primary productivity × Respiratory
contributions of services like recreation and nutrient loss
cycling accounts for (3) NPP = Gross primary productivity – Respiratory
(1) About 50 percent loss
(2) About 20 percent Grss primary productivi ty
(3) Less than 10 percent (4) NPP =
Respiratory loss
(4) More than 50 percent 26. Which of the following ecosystems has least
16. which ecological pyramid may usally be inverted?
productivity?
(1) Pyramid of number in grassland ecosystem
(1) Coral reaf (2) Tropical rain forest
(2) Pyramid of biomass in sea ecosystem
(3) Sugarcane field (4) Desert
(3) Pyramid of energy in tree ecosystem
27. Going down of water-soluble substances present in
(4) Pyramid of number in pond ecosystem
decomposing detritus into the soil horizon is called
17. Which of the following are considered as key industry
(1) Humification (2) Fragmentation
animals?
(3) Mineralisation (4) Leaching
(1) Autotrophs (2) Decomposers
28. The major limiting factors responsible for low
(3) Herbivores (4) Top carnivores
productivity of oceans, are
18. Which of the following is an example of (1) light and wind
anthropogenic ecosystem?
(2) Light and nutrients
(1) Forest (2) Wetland
(3) Oxygen and nutrients
(3) Estuaries (4) Crop fields
(4) Light and oxygen
19. Which of the following statements is not true for
29. Amount of photosythetically active radiation is
man-made ecosystem? (1) More than 50% of solar radiation reaching to
(1) This type of ecosystem has simple food chain
earth
(2) Producivity of this ecosystem is very high
(2) Equal to total (100%) solar radiation
(3) They are always self regulatory
(3) 70% of solar radiation
(4) They ecosystem has little diversity
(4) Less than 50% of incident solal radiation
20. Find the correct match w.r.t. abiotic/biotic 30. Third torphic level in a food chain is formed by
components of ecosystem.
(1) Primary consumers
(1) Climatic factor – Soil
(2) Tertiary consumers
(2) Edaphic factor – Air currents
(3) Secondary consumers
(3) Topographic factor – Slope of earth surface
(4) Decomposers
(4) Primary consumer – Green plants 31. Grazing food chain begins with
21. Who gave the concept of ecological niche
(1) Primary consumers (2) Primary producers
(1) Darwin (2) Mac Arthur
(3) Sunlight (4) Dead organic matter
(3) J. Grinnell (4) Gause
32. Which of the following food chain is a major conduit
22. Secondary consumers are
of every flow in aquatic ecosystem?
(1) Herbivores (1) Grazing food chain (2) Detritus food chain
(2) Primary carnivores
(3) Parasitic food chain (4) Auxilliary food chains
(3) Secondary carnivores
33. Amount of all living material present in different
(4) Decomposers
trophic levels at a given time is called
23. Transducers in ecosystem are
(1) Standing state (2) Standing quality
(1) Primary consumers (2) Producers (3) Standing crop (4) Standing index
(3) Top consumers (4) Decomposers
34. The first biotic community that develops in a bare
24. Stratification is
land during ecological succession is called
(1) Vertical distribution of different species
(1) Pioneer community
occupying different levels
(2) Transitional community
(2) Horizontal distribution of different species along (3) Climax community
the equator of earth
(4) Seral community
(3) Invasion of a new species in a particular area
35. The pioneer community of hydrarch succession are
(4) Identification and classification of biological
(1) Grasses (2) Mosses
species
(3) Phytoplanktons (4) Free floating plants

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36. Which of the following biogeochemical cycle is 44. The amount of nutrients present in the soil at any
called sedimentary cycle? given time is called
(1) Hydrogen cycle (2) Carbon cycle (1) Stratification (2) Standing crop
(3) Phosphorous cycle (4) Nitrogen cycle (3) Biomass (4) Standing state
37. According to Robert Costanza and his colleagues, out 45. Identify the correct match w.r.t. given flow chart of
of total ecosystem services soil formation costs about phosphorus cycle.
(1) 90% (2) 50%
(3) 10% (4) 6%
38. All are the areas where secondary succession begin,
except
(1) Flooded areas
(2) Bare rocks
(3) Abandoned farm lands
(4) Burnt forest land
39. The given ecological pyramid does not show.

(1) B – Litter fall

(2) A – Soil solution
(3) C – Decomposers
(1) B-Small standing crop (4) D – Run off and litter fall
(2) Pyramid of biomass in an aquatic ecosystem 46. The rate of formation of new organic matter by
(3) A-Zooplanktons, large standing crop consumers for next trophic level is called
(4) Pyramid of energy in a grass land ecosystem (1) NPP
40. The factors that favour fast decomposition of detritus (2) Gross primary productivity
matter, choose correct option (3) Secondary productivity
(a) Detritus rich in lignin (4) Primary productivity
(b) Moist environment 47. Mark correct statement.
(c) Aerobiosis (1) DFC is main conduit for energy flow in aquatic
(d) Low temperature ecosystem
(e) Nitrogen rich detritus (2) GFC is main conduit for energy flow in terrestrial
(f) Anaerobiosis ecosystem
(1) (a), (d) & (e) (2) (b), (c) & (e) (3) DFC may be connected with GFC at some levels
(3) (c), (d) & (f) (4) All of these (4) Some of the organisms of GFC are prey to the
41. Find the correct sequence for primary succession in a DFC
water body 48. The annual net primary productivity of terrestrial
A. Marsh meadow surface is _______ (dry weight) of organic matter.
B. Scrub stage (1) 170 billion tonnes (2) 55 billion tonnes
C. Submerged plant stage (3) 115 billion tonnes (4) 70 billion tonnes
D. Phytoplanktons 49. Plants capture 2 – 10% solar radiation of PAR, the
E. Read swamp stage NPP of the plant is
F. Submerged free floating stage (1) 1 – 5% (2) 0.2 – 1%
(1) D → C → F → E → A → B (3) 0.8 – 4% (4) 1.6 – 8%
(2) D → A → B → F → C → E 50. A pyramid with pre-reproductive individuals being
(3) D → B → C → A → E → F marginally more than reproductive individuals, the
(4) D → E → F → A → B → C population is said
42. The total global carbon present in atmosphere is (1) Declining – Urn shaped
(1) 49% (2) 10% (2) Expanding – Triangular
(3) 1% (4) 71% (3) Stable – Bell shaped
43. Select the incorrect one w.r.t. limitations of ecological (4) Expanding – Bell shaped
pyramids. 51. The increased number and density of species in
(1) Simple food chain transitional zone of 2-different habitats is called
(2) Always erect (1) Ecotone (2) Edge effect
(3) Not accommodate a food web (3) Abundance (4) Stratification
(4) No place for saprophytes 52. The rate of biomass production in terms of energy, is
expressed as
(1) (kcal m −2 ) yr −1 (2) (kg m −2 ) yr −1
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(3) kcal m −3 / year (4) kg −2 m −1 yr −1 (1) Only (A) is correct
(2) Only (B) is correct
53. Decompositon of detritus compounds involve all the
(3) Both (A) and (B) are correct
processes, except
(4) Both (A) and (B) are incorrect
(1) Catabolism (2) Leaching
64. The phenomenon of incorporation of nutrients in
(3) Anabolism (4) Fragmentation
living microbes is called
54. Two main structural features of an ecosystem are
(1) Mineralisation
(1) Productivity (2) Species composition
(2) Decomposition
(3) Stratification (4) Both (2) & (3)
(3) Nutrient immobilisation
55. Phytoplanktons → Zooplankton → Fish → Man. The (4) Productivity
IIIrd trophic level in given food chain is 65. How many of the following changes occur during
(1) Tertiary consumer succession?
(2) Primary carnivore (a) Increase in number of species
(3) Primary consumer (b) Decrease in humus content of soil
(4) Secondary carnivore (c) Increase in total biomass
56. All are natural ecosystems, except (d) Aquatic to dry conditions
(1) Estuaries, pond ecosystems (1) 2 (2) 3
(2) Forest, desert ecosystems (3) 1 (4) 4
(3) Agroecosystem, aquarium 66. Choose the option that correctly fill in the blanks for
(4) Coral reef, wet land ecosystem seral stages A and B.
57. In a forest, the vertical distribution of different plant Phytoplankton → Submerged plant stage → Sub
species show the common feature. merged free floating plant stage → A → Marsh
(1) Occupying at same level in spatial arrangement meadow stage → B → Forest
(2) Same rooting zone (1) A- Reed-swamp stage B- Scrub stage
(3) Second layer as herbs (2) A- Scurb stage B- Reed-swamp stage
(4) Both (1) & (3) (3) A- Reed-swamp stage B- Herbs
58. Find odd one w.r.t. most productive ecosystem (4) A- Scurb stage B- Herbs
(1) Coral reef (2) Deep sea 67. Select the incorrect statement.
(3) Sugarcane field (4) Tropical rain forest (1) The amount of all the inorganic nutrients present
59. Profundal zone (A), Euphotic (B) Limnetic (C), in the soil at any given time is reffered to as
Disphotic (D), Littoral (E), Benthic (F) standing state.
The correct sequence w.r.t. zonation in deep lake, (2) The whole of biogenetic nutrients are not always
showing penetration gradient of light is in circulation
(1) A → B → C → D → E → F (3) NPP is the available biomass for consumption to
(2) E → C → B → D → A → F carnivores.
(3) E → C → D → B → A → E (4) An ecosystem has a limited supply of biogenetic
(4) B → D → A → C → E → F nutrients in its abiotic environment.
60. In an aquatic ecosystem chief producers includes all, 68. Study the given food chain
except Dead organic matter → Earthworm → A → Falcon
(1) Phytoplanktons (2) Algae Choose the correct option for organism A.
(3) Floating plants (4) Hydra and Hydrilla (1) Snake (2) Sparrow
61. Vertical distribution of different species occupying (3) Rat (4) Frog
different levels in an ecosystem is called 69. In which of the given nutrient cycle, reservoir pool is
(1) Species composition (2) Stratification earth’s crust?
(3) Standing crop (4) Species diversity (1) Nitrogen cycle (2) Phosphorus cycle
62. Which of the given is not true for climax community (3) Hydrogen cycle (4) Carbon cycle
of an ecosystem? 70. Which of the following statements are correct?
(1) It is the last community in biotic succession (a) Sparrow is a primary consumer when it eats seeds.
(2) Its is less stable than transitional communities (b) Jackals are both herbivores and carnivores.
(3) It is in near equilibrium with the environment of (c) 10% law of energy was proposed by Lindeman.
that area (d) 4  1013 kg of carbon is fixed in the biosphere
(4) It has complex food chains and food webs through photosynthesis per day.
63. (A) Sparrow can be primary as well as secondary (1) Only (a) & (c) (2) (a), (b) and (c)
consumer. (3) (a), (b) & (d) (4) (a), (b), (c) & (d)
(B) Occurrence of food web provides stability to the
ecosystem.
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ANSWER KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 1 3 3 4 1 3 1 3 4
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
2 3 2 1 3 2 3 4 3 3
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
3 2 2 1 3 4 4 2 4 3
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
2 1 3 1 3 3 2 2 4 2
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
1 3 2 4 2 3 3 3 4 3
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
2 1 3 4 2 3 2 2 2 4
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
2 2 3 3 1 1 3 2 2 1

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