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RMT Lab Manual 2022

This lab manual outlines the experiments for the Radiation & Microwave Theory course for B.E. (E&TC Engg.) students at JSPM’s Imperial College of Engineering and Research. It includes a list of experiments focusing on various microwave components, their characteristics, and measurements. The manual is prepared by Prof. A. A. Trikolikar and is affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

60 views68 pages

RMT Lab Manual 2022

Uploaded by

kanchansomani0214

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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LAB MANUAL

For

Radiation & Microwave Theory

(404181)

B.E. (E&TC Engg.) 2019 Course

Savitribai Phule Pune University,
Pune

Electronics and Telecommunication

Engineering
JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC!
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

List of Experiments

Class: B.E. Sub.: Radiation & Microwave Theory

Sr. No. Experiment

1 Study of Microwave Components.

2 Measurement of mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron.

3 Measurement of V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode.

4 Measurement of port characteristics of Microwave Tee.

5 Measurement of port characteristics of Directional Coupler.

6 Measurement of port characteristics of Isolator, & Circulator.

7 Measurement of wavelength & frequency of Microwaves.

8 Measurement of SWR for different types of terminations.

9 Study the Network Analyzer.

Measurement of radiation pattern and gain of Parabolic Reflector
10
antenna at microwave frequency.
11 Design and simulate Dipole antenna using CADFEKO.

2 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Experiment No. 1
Title: Study of Microwave Components.

Date of Performance: Roll No:

Date of Submission: University Seat No:

Signature of Staff:

3 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Title: Study of Microwave Components.

Aim: To study of different types of Microwave Components.

ELO: 1) To Study different microwave sources like, Reflex Klystron, Gunn diode & PIN diode
with its characteristics.
2) To Study different passive microwave components with its characteristics.
3) To Study different microwave devices like, Frequency meter, Slotted section, VSWR
meter, Vector network analyzer & use it for various microwave measurements

Theory:
1) Waveguide

A waveguide is a hollow metallic tube which is used to guide EM waves. Waveguides are
used to carry energy between pieces of equipment or over longer distances to carry
transmitter power to an antenna or microwave signals from an antenna to a receiver. Wave
guides are fabricated by precision brazing of brass-plates. Waveguide sections of specified
length can be supplied with flanges, painted outside and silver or gold plated in side.

Fig. 1.1 Rectangular Waveguide

SPECIFICATIONS:
Operating Frequency Band: X Band
EIA No. : WR - 90
Frequency: 8.2 - 12.4 GHz
Width : 2.286 cm Height: 1.1016cm Width: 2.54 cm
Height : 1.27cm ± Tol. (μm): 7.6
Material : Brass/Copper.

4 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Model 2051 Klystron mounts are meant for mounting corresponding Klystrons such as
2K25, 723A/B, 726A or RK - 5976 etc. These consist of a section of wave guide flanged on
one end and terminated with a movable short on the other end. An octal base with cable is
provided for Klystron.

Fig. 1.2 Klystron Mount

SPECIFICATIONS:
Model No. : X – 2051
Freq. Range (GHz) 8.2 - 12.4/
WG Type (WR-): 90
Flange Type (UG-/U): 39

3) Isolator

It is a device which is used to transmit microwave signals in only one direction. An Isolator
is a two-port device that transfers energy from input to output with little attenuation and
from output to input with very high attenuation.
In most microwave generators, the output amplitude and frequency tend to fluctuate very
significantly with changes in load impedance. This is due to mismatch of generator output to
the load resulting in reflected wave from load. But these reflected wave should not be
allowed to reach the microwave generator, which will cause amplitude and frequency
instability the microwave generator.
When the isolator is inserted between generator and load, the generator is coupled
to the load with zero attenuation and reflections if any from the load side are completely
absorbed by the isolator without affecting this generator output. Hence, the generator
appears to be matched for all loads in the presence of isolator so that there is no change in
frequency and output power due to variation in the load.

5 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Fig. 1.3 Isolator

4) Direct Reading Frequency Meter

Direct reading frequency meter is made up of a cylindrical cavity resonator fitted with a
variable short circuit termination. It can measure the frequency of microwave signal
directly. Micrometer type frequency meter is used for high accuracy measurements. It
consists of a cavity, plunger fitted with a micrometer and section of standard waveguide.

Fig. 1.4 Direct Reading Frequency Meter

6 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Circulator is a device with ports arranged such that energy entering a port is coupled to an
adjacent port but not coupled to the other ports. This is depicted in figure 1.5; circulator can
have any number of ports.

Fig. 1.5 Circulator

6) Directional Coupler

Multirole directional couplers are useful for sampling a part of Microwave energy for
monitoring purposes and for measuring reflections and impedance. These consist of a
section of Wave guide with addition of a second parallel section of wave guide thus making
it a four port network. However the fourth port is terminated with a matched load. These
two parallel sections are coupled to each other through many holes, almost to give uniform
coupling; minimum frequency sensitivity and high directivity.

Fig. 1.6 Multihole Directional Coupler

7) E Plane Tee

E - Plane tee is a series type T - junction and consists of three section of wave guide joined
together in order to divide or compare power levels. The signal entering the first port of this

7 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Fig. 1.7 E Plane Tee

8) H Plane Tee

Model 3065 H - Plane Tee are shunt type T - junction for use in conjunction with VSWR
meters, frequency - meters and other detector devices. Like in E-plane tee, the signal fed
through first port of H - plane Tee will be equally divided in magnitude at second and third
ports but in same phase.

Fig. 1.8 H Plane Tee

9) E-H (Magic) Plane Tee

Model 3045 E - H Tee consists of a section of wave guide in both series and shunt wave
guide arms, mounted at the exact midpoint of main arm. Both ends of the section of wave
guide and both arms are flanged on their ends. These Tees are employed in balanced mixers,

8 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Fig. 1.9 Magic Tee

10) Attenuator

Attenuators are meant for inserting a known attenuation or variable value of attenuation in
a wave guide system. These consist of a lossy vane inserted in a section of wave guide,
flanged on both ends. These are useful for isolation of wave guide circuits, padding and
extending the range of measuring equipment. Fixed Attenuators are available for 3.6 or 10
dB attenuation values, but any attenuation valve between 0 and 30dB can be provided using
variable attenuator.

Fig. 1.10 a) Fixed b) Variable Attenuator

9 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Tunable Detector Mount is simple and easy to use instrument for detecting microwave
power through suitable detector. It consists of a detector crystal mounted in a section of a
Wave guide and shorting plunger for matching purpose. The output from the crystal may be
fed to an indicating instrument.

Fig. 1.11 Tunable Detector Mount

12) Matched Termination

It consist a small and highly dissipative taper flap mounted inside the center of a section of
wave guide. Matched Terminations are useful for VSWR measurement of various waveguide
components. These are also employed as dummy and as a precise reference loads with Tee
junctions, directional couplers and other similar dividing devices.

Fig. 1.12 Matched Termination

10 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Gunn Oscillators are solid state microwave energy generators. These consist of waveguide
cavity flanged on one end and micrometer driven plunger fitted on the other end. A GUNN
diode is mounted inside the Wave guide with BNC (F) connector for DC bias. Each Gunn
oscillator is supplied with calibration certificate giving frequency versus micrometer
reading.

Fig. 1.13 GUNN Oscillator

14) PIN Modulator

A pin modulator is designed to modulate the contentious wave output of Gunn Oscillator. It
is operated by the square pulses derived from the UHF connector of the Gunn power supply.
It consist a pin diode mounted inside a section of waveguide flanged on its both end.

Fig. 1.14 PIN Modulator

11 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

15) Tunable Probe

These are used for exploring the energy of the EM field in a suitably fabricated section of
wave guide. The depth of penetration into a wave guide - section is adjustable by the knob of
the probe. The tip pick up the RF power from the line and this power is rectified by crystal
detector, which is then fed to the VSWR meter or indicating instrument.

Fig. 1.15 Tunable Probe

Conclusion:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Experiment No. 2
Title: Measurement of mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron.

Date of Performance: Roll No:

Date of Submission: University Seat No:

Signature of Staff:

13 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Title: Measurement of mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron.

Aim: To measure and plot mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron.

ELO: To Study different microwave sources like, Reflex Klystron, Gunn diode & PIN diode
with its characteristics.

Theory:

Reflex Klystron is a microwave generator that works on reflections and oscillations in a

single cavity, which has a variable frequency. It consists of an electron gun, a cathode
filament, an anode cavity, and an electrode at the cathode potential.

Fig. 2.1 Constructional Details of Reflex Klystron

The electron gun emits the electron beam, which passes through the gap in the anode cavity.
These electrons travel towards the Repeller electrode, which is at high negative potential.
Due to the high negative field, the electrons repel back to the anode cavity. In their return
journey, the electrons give more energy to the gap and these oscillations are sustained.

Reflex Klystron is used in applications where variable frequency is desirable, such as −

 Radio receivers
 Portable microwave links
 Parametric amplifiers
14 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I
Prepared By: Prof. A. A. Trikolikar.
JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC!
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.
 Local oscillators of microwave receivers
 As a signal source where variable frequency is desirable in microwave generators.

Experimental Setup:

Fig. 2.2 Experimental Setup to obtain mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron

Basic Precautions:

1) During operation of Klystron, repeller does not carry any current and as such it may
severely be damaged by electron bombardment. To protect repeller from such
damage, the repeller negative voltage is always applied before anode voltage.
2) The repeller voltage should be varied in one direction to avoid hysteresis is in
klystrons.
3) The heater voltage should be applied first and cooling should be provided
simultaneously after some time other voltages should be applied taking precaution
mentioned in (1).
4) While measuring power, the frequency meter should be detuned each time because
there is a dip in the output power when the frequency is tuned.
5) To avoid loading of the klystron an isolator/attenuation should invariably be used
between klystron and the rest of the set-up.
Experimental Procedure:

1) Connect the components and equipment’s as shown in experimental setup.

15 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Prepared By: Prof. A. A. Trikolikar.
JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC!
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.
2) Set the mod. Switch of klystron power supply at AM position, beam voltage
control knob to fully antic lock wise and repeller voltage control knob to fully clock
wise.
3) Rotate the knob of the frequency meter at one side fully.
4) Connect CRO with detector, for waveform observation.
5) Switch on the klystron power supply and cooling fan.
6) Rotate the beam voltage knob slowly up to 300 v and observe the beam current,
which do not increase more than 30 ma. Do not change the beam voltage while
taking the readings.
7) Change the repeller voltage slowly and watch the CRO for deflection of waveform.
8) The point where a first deflection on wave observed on CRO occurs indicated first
mode of reflex klystron.
9) Rotate the frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, where there is
lowest output on CRO observed. Read frequency meter between two horizontal red
lines and vertical marker.
10) Change the repeller voltage and read the output voltage and frequency for
each repeller voltage to get different modes of the klystron.
11) Plot the mode characteristics of reflex klystron (i.e. Plot of output Voltage Vs
Repeller voltage & Frequency Vs Repeller voltage.)

Observation Table:

1) Beam Voltage: ………………..

2) Beam Current: ……………….

16 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Mode Frequency ( GHz) Repeller voltage(V) Output Voltage (mV)

Model Graph:

Fig. 2.3 Model Graph of mode characteristics of reflex klystron

17 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Conclusion:

18 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Experiment No. 3
Title: Measurement of V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode.

Date of Performance: Roll No:

Date of Submission: University Seat No:

Signature of Staff:

19 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Title: Measurement of V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode.

Aim: To measure V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode.

ELO: To Study different microwave sources like, Reflex Klystron, Gunn diode & PIN diode
with its characteristics.

Theory:
A Gunn diode is a passive semiconductor device with two terminals, which composes of only
an n-doped semiconductor material, unlike other diodes which consist of a p-n junction.
Gunn diodes can be made from the materials which consist of multiple, initially-empty,
closely-spaced energy valleys in their conduction band like Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Indium
Phosphide (InP) & Gallium Nitride (GaN).

Working of this diode is based on the "Gunn effect" discovered in 1962 by physicist J. B.
Gunn. It is used in electronic oscillators to generate microwaves, in applications such as
radar speed guns, microwave relay data link transmitters, and automatic door openers.

Fig. 3.1 Internal Structure of Gunn diode

In the Gunn diode, three regions exist: two of those are heavily N-doped on each terminal,
with a thin layer of lightly n-doped material between. When a voltage is applied to the
device, the electrical gradient will be largest across the thin middle layer. If the voltage is
increased, the current through the layer will first increase, but eventually, at higher field
values, the conductive properties of the middle layer are altered, increasing its resistivity,
and causing the current to fall. This means a Gunn diode has a region of negative differential
resistance in its current-voltage characteristic curve, in which an increase of applied voltage
causes a decrease in current. This property allows it to amplify, functioning as a radio
frequency amplifier, or to become unstable and oscillate when it is biased with a DC voltage.

20 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Fig. 3.2 Experimental Setup for plotting of V-I characteristics of Gunn diode

Basic Precautions:

1) Do not keep Gunn bias knob at threshold position for more than 10-15 seconds.
2) Reading should be obtained as fast as possible, otherwise excess heating may burn
Gunn diode.

Experimental Procedure:

1) Connect the components and equipments as shown in experimental setup.

2) Keep control knob of Gunn power supply as below;
ON/OFF switch - OFF
Gunn diode bias knob - fully anti-clockwise to keep the bias voltage to zero to
start with
PIN bias knob - fully anti-clockwise to keep the bias voltage to zero to start
with
PIN mode frequency - middle position to keep frequency approx. to 1 kHz.
3) Do not apply any bias to PIN diode throughout the experiment.
4) Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator cavity for required frequency of operation.
5) Switch on the Gunn power supply.
6) Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various Gunn bias voltages in
steps of 0.5 volts controlled by Gunn bias knob through the panel meter and DMP’s
switch. Do not exceed the bias voltage above 10 V.
7) Plot the voltage reading and current reading on the graph.
8) Read the threshold voltage Vt that corresponds to maximum current from the graph.

21 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Observation Table:

Sr. Voltage in Current in Sr. No. Voltage in Current in

No. (volts) (Amps) (volts) (Amps)
1 11
2 12
3 13
4 14
5 15
6 16
7 17
8 18
9 19
10 20

Model Graph:

Fig. 3.3 Model graph for V-I characteristics of Gunn diode

Conclusion:

22 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Experiment No. 4
Title: Measurement of port characteristics of Microwave Tee.

Date of Performance: Roll No:

Date of Submission: University Seat No:

Signature of Staff:

23 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Title: Measurement of port characteristics of Microwave Tee.

Aim: To measure and verify port characteristics of Microwave Tee.

ELO: To Study different passive microwave components with its characteristics.

Theory:
1) H Plane Tee:

Fig. 4.1 H Plane Tee

Above figure shows the sketch of an H plane tee. It is clear from the sketch that an auxiliary
waveguide arm is fastened perpendicular to the narrow wall of a main guide, thus it is a
three port device in which axis of the auxiliary or side arm is parallel to the planes of the
magnetic field of the main guide and the coupling from the main guide to the branch guide is
by means of magnetic fields. Therefore, it is also known as H plane tee.
The perpendicular arm is generally taken as input and other two arms are in shunt to the
input and hence it is also called as shunt tee. Because of symmetry of the tee; equivalent
circuit of H plane, when power enters the auxiliary arm, and the two main arms 1 and 2 are
terminated in identical loads, the power supplied to each load is equal and in phase with one
another. If two signals of equal amplitude and in same phase are fed into two main arms1
and 2, they will be added together in the side arm. Thus H plane tee is an `adder’.

24 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Fig. 4.2 E Plane Tee

Figure 4.2 shows the sketch of the E plane tee. It is clear from the sketch of the E plane tee
that an auxiliary waveguide arm is fastened to the broader wall of the main guide. Thus it is
also a three port device in which the auxiliary arm axis in parallel to the plane of the electric
fields of the main guide, and the coupling from the main guide to the auxiliary guide is by
means of electric fields. Therefore, it is also known as E plane tee.
It is clear that it causes load connected to its branches to appear in series. So it is often
referred to as a series tee. As indicated in fig, the two main guide arms are symmetrical with
respect to the auxiliary guide arm. As such if power is fed from the auxiliary arm, it is
equally distributed in the two arms 1 and 2 when they are terminated in equal loads.
However as depicted in the field configuration, the power flowing out in arm 1 is 180 out of
phase to the one in arm 2. As such tis tee is known as `subtractor’ or `differencer’.
3) Magic Tee:

Fig. 4.3 Magic Tee

25 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Scattering Parameter: The scattering parameters, also known as S-parameters, are the
most common network parameters used to describe the performance of the microwave
(MW) devices, circuits, and networks in the frequency domain.

Isolation: The isolation of a T junction is the ratio of power supplied from a matched
generator to one of the arms, to the power coupled to a matched detector in any other arm
when the remaining arm is terminated in a matched load.

Isolation between port 1 and 2 is;

 P1 
I 12  10 log 10 dB
 P2 
 V1 
I 12  20 log 10 dB
V 2 

and when matched load & detector are interchanged;

 P1 
I 13  10 log 10 dB
 P3 
 V1 
I 13  20 log 10 dB
V3

Similarly,

 P3 
I 31  10 log 10 dB
 P1 
V3
I 32  20 log 10 dB
V 2 

26 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Coupling Coefficients: Corresponding to the values of isolation, we can compute the

coupling coefficient by the formula;


C  10 20

Where, α is attenuation or isolation in dB.

Experimental Setup:

Fig. 4.4 Experimental setup for verification of port characteristics of E & H plane Tee

27 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Fig. 4.5 Experimental setup for verification of port characteristics of Magic Tee

Experimental Procedure:

A) For Isolation & Coupling coefficient measurement

1) Remove the slotted line and Magic Tee/E/H Tee and connect the detector mount.
2) Energize the microwave source & set mode 3.
3) Note down the input voltage as Vi (mv) (should not alter the setting).
4) Now connect the magic tee/E-Plane/H-Plane Tee.
5) Determine the corresponding voltages Vj (mv) for each pair of ports by
connecting one port to the source and measuring the output at other port while
the remaining ports are connected to matched termination.
6) Determine the isolation and coupling coefficients for the given Tee.

28 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

1) For E & H Plane Tee:

Type of Voltage (mv) Isolation (Iij) Coupling coefficient Cij

Tee I/p O/P dB

E Plane V1= V2= I12= C12 =

V3= I13= C13 =

V2= V1= I21= C21 =
V3= I23= C23 =
V3= V1= I31= C31 =
V2= I32= C32 =
H Plane V1= V2= I12= C12 =
V3= I13= C13 =
V2= V1= I21= C21 =
V3= I23= C23 =
V3= V1= I31= C31 =
V2= I32= C32 =

2) For Magic Tee:

A) Isolation & Coupling coefficient

For calculation of isolation & coupling coefficient use following settings;

 Generator to port i
 detector mount to port j (Vj)
 All other ports terminated using matched termination
 Iij = 20 log (Vi / Vj)
 Cij = 10- Iij/20

29 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Magic Tee orientation Isolation Coupling

Input Arm-I / Output (Iij) dB coefficient
arm-j Cij

V1= V2= I12= C12=

V3= I13= C13=

V4= I14= C14=

V2= V1= I21= C21=

V3= I23= C23=

V4= I24= C24=

V3= V4= I34= C34=

V1= I31= C31=

V2= I32= C32=

V4= V3= I43= C43=

V1= I41= C41=

V2= I42= C42=

Conclusion:

30 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Experiment No. 5
Title: Measurement of port characteristics of Directional Coupler.

Date of Performance: Roll No:

Date of Submission: University Seat No:

Signature of Staff:

31 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Title: Measurement of port characteristics of Directional Coupler.

Aim: To measure and verify port characteristics of Directional Coupler.

ELO: To Study different passive microwave components with its characteristics.

Theory:
A directional coupler is a useful hybrid waveguide joint, which couples power in an auxiliary
waveguide arm in one direction. It is a four-port device but one of the ports is terminated
into a matched load as shown in following figure;

Fig. 5.1 Multiport Two hole Directional Coupler

Characteristics of a Directional Coupler:

An ideal directional coupler has the following characteristics

i) If power is fed into port (1) the power is coupled in ports (2) and (3) i.e., power flows in
the forward direction of the auxiliary arm port (3) but no power couples in port (4) i.e., in
backward direction similarly power fed in (2) couples into ports (1) and (4) and not in (3).

ii) All the four ports are matched, i.e. if three of them are terminated in matched loads, the
fourth is automatically terminated in a matched load.

iii) If power couples in reverse direction, power fed in (1) appears in ports (2) and (4) and
nothing in (3), and then such type of coupler is known as backward directional coupler. The
conclusion is that in the auxiliary section the power is coupled in only one direction.

We will measure (i) main line and auxiliary line VSWR as a function of frequency, (ii)
coupling coefficient as a function of frequency, (iii) directivity as a function of frequency,
32 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I
Prepared By: Prof. A. A. Trikolikar.
JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC!
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.
and (iv) main line insertion loss as a function of frequency. These parameters are defined as
follows:

(i) Main Line VSWR: The main line VSWR is the standing wave ratio measured looking into
the main line input terminals when matched loads are placed at all the three other
terminals. The main line VSWR will be the same for any orientation of the coupler in the
transmission line.

(ii) Auxiliary Line VSWR: The auxiliary line VSWR is the standing wave ratio measured in
the auxiliary line looking into the output terminal to which the detector is normally
connected when matched loads are placed at all the three other ports or terminals.

(iii) Main Line Insertion Loss: The main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in
a transmission line by the insertion of the directional coupler. The auxiliary line of the
coupler is assumed to be properly terminated. The main line insertion loss, L is given by

L = 20 log (V1/V2) dB

(iv) Coupling coefficient: Coupling coefficient is the ratio of power supplied to the main line
input (P1) to the power output (PAO) at the auxiliary line output. The coupling coefficient C
is usually expressed in decibels as a positive number & given as;

C = 20 log10 (V1/V2) dB

(v) Directivity: The directivity D is a measure of the discrimination property of a directional

coupler between the waves traveling in the two directions in the main line. It is measured as
the ratio of the two power outputs from the auxiliary line when a given amount of power is
successively applied to each terminal of the main line. The other terminals or ports of the
coupler not in use in the particular measurement are assumed to be terminated in matched
loads.
D = 20 log (V3/V4) dB

Experimental Setup:

33 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Fig. 5.2 Experimental setup for Measurement of Main line VSWR

Fig. 5.3 Experimental setup for Measurement of Auxiliary line VSWR

Fig. 5.4 Experimental setup for Measurement of Insertion Loss (V1)

34 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I
Prepared By: Prof. A. A. Trikolikar.
JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC!
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

Fig. 5.5 Experimental setup for Measurement of Insertion Loss (V2)

Fig. 5.6 Experimental setup for Measurement of Coupling Coefficient & Directivity
Experimental Procedure:

A) For Main Line VSWR Measurement

1) Setup the equipment as shown in fig. 5.2, Terminating Port 2 and Port 3 with
matched termination.
2) Move the slotted section and measure Vmax and Vmin
3) Calculate VSWR, Vmax and Vmin.

B) For Auxiliary Line VSWR Measurement

1) Setup the equipment as shown in fig. 5.3, Terminating Port 1 and Port 2 with
matched termination.
2) Move the slotted section and measure Vmax and Vmin
3) Calculate VSWR, Vmax and Vmin.

35 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

1) Set the equipment by connecting detector mount to the input end (without
directional coupler).
2) Obverse the input voltage V1. Do not alter till the end of the experiment.
3) Insert the directional coupler; terminate port 3 with matched termination.
4) Connect detector mount to port 2 and measure V2.
5) Calculate insertion loss as;
IL = 20 log (V1/V2) dB

6) To measure coupling factor, terminate port 2 with matched termination, connect

detector mount to port 4 and measure V4.
7) Calculate Coupling Factor as;
C = 20 log (V1/V4) dB

D) For Directivity Measurement

1) Setup the equipment as shown in fig. 5.6, Terminate Port 2 with matched
termination, & connect detector mount to port 4.
2) Measure the voltage at port 4 and note it as V14.
3) Connect the directional coupler in reverse direction. i.e, port 2 – input, port 1 –
matched termination, port 3 – detector mount
4) Measure the voltage as V24.
5) Calculate directivity as;
D = 20 log (V14/V24) dB
Observation Table:

1) For VSWR measurement:

Type of VSWR Vmax (mv) Vmin (mv) VSWR

Main Line

Auxiliary Line

2) For Insertion Loss & Coupling Factor measurement:

V1: ………………

V2: ……………...

V4: ………………
36 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I
Prepared By: Prof. A. A. Trikolikar.
JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC!
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

IL: 20 log10 (V1/V2): …………………dB

C: 20 log10 (V1/V4): …………………dB

3) For Directivity measurement:

 Match P2, Input to P1 output at P4 Measures as V14.

 Reverse DCR, Match P1, Input to P2 output at P4, Note voltage as V24.
 V14: ………………

 V24: ……………...

 D = 20 log (V14/V24): …………………….

4) Isolation:

 Isolation (dB) = Directivity (dB) + Coupling Factor (dB)

= + =

Conclusion:

37 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Experiment No. 6
Title: Measurement of Port characteristics of Isolator & Circulator.

Date of Performance: Roll No:

Date of Submission: University Seat No:

Signature of Staff:

38 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Title: Measurement of port characteristics of Isolator & Circulator.

Aim: To measure & verify port characteristics of Isolator & Circulator.

ELO: To Study different passive microwave components with its characteristics.

Theory:

The isolator is a two-port device with small insertion loss in forward direction and a large in
reverse attenuation. The circulator is a multi-port junction that permits transmission in
certain ways.
In case of circulator, a wave incident in port 1 is coupled to port 2 only; a wave incident at
port 2 is coupled to port 3 only and so on. Following is the basic parameters of isolator and
circulator for study.

A. Insertion loss
The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the power detected by a
detector in the coupling arm, i.e., output arm with other port terminated in the matched
load, is defined as insertion loss or forward loss.
B. Isolation
It is the ratio of power fed to input arm to the input power detected at not coupled port with
other port terminated in the matched load.
C. Input VSWR
The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratio of voltage maximum to voltage
minimum of the standing wave existing on the line, when one port of it terminates the line
and others have matched termination.

39 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Experimental Setup:

Fig. 6.1 Experimental setup for Measurement of VSWR

Fig. 6.2 Experimental setup for Measurement of Isolation & Insertion Loss
Experimental Procedure:

A) For Input VSWR Measurement

1) Set up the components and equipments as shown above with input port of isolator or
circulator towards slotted line and matched load on other ports of it.
2) Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.
3) With the help of slotted line, probe and VSWR meter, find out SWR of the isolator or
circulator as describe earlier for low and medium SWR measurements.
4) The above procedure can be repeated for other ports or for other frequencies.

40 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

1) Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect the
detector mount to the slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be
connected with VSWR meter.
2) Energize the microwave source for maximum output for a particular frequency of
operation. Tune the detector mount for maximum output in VSWR meter.
3) Set any reference level of power in VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator,
gain control knob of VSWR meter and note down the reading.
4) Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing the
position of set up. Insert the isolator/ circulator between slotted line and detector
mount. Keeping input port to slotted line and detector at its output port. A matched
termination should be placed at third port in case of circulator.
5) Record the readings in the VSWR meter. If necessary change range – dB switch to
high or lower position and taking 10 dB changes for one set change of switch
position.
6) Compute insertion loss using formula; Insertion Loss: 20 log10 (V1/V2)
7) For measurement of isolation, the isolator or circulator has to be connected reverse,
i.e., output port to slotted line and detector to input port with other port terminated
by matched termination. After setting a reference level without isolator or circulator
in the set up as described in insertion loss measurement.
8) Record the reading of VSWR meter after inserting the isolator or circulator.
9) Compute isolation as Isolation: 20 log10 (V12/V21).
10) The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.

Observations:

1) For Isolator

A) Input VSWR

Load Vmax Vmin VSWR

Port 1

Port 2

41 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

V1: ………………

V2: …………….

Insertion Loss: 20 log10 (V1/V2): …………………dB

C) Isolation

V12: ………………

V21: …………….

Isolation: 20 log10 (V12/V21): …………………dB

2) For Circulator

A) Input VSWR

Load Vmax Vmin VSWR

Port 1

Port 2

Port 3

B) Insertion Loss

V1: ………………

V2: …………….

Insertion Loss: 20 log10 (V1/V2): …………………dB

Conclusion:

42 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Experiment No. 7
Title: Measurement of wavelength & frequency of Microwaves.

Date of Performance: Roll No:

Date of Submission: University Seat No:

Signature of Staff:

43 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Title: Measurement of wavelength & frequency of microwaves.

Aim: To Measure wavelength of the microwaves and verify with its theoretical calculations.

ELO: To Study different microwave devices like, Frequency meter, Slotted section, VSWR
meter, Vector network analyzer & use it for various microwave measurements

Theory:

The frequency of microwaves is calculated from measured guide wavelength in a voltage

standing wave pattern along a short circuited line. Guide wavelength is denoted by ‘𝜆g’, it is
the distance travel by a wave to undergo a phase shift of 2π radian or 3600.

𝜆g/2 is the distance between the two successive minima of voltage standing wave pattern, i.
e. 𝜆g/2 distance between d min to d max

distance between two d min = 𝜆g

2 d min = 𝜆g

Fig. 7.1 Guide Wavelength

Guide wavelength in rectangular waveguide given as;

𝜆g =
√

gc
So,  0 
( g 2  c 2 )

44 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

gc
0 
( g 2  ( 2 a ) 2 )

And 𝜆o =

Hence, fo = where c = 3*10^10 m/sec

Experimental Setup:

Fig. 5.4 Experimental setup for Measurement of frequency using frequency meter

Experimental Procedure:

1) Connect the components and equipments as shown in experimental setup.

2) Switch on the power supply & tune the bench.
3) Tune the frequency meter knob to get a dip on the waveform on CRO and note down the
frequency directly from frequency meter. (Direct Method)
4) For measurement of frequency using indirect method, move the probe along the slotted
line. The amplitude of waveform on CRO gets changed according to movement of knob on
slotted section.
5) Find out the reading of first minima (d1) & second (d2) minima position by moving knob
of slotted section.
6) Calculate value of λg, λ0 & F from obtained values of d1 and d2.

45 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Observations:

1) First Minima Position (d1): ………………….. cm

2) Second Minima Position (d2): ……………….. cm

3) λg: 2(d2-d1) : ………………………………………. cm

4) Broader dimension of waveguide: “a”: 2.28 cm

5) Speed of light (c): 3*10^10 m/sec

1 1 1
6) f  c{  2 }2 =
g  c
2

7) Frequency reading from direct reading frequency meter: ………………………GHz

Conclusion:

46 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Experiment No. 8
Title: Measurement of SWR for different type of terminations.

Date of Performance: Roll No:

Date of Submission: University Seat No:

Signature of Staff:

47 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Title: Measurement of SWR for different types of terminations.

Aim: To Measure SWR for open, short and matched termination at microwave frequency.

ELO: To Study different microwave devices like, Frequency meter, Slotted section, VSWR
meter, Vector network analyzer & use it for various microwave measurements

Theory:

The electromagnetic field at any point of termination line may be considered as the sum of
two traveling wave, the ‘incident wave’ propagates from generator and reflected wave
propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is setup by reflection of incident
wave from a discontinuity on the line or from load impedance.
The presence of two traveling waves, gives rise to standing wave along the line. The
maximum field strength is found where two waves are in phase and minimum where the
two waves add in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minimum (or
maximum) is half the guide wavelength on the line. The ratio of electric field strength of
reflected and incident wave is called reflection coefficient.
The voltage standing wave ratio is defined as ratio between maximum or minimum field
strength along the line.

E max EI  Er
Hence VSWR, S  
E min EI  Er

Er Z  Z 0
Reflection Coefficient,   
EI Z  Z 0
Where Z is the impedance at a point on line, Zo is characteristic impedance.
The above equation gives following equation;
S 1
 
S 1

Experimental Setup:

48 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Fig. 8.1 Experimental setup for Measurement of VSWR

Experimental Procedure:

1) Set up the components and equipments as shown in above figure.

2) Keep variable attenuator at maximum position.

3) Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as below

Range – 40/50 dB
Input switch – Impedance low
Meter switch - Normal position
Gain (Coarse & fine) - Mid position
4) Keep control knob of klystron power supply as below;
Beam voltage - OFF
Mod switch - AM
Beam voltage knob – Fully anti-clockwise

49 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

6) Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and set beam
voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob.

7) Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter.

8) Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power
supply.

9) Tune the plunger, reflector voltage, and probe for maximum deflection in VSWR
meter

10) If necessary, change the range dB-switch, variable attenuator position and gain
control knob to get deflection in the scale of VSWR meter.

11) Move the probe along the slotted line, the deflection will change.

A) Measurement of Low & Medium VSWR

1) Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR
meter.

2) Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter
indicates 1 on normal SWR scale.

3) Keep the entire control knob as it is, move probe to next minimum position and
read the VSWR on scale and record it.

4) Repeat the above step for change of S-S Tuner probe depth and record the
corresponding SWR.

5) If VSWR is between 3.2-10, change the range of dB switch to next higher position
& read VSWR on second VSWR scale is 3 -10.

50 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Observations Table:

Type of Vmax (mv) Vmin (mv) VSWR

Termination
Open

Matched

Short

Conclusion:

51 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Experiment No. 9
Title: Study the Network Analyzer.

Date of Performance: Roll No:

Date of Submission: University Seat No:

Signature of Staff:

52 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Title: Study the Network Analyzer.

Aim: To Study the Network Analyzer and carry out the measurements of S-Parameters.

ELO: To Study different microwave devices like, Frequency meter, Slotted section, VSWR
meter, Vector network analyzer & use it for various microwave measurements

Equipment required: Anritsu S331D Network Analyzer, Microstrip Patch Antenna, BNC
cable.

Theory:

The Site Master is a handheld cable and antenna analyzer designed for installers,
contractors, and wireless service providers who need a portable and rugged cable and
antenna analyzer. It is designed for measuring Return Loss, VSWR, Cable Loss, of cable and
antenna systems from 25 MHz to 4 GHz. Integrated Distance-To-Fault measurement can be
used to locate the precise location of a fault within the feed line system.
Options available with the S331D include High Accuracy Power Meter and Power
Monitor. The Site Master is capable of up to 1.5 hours of continuous operation from a fully
charged field-replaceable battery and can be operated from a 12.5 V, dc source. Built-in
energy conservation features can be used to extend the battery life. A standard 640*480
color TFT display provide graphic indications of various measurements. The front view of
the equipment is as shown in following figure;

Fig. 9.1 Anritsu S331D Network Analyzer

53 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Performance Specification
1) Frequency Range: 25 MHz to 4000 MHz
2) Frequency Accuracy: <= +- 50 ppm @ +25°C
3) Frequency Resolution: 1 kHz (CW On)
100 kHz (CW Off)

4) Output Power: 0 dBm (typical)

5) Immunity to Interfering Signals: On-channel +17 dBm & On-frequency –5 dBm
6) Measurement speed: <=2.5 msec / data point (CW ON)
7) Number of data points: 130 or 259 or 517
8) Return Loss:
Range: 0.00 to 60.00 dB & Resolution: 0.01 dB
9) VSWR:
Range: 1.00 to 65.00 & Resolution: 0.01

10) Cable Loss:

Range: 0.00 to 30.00 dB & Resolution: 0.01 dB

11)Measurement Accuracy: > 42 dB corrected directivity after calibration

Experimental Procedure:
1) Set Starting & ending frequency by using Frequency selection knob.
2) After selecting frequency equipment is need to calibrate with that frequency, so
calibration process is done.

54 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Conclusion:

55 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Experiment No. 10
Title: Measurement of radiation pattern and gain of Parabolic Reflector
antenna at microwave frequency.

Date of Performance: Roll No:

Date of Submission: University Seat No:

Signature of Staff:

56 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Title: Measurement of radiation pattern and gain of Parabolic Reflector antenna at

microwave frequency.

Aim: To Measure radiation pattern and gain of Parabolic Reflector antenna at microwave
frequency.

ELO: To Study different microwave devices like, Frequency meter, Slotted section, VSWR
meter, Vector network analyzer & use it for various microwave measurements

Equipment required: Antenna Trainer Kit, Parabolic reflector antenna, Yagi-Uda array,
coaxial connectors.

Theory:

Antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. There are

different types of antenna like, wire antenna, slot antenna, reflector antenna, lens antenna &
Microstrip antenna.

1) Basic type of antenna: Reflector antenna.

2) Subtype of antenna: Parabolic Reflector.

3) Operating frequency of antenna: 1.25 GHz

4) Theoretical Information:

A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the
cross-sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The most common form is
shaped like a dish and is popularly called a dish antenna or parabolic dish. The main
advantage of a parabolic antenna is that it has high directivity.

Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gain, meaning that they can produce the
narrowest beamwidth, of any antenna type. In order to achieve narrow beamwidths, the
parabolic reflector must be much larger than the wavelength of the radio waves used, so
parabolic antennas are used in the high frequency part of the radio spectrum, at UHF and
microwave (SHF) frequencies, at which the wavelengths are small enough that
conveniently-sized reflectors can be used.

57 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Procedure:

1) Mount the Parabolic reflector antenna on receiver stand of antenna trainer kit;
connect a coaxial cable between antenna and input section of transreceiver
meter.

2) Mount Yagi-Uda antenna on stand of transmitter stand of antenna trainer kit,

connect a coaxial cable between antenna and output section of transreceiver
meter.

3) Apply a frequency of 1250 MHz (1.25 GHz) to transmitter antenna by varying

knob on transreceiver meter.

4) Take the reading of field strength of receiver antenna, which indicated on

transreceiver meter, note this reading as first reading for angle of 0 degree.

5) Rotate the receiver antenna mount with an increment of 5 degree and take
respective readings.

6) Plot the 2D radiation pattern of antenna using observed readings.

58 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I
Prepared By: Prof. A. A. Trikolikar.
JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC!
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

Observation Table:

Angle Field Angle Field Angle Field

(Degree) Strength (Degree) Strength (Degree) Strength
0 120 240
5 125 245
10 130 250
15 135 255
20 140 260
25 145 265
30 150 270
35 155 275
40 160 280
45 165 285
50 170 290
55 175 295
60 180 300
65 185 305
70 190 310
75 195 315
80 200 320
85 205 325
90 210 330
95 215 335
100 220 340
105 225 345
110 230 350
115 235 355

Gain of Antenna: _________________________

Half Power Beamwidth: ____________________

59 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Conclusion:

60 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Experiment No. 11
Title: Design and simulate Dipole antenna using CADFEKO.

Date of Performance: Roll No:

Date of Submission: University Seat No:

Signature of Staff:

61 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Title: Design and simulate Dipole antenna using CADFEKO.

Aim: To Design and simulate Dipole antenna using CADFEKO.

Theory:

Antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. There are

different types of antenna like, wire antenna, slot antenna, reflector antenna, lens antenna &
Microstrip antenna.

1) Basic type of antenna: Wire type of antenna

2) Subtype of antenna: Half Wavelength Dipole

3) Operating frequency of antenna: 1.25 GHz

4) Theoretical Information:

A dipole antenna is a radio antenna that can be made of a simple wire, with a center-fed
driven element. It consists of two metal conductors of rod or wire, in line with each other,
with a small space between them. The radio frequency voltage is applied to the antenna at
the center, between the two conductors. These antennas are the simplest practical antennas
from a theoretical point of view. They are used alone as antennas, notably in traditional
"rabbit ears" television antennas, and as the driven element in many other types of
antennas, such as the Yagi. Dipole antennas were invented by German physicist Heinrich
Hertz around 1886 in his pioneering experiments with radio waves.

Fig. 1: A schematic of Half wave dipole antenna.

62 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I
Prepared By: Prof. A. A. Trikolikar.
JSPM’s
Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Wagholi, Pune.
(Approved by AICTE, Delhi & Govt. of Maharashtra, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
Gat. No. 720, Pune-Nagar road, Wagholi, Pune-412207
Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC!
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

Typically a dipole antenna is formed by two quarter wavelength conductors or elements

placed back to back for a total length of λ/2. Dipoles have a radiation pattern, shaped like a
toroid (doughnut) symmetrical about the axis of the dipole. The radiation is maximum at
right angles to the dipole, dropping off to zero on the antenna's axis. The theoretical
maximum gain of a Hertzian dipole is 10 log 1.5 or 1.76 dBi. The maximum theoretical gain
of a λ/2-dipole is 10 log 1.64 or 2.15 dBi. The radiation pattern of half wave dipole antenna
is as shown in following fig.2,

Fig.2: Radiation Pattern of Half wavelength Dipole antenna

Problem Statement:

Design a simple half wavelength dipole antenna, operated at a frequency of 1.25 GHz. The
radius of wire used for antenna construction is 2 mm.

Observations:

1) Gain : 5 dBi

2) Directivity: 5 dBi

3) Total Electric Field (Magnitude): 750 mV

4) Beam width: 1) HPBW: 77.23°

2) FNBW: 90°

63 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Conclusion:

64 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Simulation Results for dipole antenna

1. Geometry

2. Gain

65 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

4. Electric field

66 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

5. Radiation Pattern

6. Calculation of Bandwidth from Reflection Coefficient

67 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

7. Calculation of Bandwidth from VSWR

68 Radiation & Microwave Theory, B.E.(E&Tc) (2019 course) Sem.-I

Prepared By: Prof. A. A. Trikolikar.

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