Computing

Final Term Revision

P3

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 Electricity on and off

• When the switch is ON,

electricity can get through and
the light goes on.

• When the switch is OFF, it

stops the electricity and the
light goes off.

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 Switches inside the computer
• Inside the computer, there are millions of electrical switches.

• They are not switches like the light switches.

• They are tiny switches that work by electricity.

• The flow of electricity turns the switches on and off.

We can’t see and touch these switches

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 Processor
• The electrical device inside
the computer called processor
uses these on/off electrical
signals and converted into
digital numbers.
On 1

Off 0

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 Digital

• Everything inside a computer is made

out of millions and millions of electronic
numbers.
• Digital means made out of numbers.
• Everything inside a computer is digital.

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 Digital Device
• Digital devices are things people make to do a useful task.

• A digital device is any device that has a computer in it.

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 +

Human: Body + Mind

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• Computer can work by combining hardware and software.

Hardware + Software

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 Software
• Software is a set of instructions or program that can tell the
hardware what to do and how to do a task.
• You can’t touch software.

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 Hardware
• Hardware are physical devices that you can see, touch and
hold.

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 Parts of Computer System
Memory/ Storage

INPUT Devices PROCESSING OUTPUT Devices

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 Processor

• A processor is an electronic device.

• It controls all other parts of computer system.

• It tells everything what to do.

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 Input devices

• Input devices send signals to the processor.

Keyboard Mouse Microphone

Touchpad Webcam
Game controller Scanner

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 Mouse

• You can click the buttons on mouse to make a choice.

• Mouse can send a signal to computer.

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 Keyboard
• A keyboard has buttons on it. These buttons are keys.
• Keyboard can send a signal to computer and tells the computer
which key you chose.

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 Microphone

A microphone turns sound into electrical signals and send them

to the processor.

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 Camera

A camera turns pictures into electrical signals.

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 Scanner

• Scanner turns the document into electrical signals and

send them to the processor.

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 Output Devices
• Output devices get signals from the processor.
• They are used display or present information from a
computer to the user.

Monitor Printer
Speaker

Projector

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 Monitor

The monitor looks like a TV and shows you what you’re

doing on the computer.

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 Projector

The projector allows you to show or display the image, video

and content on a big screen or surface.

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 Printer
• Printer can give the paper output.

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 Speaker

• Speaker makes the sound output.

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 Touchscreen

A touchscreen is used for input and output.

You can send input by touching screen.

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Spam, phishing and pharming

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You should use antivirus software in your
devices. Antivirus programs scan devices
for viruses and remove them if they find.

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 Sequence
• Sequence is a set of steps/tasks/instructions carried out in
order.
• If you follow the wrong order, then you may get ambiguous
or wrong result. Then, the task cannot be achieved.
• Computers need sequences because they lack a mind of their
own nor the intelligence.

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 Algorithm
• An algorithm is a list of steps to solve a problem.
• Algorithms need to have their steps in the right order.
• We carry out many tasks in everyday using algorithms because we are following a
set of instructions to achieve an expected result.
• An algorithm can be expressed in many ways.

Note: We do things in a specific order, because if we didn’t we would not complete the
task properly.
 Addition
1. Add the numbers in one place.
2. Add the numbers in ten place.
3. Add the numbers in hundred place.
 Loop
• Loop can repeat instructions again and again.
• Loop is used to run specified step repeatedly.
• It is an element that repeats a portion of code until a desired process
is complete.
• Loops are essential to save time, more manageable and minimize
errors.
• For example, we exercised different activities
 Write the algorithm to find the treasure. Use the shortest route.
move forward
move forward
move forward
turn right Using loop:
move forward
move forward (loop 3 times)
move forward turn right
turn left move forward for 2 times
turn left
move forward move forward for 6 times
move forward turn right
move forward for 2 times
move forward
move forward
move forward
move forward
turn right
move forward
move forward 33
 Bug
• Bug is a mistake in an algorithm or program.
• The bug can be found in a set of sequences or instructions.
• It prevents from working correctly or not allowing to run to
perform a task.
 Debug
• Debug means to find and fix errors in a set of sequences or
instructions.
• Usually, debugging is locating the erroneous part, once the
mistake is found, correcting it is usually easy. It has always
been a major part of computer programming.
Do you think computer can make a decision itself?

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 Condition
• Condition is a state or situation something is experiencing.
• It is a way for computers to make decisions based on
conditions.
• It always has an if part, tells the computer what to do when
the condition is true and else part, tells the computer what
to do when the condition is false.
• If you leave out the else part, then the computer will do
nothing when the condition is false.
 Real life examples
• If I’m hungry then I’ll eat cookies.
• If it rains then stay home.
• If you feel sleepy then sleep.
• If I have 500$ then I’ll buy snacks.
• If you have homework then do it.
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 Key terms
• Sprite - an object, or a character, which performs different
actions.

• Stage - the area where the sprite performs actions according to

your program.

• Script - a program or a code in Scratch. It is a set of ‘blocks’

that are arranged below one another in a specific order to
perform a task or a series of tasks.
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 Event
• An event is action which happens or takes place. It occurs
because of another source or the user.
• It is a change of state in an object that triggers certain
behaviours under a particular circumstance.
• For example, a user clicking a button on a web page,
which is known as a “click” event.
 Examples
1. What other events happen in your day that cause actions to
happen?
• a. Ex: At lunch, when the bell rings, you get in a line by
the door.
• The bell ringing is the event. When that event happens, the
action that follows is to get in line..
• b. When the light turns green (event), you can go (action).
 Variables

Variable is a place to store a value.

You can use to create score, timer.
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 Loop

Loop can repeat instructions again and again.

Loop is used to run specified step repeatedly.
Loops are essential to save time, more manageable and
minimize errors.
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Pen Extension
 Spreadsheet software
• A spreadsheet is an application used to store information and
make calculations. It is a grid of rows and columns.

(a) Paper Spreadsheets (b) Spreadsheet on Computer

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Spreadsheet software
 Rows, columns and cell references

• The rows of the spreadsheet are labeled with numbers.

Example of a Row in the Spreadsheet (Row 1)

• The columns of a spreadsheet are labeled with alphabets.

Example of a Column in the Spreadsheet (Column B)

• A cell is where a column crosses a row.

Example of a Cell where Column B crosses Row 2

• The cell reference is the name of the cell. Cell reference is
made up of the column(letter) and row(number).

Example of Cell References (C3, D6, E9)

 Reading a spreadsheet
• To read a spreadsheet, use the rows and columns to describe
data.

• To name a cell, start with column letter, followed by the row

number.

• For example: cell C5

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 Formula
A formula is a mathematical calculation in spreadsheets that uses
arithmetic operators to calculate results. The formula must start
with an equal sign(=).
 Function
A function is a command that lets you make specific calculations
without the operators. SUM function is used to add the numbers.

How to Write a Function

Functions

Returns the maximum value in a

numeric dataset.

Returns the minimum value in a

numeric dataset.
Functions

Returns the sum of a series of

numbers and/or cells.

Returns the difference of two

numbers. Equivalent to the `-`
operator.
Activity: Using Function and formula
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