fopic Practice 3 theoretical Questions 4 or ‘What is the similarity between " Yate Raoult's and Delhi 2020, All India 2014 .. How is the vapour pressure of a solvent affected when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it? Delhi2014¢ What role does the molecular interaction play in solution of alcohol and water? NCERT Why is the vapour pressure of a solution of glucose in water lower than that of water? NCERT Exemplar If a table spoon of sugar is added to water, then what happens to vapour pressure of water? What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of ethanol and acetone? Give reason. Delhi 2014, CBSE 2023 (On mixing liquids X and Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases. What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution? What change in temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X and Y? All India 2015, CBSE 2023 Define azeotrope. What type of azeotrope is formed by negative deviation from Raoult’s law ? Give an example. ‘CBSE 2023 Or Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by the positive deviation from Raoult’s law? Give an example. All India 2014, 2013; Delhi 2015 When water and nitric acid are mixed together, a rise in temperature is observed. What type of azeotropic mixture is obtained? What type of azeotropic mixture will be formed by a solution of acetone and chloroform? Justify on the basis of strength of intermolecular interactions that develop in the solution. All India 2019 Numerical Questions 10, 12. 13, 14, 15. 16. If the vapour pressure of C,H,OH at 298 K is 40 mm of Hg, Its mole fraction in a solution with CH;OH is 0.8, What will be its vapour pressure in Solution, ifit obeys Raoult’s law? + The vapour pressure of pure liquid X and pure liquid Yat 25°C are 120 mm Hg and 160 mm Hg, respectively. If equal moles of X and are mixed to form an ideal solution, calculate the vapour pressure of the solution, CBSE 2023, 100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol”) was dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass 180 g mol”). The vapour pressure of pure liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate the vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in the solution, ifthe total vapour pressure of the solution is 475 torr. NCERT Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of composition. The vapour pressures of pure benzene and toluene at 300 K are 50.71 mm of Hg and 32.06 mm of Hg, respectively. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in the vapour phase, if 80 ¢ of benzene is mixed with 100 g of toluene. | NCERT () Gas (A)is more soluble in water than gas(B) at the ‘same temperature. Which one of the two gases will have the higher value of Kj, (Henry's constant) and why? . (i) In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum boiling azeotropes? All India 2016 At same temperature, the vapour pressure of pure CH, is 0.256 bar and that of pure C,HCH; (toluene) is 0.0925 bar. If the mole fraction of toluene in solution is 0.6. Then, () what willbe the total pressure of the solution? i) what will be the mole fraction of each component in vapour phase? ‘At 25°C, the vapour pressures of benzene (C,H,) and toluene (C;H,) are 93.4 torr and 26.9 torr, respectively. A solution is made by mixing 35.0 g of, benzene and 65.0 g of toluene. At what applied pressure, in torr, will this solution boil at 25°C ? © scanned with OKEN ScannerTopic Practice 3 Z Similarity between Raoult’s and Henry’s laws is that both the laws are applied to volatile component in solution, Both the laws state that the vapour pressure of one component jg proportional to the mole fraction of that component. When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, its vapour pressure decreases because some of the surface sites are occupied by solute molecules. Thus, less space is available for the solvent molecule to vaporise. There is strong hydrogen bonding in alcohol molecules as well as in water molecules. On mixing these solutions, the molecular interactions are weakened. Hence, they show positive deviations from ideal behaviour. Therefore, the solution will have higher vapour pressure and lower boiling point than that of water and alcohol. In the solution, the surface has both solute and solvent molecules, so the fraction of the surface covered by solvent molecules gets reduced. Thus, the number of solvent molecules escaping from the surface is reduced, resulting in lowering the vapour pressure. So, the vapour pressure of the solution of glucose in water is lower than that of pure water A mixture of ethanol and acetone shows positive deviation because in this case, A—B interactions are weaker than A—A and B—B interactions, Due to this, vapour pressure increases which results in positive deviation. It is an example of negative deviation. Since, A mix V i negative, hence A ,,,, H is also negative and temperature rises. Refer to text on Pages 13 and 14 © Scanned with OKEN ScannerSolutions 10. IL 12 13. Refer to text on page 14. ‘When water and nitrie acid are mixed together, a tise in temperature is observed. It shows a negative deviation from, Raoult’s law. Therefore, there occu nam in vapour pressure versus mole fraction graph and maxim boiling point versus mole fraction graph of the solution, Hence, solution of nitric acid andl water forms a maxi boiling azeotrope. 1. The mixture of acetone and chloroform is an example of ‘maximum boiling azeotrope. It shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law because of inerease in intermolecular forces of altraction between acetone and chloroform, since they form hydrogen bonds between them, Penson = 32mm of Hg Refer to example 9 on page 11, Given, ‘Vapour pressure of pure liquid, X =120 mm Hg Vapour pressure of pure liquid, ¥ = 160 mm Hig Mole faction of X and Y are equal, i. 05 -+ Vapour pressure of solution = 05 «120+ 05 x160 60480 => Mo mm Hg ‘According to Raoull’s law Pa = KaPh and Py = Xa Pe of 100g 5 Number of moles of liquid A (solute) = 128 ber of liquid (elute) = ‘Number of moles of liquid B (solvent) = + Mole fraction of A inthe solution (1, ) S/T si 577 +5019 395/63 = SB org 7395 395 + Mole fraction of B in the solution (a) =1-0.114= 0886 Also, given p§ = 500 torr ‘Thus, on substituting in above Raoult’s law equation, we get Pa = taf ~0114% ph fi) a = taf = 0886% 500 443 tore Pe Pat Pp or a= 01167, + 463 a15— 443 ef 8-18 o907 one th O14 Substituting the value of p? in Eq, (i), we get Pq = 0.114% 280.7 torr = 32 tort ‘Molar mass of benzene (C,H,)= 78 g mol ‘Molar mass of toluene (CH,)= 92 g mol” egig (number of moles of benzene) 35 808 78 g mol = 1.026 mot 4g (number of moles oft “100 92.gmol * uene) = 1.087 mol Mole fraction of henzene, 1.026 mol (1.026-+ 1.087) mol ~ Ftoluene ~ 0.4862 0.514 Heang™ eae Mole frac Hem, Applying Raoult’s law, Partial vapour pressure of benzene in solution Peale = Peete *Hegte (50.71 mm of Hg) « (0.486) 4.65 mm of Hg Partial vapour pressure of toluene in solution Pestte™ Petty *cyny = 32.06 mm of Hig 0.514 6.48 mm of Hg ‘Total vapour pressure of solution P= 24.65 mm of Hg+ 16.48 mm of Fi [Mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase 1.13 mm of Hg 1 Heat * Pig _ 0486 0.71 mmof HE _ 4g Poo 4L13mmof Hg 14, (@ Solubility is inversely proportional to Ky, ie. Henry's constant of the gas. Thus, greater the value of Ky, lower is the solubility ofthe gas. As gas (A) is more soluble in water than gas(B) at the same temperature, hence the gas (A) has lower value of Ky. In other words, gas (B) has higher value of Ky than gas()at the same temperature. (i) In non-ideal solutions, the solutions that show large negative deviation from Raoult’s law form maximum boiling azeotropes. eg. Mixture of nitric acid and water. 15, () According to Raoult’ law, For toluene, p, = p? *% pP =0.0925 bar and y, ‘Then, P= 0.0925bar x0. For benzene, p; = P2*22 Mole fraction of benzene, 21-4 = 1-06 and p= 0.256 bar Then, py = 0.256x 04 = 0.1024 bar Total vapour pressure of solution Poot = Py + P= 0.0555+ 0.1024 = 0.158 bar (Gi) Mote fraction of toluene in vapour phase A, sssbar 0.158bar Mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase Pa, Ooto2dbar 9 61g Pout 0.158bar n = 03351 Prost © scanned with OKEN Scanner36 IG, This solution of benzene and toluene will boil at 25°C when the pressure above the solution is equal to the sum of the vapour pressures of benzene and toluene in the solution. he. Protal = Peay t Pogttgctty Pai Partial vapour pressure of toluene, vapour pressure of benzene, p21), = 93.4 torr Pecuscuy = 26.9 torr Mass of C,H, = 35 g and mass of C,H,CH, =65 g Molar mass of CgH, = 12% 6+ 1x6 = 72+ 6=78g mol Therefore, the number of moles of C,H,, 35g Negi = ey = 0.449 mol CoHs 78g mol Molar mass of CgH,CH, = 12x 6+ 15+ 12+ 1x3 =92g mol Therefore, the number of moles of C,H,CH, Ie ties = = 0.707 mol 92g mol Now, the mole fractions of C,H, and C,H,CH, are Xe = Mtg = Se cate + Megs = 0449 0.449 _ 9 555 044940707 1.156 Z ____PcatisCy 0.707 SST caiscety + Meet 9-707 + 0.449 2.707 9.612 1.156 ‘Therefore, vapour pressure of C,H, and C,H;CH, are Peale = PoyHsctty = PCgHscHs * XC oHscHy = 26.9 x 0,612= 16.46 torr Total vapour pressure of the solution, Paotal = Pott, + Peghtsctts 6.24 +16.46 = 52.7 torr © scanned with OKEN Scanner